DOCSLIB.ORG

Over 5,000 Years of History in Eastern Connecticut

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Over 5,000 Years of History in Eastern Connecticut OVER 5,000 YEARS OF HISTORY IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT The Story of the Tower Hill Road Site WHAT ARE CULTURAL RESOURCES AND WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT? Cultural resources may be anything that shows Unfortunately, these resources are fragile and evidence of having been made, used, or altered by nonrenewable. Unlike forests that can be replanted, humans. They represent the continuity of events once destroyed archaeological sites are gone forever. from the earliest evidence of human existence to the Objects from a site have little meaning unless they present day. Cultural resources that are pre-written can be related to specific soil layers (stratigraphy) record or pre-European contact in the New World and associated with other evidence of human activity, are called pre-contact or prehistoric, and those that such as a fire hearth, a trash pit, a burial pit, or the are post-written record/European contact are called structure of a building. Archaeologists call this post-contact or historic. Cultural resources range context . Any activity that disturbs the soil may from ruins that are thousands of years old to a destroy context and the scientific value of the nineteenth-century farmstead; from a small scattering archaeological site. A trained archaeologist manages of stone tools to an abandoned cart path. a site and records the information to preserve it for future generations. DIFFERENT TYPES OF CULTURAL RESOURCES bc a) Statue of Liberty in NY b) Kent Falls covered bridge in Litchfield County, CT c) Eighteenth century house foundation in Connecticut d) Native American pottery from New England d 2 IMAGINE EASTERN CONNECTICUT WITHOUT ROADS, BUILDINGS, OR FARM FIELDS AND WITH rich and varied forests, rolling hills, and free-flowing rivers and you have a picture of the landscape Native Americans inhabited thousands of years ago. The Quinebaug and Shetucket rivers were the highways for dugout canoes heading to Long Island Sound, and the forests and rolling hills were traversed by well-worn foot trails. The environment supported many types of plant and animal species that would have attracted people to the area and made it a favorable place to live. This is a story about what archaeologists have learned by reading the history of eastern Connecticut’s earliest inhabitants through the artifacts and other types of evidence left behind. Cultural resources can provide a glimpse into the lives of those who lived here many generations ago and the cultures that developed here over the course of millennia. Archaeologists examine and interpret the artifacts just as historians examine and interpret written accounts of the past. This 4,000-year-old fire pit and roasting platform are archaeological evidence of some of the activities of Native Americans. Careful excavation reveals important information such as the construction technique of the roasting platform, what it was used for and when. OVER 5,000 YEARS OF HISTORY IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT: THE STORY OF THE TOWER HILL ROAD SITE 3 The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) was passed in 1966. It was designed to help protect important cultural resources for future generations by requiring federal agencies to consider important archaeological sites, historic buildings, structures, and districts in project planning. The Act has largely been responsible for the growth of the cultural resource management (CRM) industry and has created a On site consultation with members of the nationwide network of federal and state agencies working toward the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, the state historic common goal of conserving America’s cultural heritage. preservation office, and Spectra Energy. HOW ARE CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGED? Although many people associate Archaeology Laboratory Inc. (PAL), archaeology with museums and who were hired by Algonquin Gas universities, most professional Transmission, LLC (AGT), a archaeologists in the United States subsidary of Spectra Energy work in Cultural Resource Transmission, LLC, to search for Management (CRM). CRM archaeological sites (cultural archaeologists work hand-in-hand resources) along proposed pipeline with government, industry, and routes. The HubLine/East to West Tribes to preserve disappearing Many Native American tribes in the Expansion Project in Connecticut Native American and early U.S. today still gather yearly for consists of the removal of 2.5 miles European resources threatened by traditional powwows. The general of an existing 6-inch high-pressure ground disturbing activities. CRM gas transmission pipeline and professionals assist government public is usually invited as well. replacement with a new 12-inch agencies and other parties in the pipeline. The archaeologists dug identification, assessment, and preservation of 2,821 test pits along the pipeline route, each measuring important cultural resources that may be affected by approximately 50 centimeters (cm) square and 70 cm federal or state funded projects. The CRM firm acts deep. They discovered 21 archaeological sites, one of as an intermediary between those planning the which was Tower Hill Road. The remainder of the development and the governmental agency in charge sites were either avoided or determined to be insignificant of making sure all cultural resource regulations and resources. Installing new pipeline would physically laws are followed. The first priority of the CRM impact the Tower Hill Road Site, therefore it was archaeologist is to preserve a reasonable number of evaluated to see if it was eligible for listing in the archaeological sites for future generations of scientists National Register of Historic Places . The National and the public, as well as the indigenous communities Register is a list of the Nation’s important historical whose ancestors created the sites. Professional and archaeological resources. The National Register archaeologist help identify significant sites early in is maintained by the National Park Service, part of the project planning so that many such places can be U.S. Department of the Interior in Washington, D.C. preserved for future generations. Where significant Based on the cultural resources recovered, the Tower sites can not be avoided, CRM archaeologists work Hill Road Site was determined to be important and with federal and state agencies and Tribes to recover significant because of the information it could yield important information about these sites before they about the ancient history of America. Since the pipeline are damaged or destroyed. could not be redesigned to avoid the site, a data recovery The Tower Hill Road Site was first discovered plan was developed to collect information about the in 2007 by CRM archaeologists from The Public site and to record its significant characteristics. 4 THE TOWER HILL ROAD SITE: GETTING STARTED The archaeological data recovery while they stayed at the Tower Hill investigation of the Tower Hill Road Site? All of these questions Road Site involved much more than are incorporated into the hypotheses digging. There were four major presented in research design. steps involved as part of the study: People often ask how background research, fieldwork, archaeologists know where to dig. laboratory processing and analysis, Archaeologists find sites through and report writing. The first step a variety of means. Through many was to conduct background years of research archaeologists research. This required consulting have found that places used by historic maps and discussing the pre-contact Native people share A surveyor uses a transit in the field to project with the State Historic certain landscape characteristics. measure out straight lines and guide the Preservation Office, other excavation of archaeological sites. Pre-contact Native people chose archaeologists, and Native locations where potable water was American Tribes to see if any Native American or available nearby, where the soils were generally dry colonial sites had ever been reported within or near and level, and where they could see the surrounding the project area. Other research involved searching landscape from their camps. Notably, areas preferred historical documents that portray the project area by most campers today are the same that early Native and interviewing members of the local community Americans would have chosen. that may have information about the history of the Archaeological sites in northeastern North America area. Studies of current and past geology, plants, are difficult to locate. Native American sites that are animals, and climate are all part of preparing for older than a few hundred years are buried and are fieldwork and knowing what environmental conditions not visible from the surface. The most common way to expect. Because Tower Hill Road is a Native artifacts are buried is through the accumulation American site, members of the indigenous community of humus (the decomposing plant remains from trees, — the Mashantucket Pequot and Mohegan Indian shrubs, grasses and herbs) , which decomposes into tribes in Connecticut were consulted. Once the soil. Artifacts can also be moved around by the background research was completed, a testing plan, or tunneling activities of ants, animals, and tree roots research design , was created that defined what (bioturbation). Other natural processes, including important questions about the people that once stayed freezing and thawing can also move artifacts. here could be answered through the excavations and Finding the artifacts and features such as spear interpretation of the site. The kinds
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction, the Constitution of the State of Connecticut
    Sacred Heart University DigitalCommons@SHU Government, Politics & Global Studies Faculty Government, Politics & Global Studies Publications 2011 Introduction, The onsC titution of the State of Connecticut Gary L. Rose Sacred Heart University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/gov_fac Part of the State and Local Government Law Commons Recommended Citation Rose, Gary L., "Introduction, The onC stitution of the State of Connecticut" (2011). Government, Politics & Global Studies Faculty Publications. Paper 2. http://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/gov_fac/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Government, Politics & Global Studies at DigitalCommons@SHU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Government, Politics & Global Studies Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@SHU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTRODUCTION Connecticut license plates boldly bear the inscription, “the Constitution State.” This is due to Connecticut’s long and proud tradition of self-government under the protection of a written constitution. Connecticut’s constitutional tradition can be traced to the Fundamental Orders of 1639. Drafted by repre- sentatives from the three Connecticut River towns of Hartford, Wethersfi eld and Windsor, the Fundamental Orders were the very fi rst constitution known to humankind. The Orders were drafted completely free of British infl uence and established what can be considered as the fi rst self-governing colony in North America. Moreover, Connecticut’s Fundamental Orders can be viewed as the foundation for constitutional government in the western world. In 1662, the Fundamental Orders were replaced by a Royal Charter. Granted to Connecticut by King Charles II, the Royal Charter not only embraced the principles of the Fundamental Orders, but also formally recognized Connecticut’s system of self-government.
    [Show full text]
  • CONNECTICUT TERCENTENARY BULLETIN No
    State of Connecticut Tercentenary Commission 1635-1935 Hartford, Conn. CONNECTICUT TERCENTENARY BULLETIN No. 10 June 17, 1935 TERCENTENARY FURNITURE A visitor to the exhibit, entering the west end of the Tapestry Hall, will find in the first section transition pieces, EXHIBITION OPENS AT corner cuboards, tip tables and highboys made of pine, MORGAN MEMORIAL cherry and maple. The first alcove, or room in the center partitioning of the Hall, finished in pink, holds a collection of Queen Anne period pieces. The second room, painted a One thousand and one pieces of the furniture and the buff color, is given over to furniture showing the transition furnishings which were part of the domestic life of Con- from European influence to the characteristic American necticut in Colonial times and the days of early statehood "Block Front" design, including some Hepplewhite. are now on display at the Morgan Memorial in Hartford The third, or green alcove, holds examples of the work forming one of the most complete ex- of Aaron Chapin, including highboys. hibitions of this character ever arranged. The last of the center partitions, done Selected from the wealth of material in a shade of yellow, shows late pieces, the people of Connecticut have pre- high-top and low desks, and a drop served of the fine things of their an- leaf table set with four chairs. cestors every article is a "museum Along the side platforms are arranged, piece". Almost any one or any group spaced as nearly as possible to coincide of the many period-collections is worthy with the period grouping in the center of a special showing.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoindian Mobility Ranges Predicted by the Distribution of Projectile Points Made of Upper Mercer and Flint Ridge Flint
    Paleoindian Mobility Ranges Predicted by the Distribution of Projectile Points Made of Upper Mercer and Flint Ridge Flint A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts by Amanda Nicole Mullett December, 2009 Thesis written by Amanda Nicole Mullett B.A. Western State College, 2007 M.A. Kent State University, 2009 Approved by _____________________________, Advisor Dr. Mark F. Seeman _____________________________, Chair, Department of Anthropology Dr. Richard Meindl _____________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Dr. Timothy Moerland ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... v List of Appendices .................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... vi Chapter I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 II. Background ...................................................................................................................5 The Environment.............................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • PENNSYLVANIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE SURVEY Identification And
    PENNSYLVANIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE SURVEY PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL AND MUSEUM COMMISSION Identification and Location SITE NAME SITE NUMBER UPDATE? Y / N PUBLISHED REFERENCES (Including compliance reports.) ER# COUNTY TWP. NEAREST TOWN Site Characteristics SITE AREA SQUARE METERS BASIS: COMPUTED ON THE GROUND OR COMPUTED ON MAP Basis for site boundary definition: STRATIFIED? UNKNOWN NO YES : TOP STRATUM VISIBLE OR BURIED UNDER STERILE SITE DISCOVERY METHOD: (check primary one only) Previously Recorded (update) Unknown Auger probing Collector interview Shovel testing Collector interview with field check Systematic test units Non-systematic surface survey Extensive excavation Systematic surface survey Systematic shovel testing Remote sensing POTENTIAL FOR ORGANIC PRESERVATION: (check one) Unknown None Low potential for organic preservation Conditions favorable for organic preservation, none documented Organic material recovered, unknown quality of preservation Organic material recovered, poor quality of preservation Organic material recovered, good quality of preservation SITE TYPE: Prehistoric Isolated find (diagnostic artifact) Paleontological site Unknown function surface scatter less than Path 20m radius Open habitation, prehistoric Historic Rockshelter/Cave Quarry Historic and Prehistoric Lithic Reduction Domestic Site Village (including historic Indian) Military Site Shell Midden Industrial Site Earthwork Shipwreck Site Petroglyph/Pictograph Commercial Site Burial Mound Religious Site Cemetery Unknown/other/multiple types Other specialized
    [Show full text]
  • Ohio Archaeologist Volume 43 No
    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 43 NO. 2 SPRING 1993 Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first TERM of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS (one copy of publication) $18.50; Life membership $300.00. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included in the member­ 1994 President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East ship dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non­ Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 profit organization. 1994 Vice President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614)653-6642 BACK ISSUES 1994 Exec. Sect. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43130,(614)653-9477 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE. East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse .$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614)861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gener­ ally out of print but copies are available from time to time.
    [Show full text]
  • Time-Line of Important Dates in the History of Connecticut's Public
    IMPORTANT DATES IN THE use in the publick archives of the Colony” in HISTORY OF his office. CONNECTICUT’S PUBLIC August 16, 1774: Writing to Governor RECORDS AND STATE Trumbull from Wethersfield, Silas Deane ARCHIVES PROGRAMS reports that the “greater part” of correspondence of past governors and Journals of the House “have been long since used for wrappers.” Citing the lack of public records to document claims of the Colony, 1741: The Colonial Assembly directs the Deane urges the Governor and Assembly to Secretary of the Colony “to sort, date and file preserve public records. “We have,” he in proper order, all the ancient papers that argues, “a property in them, being written by now lye in disorder and unfiled in his office” persons in our employ, and our account.” before the next sessions beginning in October. The resolution provides five May 1779: Noting that Journals of the pounds “as a reward for his service.” House have “not in time past been secured and kept,” thus, resulting in the loss of 1769: General Assembly instructs Governor “many important transactions,” the General Jonathan Trumbull and Secretary George Assembly directs clerks of the House to Wyllys to work as a committee to “make a close, label, and hand over journals to the diligent search after all deeds of conveyance Secretary “to be kept with the archives and relative to the title of the lands granted by the public writings of the State.” Crown to this Colony by the royal charter.” The Assembly directs the committee to write 1794: Governor Trumbull’s son, David, the Colony’s agent in London to search for writes to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Relationships Between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology Via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling William E
    Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco-cultural niche modeling William E. Banks To cite this version: William E. Banks. Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco- cultural niche modeling. Archaeology and Prehistory. Universite Bordeaux 1, 2013. hal-01840898 HAL Id: hal-01840898 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01840898 Submitted on 11 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse d'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches Université de Bordeaux 1 William E. BANKS UMR 5199 PACEA – De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie Assessing Relationships between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling Soutenue le 14 novembre 2013 devant un jury composé de: Michel CRUCIFIX, Chargé de Cours à l'Université catholique de Louvain, Belgique Francesco D'ERRICO, Directeur de Recherche au CRNS, Talence Jacques JAUBERT, Professeur à l'Université de Bordeaux 1, Talence Rémy PETIT, Directeur de Recherche à l'INRA, Cestas Pierre SEPULCHRE, Chargé de Recherche au CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette Jean-Denis VIGNE, Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, Paris Table of Contents Summary of Past Research Introduction ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Provenance Studies of Polynesian Basalt Adze Material: a Review and Suggestions for Improving Regional Data Bases
    Provenance Studies of Polynesian Basalt Adze Material: A Review and Suggestions for Improving Regional Data Bases MARSHALL 1. WEISLER PACIFIC ARCHAEOLOGISTS have long been interested in the settlement of Polyne­ sia, the origin of colonizing groups at distant archipelagoes, and subsequent social interaction between island societies (see, for example, Howard 1967; Irwin 1990; Kirch and Green 1987). Early material studies in Polynesia inferred migration routes and social interaction from the distribution of similar architecture, especially marae (Emory 1943; also R. Green 1970), adzes (Emory 1961), and fishhooks (Sinoto 1967). The identification of exotic raw materials and finished artifacts throughout Polynesia eliminates the ambiguity often presented by linking stylistic similarities across space and through time. In relation to the long history of identifying exotic lithic materials from archaeological sites (see, for example, Grimes 1979), the compositional analysis of oceanic obsidians was begun quite recently (Key 1968). The efficacy of chemical characterization of artifacts and quarry material in New Zealand provided the in­ centive to apply similar techniques to obsidian of the southwest Pacific, where several large sources were known and where the archaeological distribution of this material was tl)ought to be widespread (Ambrose 1976). Although it has been possible to define the spread and interaction of human groups in the southwest Pacific by determining the spatial and temporal distribution of obsidian and pot­ tery, these materials are restricted to a few areas in Polynesia. Consequently, the effort to document prehistoric interaction throughout Polynesia must proceed without using obsidian or pottery. This leaves only basalt (debitage, formed arti­ facts, and oven stones), pearlshell, and volcanic glass as material for distributional studies (Best et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Neolithic Society in Northern Greece: the Evidence of Ground Stone Artefacts
    Neolithic society in Northern Greece: the evidence of ground stone artefacts Volume I Christina Tsoraki Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield October 2008 to (j3en ABSTRACT Analysis of ground stone technology from the Neolithic of Greece rarely goes beyond incomplete descriptive accounts to focus on the activities performed with these tools and the contexts of their use. Ground stone products are seen as mundane static objects devoid of meaning and lacking significance. The aim of this thesis is to move away from incomplete accounts of ground stone technology and static typologies. Drawing upon the concepts of the chaine operatoire and 'object biographies' this thesis investigates ground stone technology as a social practice focusing on the life-cycle of artefacts from raw material selection to final deposition. The underlying premise is that a contextual approach can contribute to understanding the ways in which the production, consumption and discard of ground stone artefacts were structured within different forms and scales of social practice and the manner in which these differences articulated different meanings and social understandings. The aims of the thesis were materialised through the study of the rich ground stone assemblage from the LN settlement of Makriyalos, Greece. The analysis of the chaine operatoire of the Makriyalos ground stone assemblage revealed diverse technological choices expressed throughout the cycle of production and use. Established traditions existed according to which specific materials were considered to be appropriate for the production of different objects. Furthermore, detailed analysis suggests that the resulting objects were far from mundane artefacts but were instead active media for expressing choices informed by cultural understandings of appropriateness.
    [Show full text]
  • Camp, Cache, Stay Awhile: Preliminary Considerations of the Social and Economic Processes of Cache Pits Along Douglas Lake, Michigan
    Camp, Cache, Stay Awhile: Preliminary Considerations of the Social and Economic Processes of Cache Pits Along Douglas Lake, Michigan Meghan C. L. Howey and Kathryn E. Parker Introduction fisher-forager-horticulturalist subsistence system and systematically used subter- Cache pits are the single most prolific ranean storage "to create a stable food archaeological feature in the Upper Great supply" (Holman and Krist 2001:7). Lakes, but have infrequently been the topic The region is thus an ideal setting to of research. Dr. Holman's archaeologically, extend theoretical appreciations of stor- ethnohistorically, and ecologically contex- age in non-complex societies. We look tualized work on these features stands as specifically at Douglas Lake, an inland an important exception. Her work shows lake in northern Michigan ca. 25 km that in overlooking these features we miss south of the Straits of Mackinac, where key social and economic processes in the research has documented a substantial prehistory of the Great Lakes. In this paper number of cache pit clusters. Research we attempt to follow the path established questions we address include where and by Dr. Holman in her research on storage how these cache pits were built, what may in the Great Lakes region, using her work have been stored in them, how people as inspiration in an investigation of storage accessed them, potential association with practices during the Late Woodland on habitation sites, and time period of use. In Douglas Lake in northern Michigan. We exploring these questions, we aim to un- offer a specific case study of storage prac- derstand the ways local communities used tices in the hope our contribution honors food storage to respond to regional social Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Beekeeping in Prehistoric Greece
    18 BEEKEEPING IN PREHISTORIC GREECE BEEKEEPING IN PREHISTORIC GREECE Haralampos V. Harissis Associate Professor of Surgery, University of Ioannina, Greece [email protected] Traces of beeswax on prehistoric potsherds have re- Beehives vealed that the harvesting of bee products by man has been practiced in Greece since the Middle Neolithic period1 Before the wide distribution of the modern bee- (c. 5500 BCE). However, it is difficult to ascertain whether hive (discovered in 1866 but not propagated in Greece beeswax was the product of wild or domesticated bees. until 1930), in no place did there exist only one type The harvesting of wild honeycombs has existed since the of beehive5. A great variety of forms and materials time of hunter-gatherer groups: rock paintings from Spain, were in use, at least up until the 1960s. The existence dating to the Mesolithic period, around 6000 BCE, depict of numerous types of beehives can be explained by such scenes2. the diversity of the environmental conditions, the availability of raw materials and different beekeeping It is known, mainly from pictorial evidence, that sys- practices. The same was true in antiquity; Varro, Virgil, tematic apiculture (with beehives) was practiced in Egypt Columella, Pliny and Palladius mention the different from at least c. 2400 BCE3, and the forms of these ancient materials used for beehives: biodegradable mate- beekeeping paraphernalia have remained unchanged un- rials such as bark, Ferula plant stems, woven wicker, til modern times. Iconography, textual evidence and organ- hollowed logs, boards of wood, cow dung, sun-dried ic residue analysis leave no doubt that honey and its deriv- mud and other non-biodegradable materials, such atives were used in Bronze Age Greece, the countryside of as clay, brick or stone6.
    [Show full text]
  • Teoc Creek a Poverty Point Site in Carroll County
    ... Archaeological Report No. 3 TEOC CREEK A Poverty Point Site .. in Carroll County, Mississippi by John M. Connaway Samuel o. McGahey Clarence H. Webb With Geological Analysis by Roger T. Saucier Edited by Priscilla M. Lowrey Mississippi Department of Archives and History Jackson, Mississippi Elbert R. Hilliard, Director 1977 - - - CONTENTS Page List of Illustrations v List of Tables vii Preface viii Acknowledgements ix 1. The Teoc Creek Site 1 .. 2. Explorations and Excavations 5 1966 Explorations 5 1969 Explorations 9 1970 Excavation 15 3. Artifacts and Raw Materials 34 .. Core Tools . 34 Blade Tools 50 Flake Tools, Flakes, and Chipping Debris 52 Raw Materials of Flaked Stone Tools • • 57 Miscellaneous Raw Materials , . • 62 Ground Stone Artifacts • 65 Miscellaneous 73 Poverty Point Objects • 74 Basketry-Impressed Baked Clay Objects 81 Pottery and Stone Vessels 87 4. Geological Analysis ••.•.. 90 5. Radiocarbon and Thermoluminescence Dates .106 iii 6. Comparisons with Other Sites .109 7. Summary and Conclusions .•117 References • .120 Index • • • • . • .124 ... ... - - - iv .. ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Page 1. Teoc Creek Site Map • . • . • • . 2 2. 1966 Traverse 2 and 1970 Profile Trench 7 3. Details of Test Pit 3 (1969)· . 12 4. Horizontal Plan, Levell (1970) •. 14 5. Horizontal Plan, Levels 2-6 (1970). 19 ... 6. Engraved Slate Gorgets· • 68 7. Mississippi River Meander Belts · · · . 94 ... 8. Stream Channel Changes in the Teoc Creek Site Area - Stage A · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 96 ... 9. Stream Channel Changes in the Teoc Creek Site Area - Stage B · · · · · ·· · · ·· · ·· ·· · · · · · · · 98 10. Stream Channel Changes in the Teoc Creek Site ... Area - Stage C · · · · · ·· ·· · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · 100 11. Stream Channel Changes in the Teoc Creek Site ..
    [Show full text]