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Dharumbal: the Language of Rockhampton, Australia Dharumbal: the language of Rockhampton, Australia Terrill, A. Dharumbal: The language of Rockhampton, Australia. PL-525, ix + 108 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2002. DOI:10.15144/PL-525.cover ©2002 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Also in Pacific Linguistics Jane Simpson, David Nash, Mary Laughren, Peter Austin and Barry Alpher, 2001, Forty years on: Ken Hale and Australian languages. David Rose, 2001, The Western Desert code: an Australian cryptogrammar. Mark Harvey, 2001, A grammar of Limilngan: a language of the MaryRiver region, Northern Territory, Australia. Heather Bowe and Stephen Morey, 1999, The Yorta Yorta (Bangerang) language of the Murray Goulburn including Yabula Yabula. Rachel Nordlinger, 1998, A grammar of Wambaya, Northern Territory (Australia). Barry, J. Blake, 1998, Wathawurrung and the Colac language of southern Victoria. Jean Kirton and Bella Charlie, 1996, Further aspects of the grammar of Y anyuwa, Northern Australia. Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia, Southeast and South Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise who are usually not members of the editorial board. The 470 publications before Publication 501 were numbered in four series, A, B, C and D, but the series were merged from the beginning of the year 2000 because the rationale for them had gradually disappeared. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: John Bowden, Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), I Wayan Arka, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell Pacific Linguistics 525 Dharumbal: the language of Rockhampton, Australia Angela Terrill Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Published by Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Copyright © The author First published 2002 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Angela Terrill Dharumbal: the language of Rockhampton, Australia Bibliography. ISBN 0 85883 462 6 1. Darumbal language. I. The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. II. Title. (pacific Linguistics 525). 499.15 This work was written under the auspices of the Darumbal-Noolar Murree Aboriginal Corporation for Land and Culture. Typeset by Jeanette Coombes Cover design by Emily Brissenden Printed and bound by Union Offset Printers, Fyshwick, Canberra --------- -----------------------------------------------------, Table of contents List of abbreviations ............................................ ... ... .......... ............... .... ........ viii Acknowledgements ... .......... ........................................... ............... .......... .. .......... ... ix 1 Preface for Darumbal people and non-linguists ............................................ 1 1.1 How to pronounce Dharumbal words ............... ............... ........ .. ..... ......... 1 1.1.1 Vowels ............................................................................................ 2 1.1.2 Consonants ......................................... ... ............ ....... .. ...... .. ....... 2 1.1.3 Combinations of sounds ................................................ .............. 5 1.2 Spelling in Dharumbal ................ ................ ............................................... 5 1.2.1 Why are some words spelt in many different ways?..... .... ............ 6 1.2.2 Which is the right spelling? .......... ......... .................... .............. ...... 7 . 1.3 How to make sentences in Dharumbal.. ... ................... .......................... 7 1.4 How to find out more ................................................................................. 9 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Sources for this study ................................................................................ 11 2.2 Locations and varieties ............................................................................. 12 2.3 Neighbouring languages ............................................................................ 15 2.4 Social organisation and sign language ..................................................... 15 3 Phonology and morpho-phonology ....... ......................................................... 17 3 .1 Voicing ...................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Vowel length ............................................................................................. 22 3.3 Laminals .................................................................................................... 22 3.4 Rhotics ....................................................................................................... 22 3.5 Prestopping ................................................................................................ 23 3.6 Stress.......................................................................................................... 24 3.7 Loss of initial consonants ......................................................................... 24 v VI 3.8 Phonotactics .......... ... ............................ ....................................... ....... .. 26 3.9 Morpho-phonemics .......... ........................................................................ 28 3.10 Orthography ............................... .. .......... ....... ......................................... 28 4 Nominal Morphology .................................................................. .... .................. 29 4.1 Noun Case Marking ....................................... ... ............. ........................ 29 4.1.1 Ergativellnstrumental .. ...... .. ................ ................ .................... 30 4.1.2 Nominative .................................................................................... 31 4.1.3 Accusative................ .... ...... ...... .................. .................................. 31 4.1.4 Locative .... .............................. ................................... ................. 32 4.1 .5 Ablative ................................................. ................................ .. .... 32 4.1.6 Perlative .............................................................. ............. ........... 33 4.1.7 Goal ............................................................. ............ .................... 33 4.1 .8 Possessive ...................................................................................... 34 4.1.9 Privative .................................................. ... ........... ......... .............. 34 4.2 Pronominal morphology ..... .... .......................................................... ...... 34 4.3 Adjectives ................................ .... ... .......................................................... 37 5 Verbal Morphology ............................................. ................. .......... ................ 38 5.1 Tense and mood ................................................................... .................... 39 5.1.1 Non-Past ......................................... .... .... ............ ........................ 39 5.1.2 Past . .................... ... ..... ..... ................. ........................................... 40 5.1.3 Far Past ......................................................................................... 40 5.1.4 Imperative .................... ........................................... ............... .... 41 5 .1.5 Purposive ............................................................................... ....... 41 5.2 Verbal derivation ... ............................................... ........... ..................... 42 5.2.1 Causative . ....................................... ... .... ....... ............................... 42 5.2.2 Intransitiviser .................................................. ......................... ..... 43 5.2.3 Reflexive .......................................... ... .............. ...... ..... ... .......... 44 5.2.4 Reciprocal .......................................... ........................................... 44 5.3 An anomalous verb ................................. .......... ......... .............................. 45 6 Notes on syntax ................................................................................................... 46 6.1 Basic clause structure ............................................................. ... ....... ...... 46 6.2 Constituent order ................... ... .. ....... ............... ............. ....................... 47 6.3 Possession .......................... ....... ...... ..... .....................................................
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