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Thesis Archaeological Investigations of the River

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Thesis Archaeological Investigations of the River THESIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE RIVER BLUFFS OPEN SPACE, WINDSOR, COLORADO: A CASE STUDY IN COOPERATION BETWEEN ARTIFACT COLLECTORS, THE PUBLIC, AND ARCHAEOLOGISTS Submitted by Jessica E. Anderson Department of Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2012 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Jason LaBelle Mary Van Buren Michael Manfredo ABSTRACT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE RIVER BLUFFS OPEN SPACE WINDSOR, COLORADO The River Bluffs Open Space, located in Windsor, Colorado has experienced changes to both its environment and its cultural resources throughout history. The Harvester site (5LR12641) and the Weinmeister site (5LR12174), located at the confluence of Fossil Creek and the Cache la Poudre River on the northern boundary of the Open Space, have been affected by agricultural practices from the 1950s until the early 1990s, as well as amateur artifact collecting for nearly the same amount of time. The land now belongs to Larimer County and has been developed as the River Bluffs Open Space and as an extension of the Poudre River Trail. The transition of the Open Space from private land to publicly owned recreation space allows archaeologists and education professionals an opportunity to engage the public in local archaeological education. However, this opportunity would have been impossible without the help and involvement of Garry Weinmeister, the owner of a large extant collection of Native American artifacts collected from the Open Space. The goal of this thesis is to highlight the importance of archaeologists and artifact collectors working collectively towards a better understanding of the past. Each party has specialized knowledge concerning the past, either through independent research and extensive local knowledge, or painstakingly connecting the local idiosyncrasies of the past into a larger methodological and theoretical framework. By combining ii archaeological survey work on the Harvester site with an extant artifact collection from the Harvester and Weinmeister sites, my thesis research presents a well-rounded archaeological interpretation of the Open Space, which would have been lost without the help of a private collector. To answer specific archaeological questions about the prehistoric uses of the River Bluffs Open Space property, this research addresses the mobility practices of Early Ceramic groups. Movement between two diverse environments, the mountains and the plains, is evident based upon the analysis of the raw materials of 120 projectile points from Weinmeister’s private collection. In addition, the analysis of one of the largest assemblages of small, incised, tubular bone beads yet found in eastern Colorado addresses the connections of the River Bluffs Open Space with the Plains Woodland cultures from the Plains of Nebraska and Kansas. This research suggests that the River Bluffs Open Space was part of both eastern and western cultural traditions. Finally, the River Bluffs Open Space was developed for public recreation. Therefore, a chapter of this work is devoted to detailing the importance of archaeological site stewardship. This is completed through detailing the different groups of the public affected by this research, and the creation of an interpretive sign that imparts the archaeological story the River Bluffs Open Space. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis involved the participation of countless people, whether they are volunteers and students devoting hours of class time (and personal time!) working on collections, or fellow graduate students who talked me through the logistical aspects of this work over beers. The following individuals deserve an entire thesis devoted to the amount of support, friendship and the sometimes tough love that they provided to me throughout this process. First and foremost, thank you to Dr. Jason LaBelle, whose eternal patience, compassion, knowledge, and enthusiasm for my project and archaeology inspired my own interest and passion to keep plugging along during this entire process. My outside committee members provided important contributions to this work; thank you to Dr. Mary Van Buren for her thoughtful input and encouragement and my outside committee member Dr. Michael Manfredo for his interest in my project and advice on public interpretation methods. Also, I owe thanks to the Anthropology department in their financial support through the Karen S. Greiner endowment, which funded the radiocarbon testing conducted on the Harvester site. Garry Weinmeister was instrumental to this project’s success, and not only generously provided the largest data set for this research, but also shared his expertise in archaeology along the Cache la Poudre River. His patience and excitement for archaeology is contagious. Also, my thanks are extended to members of the Loveland Archaeological Society for the generous Dorothy Mountain Scholarship, which aided in iv funding research on the Harvester site, as well as provided money to present this information at state-wide archaeological conferences. This project could not have been completed without the dedication of numerous volunteers and students who have helped me in both field and lab work. My field crew, Rae Mosher, Ashley Dillon and David Anderson were excited and thoughtful crew members who made sure that the day was never dull. Also, my thanks goes to the many volunteers and friends who helped in field work on the Harvester site: Jason Chambers, Raphael Ruiz, Sarah Millonig, Vlisha Stanerson, Brian Anthony, and Chris “Skippy” Reed. I am also indebted to Michael Troyer, a fellow graduate student, for his help in leading the excavation of one of the hearth features on the Harvester site, his expertise in managing the floatation analysis of this feature, and his support in reading some of the drafts of this work. Thanks are also owed to the CSU Field School students of 2010, who helped in the wet screening and flotation process of the hearth analysis. Also, I owe thanks to Dr. Andy Creekmore, who took time out of his busy schedule to conduct magnetometry tests on my site – for free! The information gained from these tests is invaluable to future research on the Harvester Site. I am also grateful for the interest and attention paid to my project by Larimer County Parks officials, specifically Jeffrey Boring and Rob Novak. I am incredibly fortunate and happy that they included me in the public preparation of the River Bluffs Open Space, and thankful for their patience and interest in this project. Finally, and definitely not least, I owe a great deal to my family, friends, and loved ones. My dad, who instilled in me the love of the outdoors (especially in Fort v Collins), science and history, and my mom who was a constant source of encouragement, love, and sage advice, helped me tremendously in this project. My sister, Kate Anderson offered humor and advice during this process, and most importantly, generously loaned me her computer when mine gave out a week before this project was due! I am greatly indebted to my very good friends, both near and far, who kept me sane during this project and offered encouragement. Bonnie Gibson was instrumental in helping me with the finer details of editing in this project, and always had kind words and encouragement at the ready. A thank you is also owed to the generous members of Centennial Archaeology Inc. who helped me with advice, GIS mapping and encouragement. Annie Maggard provided constant companionship and friendship, comedy, and encouragement during our time spent in our “lair” and I owe her a great debt for keeping me sane and amused during this entire project. Most importantly, she pushed me to keep going when my motivation and spirits sagged. Finally, thank you to Leland Seely, for his love, companionship, support and encouragement during this entire process. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT OF THESIS....................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND THE RIVER BLUFFS OPEN SPACE................1 Research Questions..................................................................................................3 The River Bluffs Open Space..................................................................................4 Thesis Organization ..............................................................................................13 CHAPTER 2: THE CULTURE HISTORY OF COLORADO.........................................17 The Paleoindian Stage............................................................................................19 The Archaic Stage..................................................................................................20 The Late Prehistoric Stage.....................................................................................22 The Protohistoric Stage..........................................................................................25 CHAPTER 3: LABORATORY AND FIELD RESEARCH METHODS.........................28 Laboratory Research Methods...............................................................................30 Field Research Methods.........................................................................................34 CHAPTER 4: WEINMEISTER’S EXTANT COLLECTION FROM THE RIVER BLUFFS OPEN SPACE....................................................................................................41
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