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z Available online at http://www.journalcra.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH International Journal of Current Research Vol. 5, Issue, 06, pp.1516-1521, June, 2013 ISSN: 0975-833X RESEARCH ARTICLE ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN AND AROUND KOLLERU LAKE, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA *,1HariKrishna, K., 1Venkateswara Rao, V., 2Appala Raju, N., 1Jaisankar, G. and 1Amminedu, E. 1Department of Geo-Engineering, College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India-530003 2Department of Geography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Various samples of groundwater were collected from different areas in and around Kolleru Lake and analyzed for th their physicochemical characteristics. The results of this analysis were compared with the water quality standards Received 24 March, 2013 H Received in revised form of WHO and CPHEEO. In this analysis the various physicochemical parameters such as P , total dissolved solids, 19th April, 2013 Ca, Mg, Na, No3, K, Cl, So4 and HCo3 etc., determined using standard procedures. The quality of groundwater Accepted 04th May, 2013 samples were discussed with respect to these parameters and thus an attempt were made to ascertain the quality of th groundwater used for drinking and domestic purposes in the sampling areas. Published online 15 June, 2013 Key words: Kolleru Lake, Groundwater quality, Physiochemical parameters, WHO and CPHEEO. Copyright, IJCR, 2013, Academic Journals. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION (Nazari et al., 1993). National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR), Hyderabad has been doing studies related to assessment and Water is essential for existence of life on the planet. It mentioned in management of water contamination (NGRI, 2005). The various the Vedas that water is one of the five components of the human body. physical, chemical and biological parameters determined for the water It has played an important role in the development of ancient samples and the water quality of the various areas around Punam civilizations. Human civilization developed near the rivers or source clearly indicates that the water samples are highly polluted (Raja and of water. It is also known that some of the ancient civilizations Venkatesan, 2010). An important source of pollution of the ground perished due to unexpected droughts representing climate variability water with nitrates is the excessive use of nitrate infiltrate into the soil (Brown, 2009). According to the Moshe (interviewee) the main reason and concentrate in the groundwater, in the water, the nitrate undergoes for deterioration of water quality is industrial effluents entering the chemical and biological processes and nitrite and ammonium are lake. A huge amount of untreated waste by products and toxic formed (Cornelia Muntean et al., 2006). Naturally, groundwater chemicals enters the lake from the industries, which are located on the contains mineral ions; these ions slowly dissolve from soil particles, banks of inflowing drains, like tanneries, pulp and paper mills, sediments, and rocks as the water travels along mineral surfaces in the distilleries, dairy industries, chemical and sugar factories. pores or fractures of the unstatured zone and the aquifer (Thomas Additionally, the Lake Kolleru receives domestic waste from nearby Harter, 2003). Temporal changes in ground water quality in an towns Vijayawada, Eluru, Gudivada as well as from island and industrial area of Andhra Pradesh have been studied by (Srinivasa shoreline villages of the lake. The agricultural and aquaculture Rao, et al., 2007). practices in the catchment area are responsible for release of nutrients like potassium, phosphates and pollutants like pesticides and fungicide Study Area residues, which leads to eutrophication and in turn weed infestation in the lake. But farmers are unaware of the fact that the pesticides and The study area is located in between 16°17'00'' and 16°59'00'' N fertilizers, which are used for their crop protection deteriorates the latitudes and 80°50'00'' and 81°39'00'' E longitudes, covering in and water quality of the lake and in long run their health is at risk. All around Kolleru lake region (Fig. 1). Water source to this lake is from these pollutants reach the lake through 15 inflowing drains its tributaries – Budameru, Tammileru and Ramileru, originating from deteriorating the quality of the lake waters (Rao and Sekhar, 2003; the Eastern Ghats. Rao and Rao 2000). In the most part of our country ground water is a major source of drinking water. Groundwater in several parts of India METHODOLOGY is affected by arsenic and Fluoride pollution due to the geo-genic contamination and anthropogenic pollutions (CGWB, 2010). A For the present study, about 50 water samples were collected from regional ground-water quality survey from 28 wells in the Coventry open wells from selected locations in and around Kolleru Lake area of the United Kingdom identified widespread ground-water (Fig.2). Various water samples were collected in clean and dry pollution, chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents (CHS ) were detected at S polyethylene bottles from open wells after running those 3 minutes. concentrations exceeding 1microgram per liter (µg/1) in all industrial All the collection samples are immediately preserved in dark boxes and public supply wells within the urban area and processed for the different analysis within 10 hours after location. In this present study, various physical and chemical parameters of *Corresponding author: [email protected] 1517 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 5, Issue, 6, pp.1516-1521, June, 2013 Fig.1. Location map of the study area water samples were determined and the results were compared with and Somashekar rao, 1996 have expressed that the dissolution of soil the values of various water quality standards such as World Health particles containing minerals under slightly alkaline conditions favors Organization (WHO) and Central Public Health and Environmental in increasing the TDS concentration in groundwater. TDS values Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO).The parameters analyzed were above 1500 mg/L cause gastrointestinal irritation according to pH, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, chlorides, sodium, Bhavani Sankar and Muthu Krishnan, 1994. In the present study, Very nitrate, potassium, sulphate and hydro carbonate. Standard methods high concentration of 5560 mg/L, 5490 mg/L, 4800 mg/L and 4090 were used for the determination of the chemistry of the water samples. mg/L were observed at Kanukollu (W24), Matlam (49), Timmarao All the chemical constituents are expressed in mg/L (milligrams/liter) Gudem (W13), and Punukollu (W4) locations which are nearby except pH. industries, People who depend on these well waters are at high risk of getting sick from polluted water. Calcium concentrations of the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION groundwater are ranged between 16 mg/L and 348 mg/L with an average value of 58.66 mg/L (Table 2). The limit of calcium for The rapid expansion of groundwater irrigated areas has eventually drinking water is specified as 75 mg/L. It was observed that 95% of contributed in increased crop production. However, our population is the groundwater in the study area not exceeded the permissible limit increasing day by day, which will require more water for agriculture and high concentration of calcium of 348 mg/L was observed at and domestic usage. This will additionally stress the ground water Parasannapalem (W27) followed by Chintalapudi (W26) with 188 resources because life may inhabit the regions where recharge of mg/L. Magnesium concentrations are varying from 6 mg/L to 523 ground water is less due to less precipitation, and potential of ground mg/L with an average value of 119.76 mg/L in the study area. Very water development is inadequate (Bates et al.,IPCC 2008). The high concentration of 523 mg/L were observed at Parasannapalem various physical and chemical parameters determined for the water (W27) followed by Pedalanka (W33) 483 mg/L, Adavikolanu (W19) samples were given in Table 1. The statistical evaluation was given in 387 mg/L and Chintalapudi (W26) 381 mg/L. The limit of Magnesium Table 2. From the analyzed results it was found that the quality of concentration for drinking water is specified as 50 mg/L. Magnesium water considerably varies from location to location. The pH of content in water does not have any health hazard. But it contributes to groundwater in the study area is varying between 7 and 8. The limit of hardness in water. Chloride concentrations are varying from 70 mg/L pH for drinking water is specified as 6.5 – 8.5&6.5-9.2 (WHO to 3290 mg/L with an average value of 738.4 mg/L. The limit of &CPHEEO). pH values of the samples are within the desirable limits. chloride concentration for drinking water is 250 mg/L. High value of Groundwater pH is fundamental property that describes the acidity 3290 mg/L was noticed at Pedalanka (W33), followed by Chavalipudi and alkalinity of groundwater. Though it has no direct effect on (21) 3270 mg/L and Chintalapudi (W26) 3030 mg/L. The sulphate human health, all bio-chemical reactions are sensitive to variations of concentration was observed to be higher at Chintalapudi (W26) and pH. Concentration of total dissolved solids is an important parameter Kondangi (W32) compared with the values of other locations. The to assess quality of water. From the analysis TDS values are varying concentrations are varying from 15 to 680 mg/L with an average value