6 X 10 Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 0521678528 - Rightful Resistance in Rural China Kevin J. O’Brien and Lianjiang Li Index More information

Index

Abel, Richard, 16 proposed Law of Peasant Administrative Litigation Law Associations, 108 appeals and lawsuits, 64 protests in, 124 and boundary-spanning claims, rightful resistance in, 79 62 survey of township ofﬁcials in, 140 and local people’s congresses, 13 tax-for-fee reform in, 34 as tool for rightful resistance, 30 anthropology of the state, 65. See afﬁrmative action (U.S.), 19 disaggregating the state agency, 89, 107 and decisions to protest, 26 Bai Yihua, 14 of practitioners of consentful Bernstein, Thomas P., 114 contention, 17 birth control principle-agent problem, 15, 29, 48, acceptance of policy of, 14 51, 65, 126 cadres enforce regulations of, 12 sense of among rightful resisters, completing task of, 54 106 as priority of government, 102 and violations of the law, 31 rightful resistance to, 8 Agriculture Law (1993), 40 violating policy of, 12, 136 publicizing of, 82 blame attribution, xv, 27 and refusal to pay illegal impositions, Blecher, Marc, xv 82, 113 boundary-spanning claims, 60. See as tool for rightful resisters, 70 contained claims; transgressive Anhui province, 55 claims activists against unlawful taxation in, China as hospitable to, 52 84 demanding recall of unpopular direct rightful resistance in, 79 cadres, 58 dissatisfaction with higher levels of disputes that have inspired, 53 government in, 36 episodes that shed light on, 54 interviews in, 141 example of in Norwegian prisons, oversampling in, 140 16 Party committee of, 34 implications beyond China, 66

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boundary-spanning claims (cont.) rights, 117, 118, 119, 121 media unlikely to champion, 61 rise of, 120 new examples of, 62, 63 spread of practices, xiii payoffs of studying, 63, 64, 65 Civil Rights Act (U.S.), 19 pressure placed on rural cadres by, claims radicalization, xiii 61 cognitive liberation, 21, 42, 109 Burstein, Paul, 113 collective action, xii, xiii, 5, 6, 11, 23, 43, 49, 51, 89, 98, 124. See Center, the, 6, 32, 36. See central policy contention; protests; rightful ambivalence of, 33, 48, 49 resistance; riots; violence contradictory posture of, 31, 32 attitude of state toward, 49 disaggregating the state, 66 audience of in rural China, 92 doubts about, 45, 46, 81, 85, 90, 103, to combat election abuses, 53 104, 106, 107, 108, 126 as combination of structural and as elite ally, 7, 9, 29, 30, 32, 48, 113 perceptual elements, 48 as fair-weather friend, 35 to defend lawful rights and interests, as a guarantor against repression, 68, 5 103 to discipline local leaders, 101 increased familiarity with, 39 effects of, 95, 97, 103, 109, 112, 113 local-Center divide, 9, 15, 17, 25, 27, in Hengyang, 88 28, 36, 41, 42, 45, 46, 100, 105, innovative means of, 50 109 leaders of, 33 spirit of, 6 participation in as life-altering event, trust in, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 102 48, 90, 92, 103 policy-based resistance as a type of, weakness of, 28 xii Central Committee of the Chinese rightful resisters engage in, 5 Communist Party, 29, 53, 81, 100 risks posed to leaders of, 87 central policy. See Center, the role of perceptions in onset of, 26 Chinese meaning of, 5 smothering of by grass-roots leaders, roots of rightful resistance lie in, 5 12 scope of in China, 6 top ofﬁcials suspicious of, 32 Chan, Anita, 45 use of concept of political Cheng Tongshun, 6 opportunity to explore, 99 citizenship, 64, 119, 120, 121, 122, 128 in the United States, 18, 21 consequences of, 66 Western studies of, 140 deﬁnition of, 119, 120 collective bargaining (U.S.), 21 demanding, 122 communications and information enlarging the scope of, 64, 120 technologies government accepting claims to, 65 photocopying, 84 Hebei example of, 116, 117, 118 spread of, 80, 91 language of present in China, 119 used in direct rightful resistance, 83 local, 119 complainants’ representatives, 31, 73, practice of precedes appearance of 74, 75, 84, 108, 136, 141. See full citizenship, 121 petitioners; protesters; rightful promotes rights of, 9 resisters

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compliant villagers, xii protest legacies of, 9, 135 consentful contention, 2, 17, 18 protest tactics during, 10 Constitution (1982), 6 worker-rebel defiance in Shanghai, article 111 on self-governance at 89 village level, 32 as a formally ratified central policy, 6 Dangshan county, Anhui province not used to back up claims of rightful repression in, 35 resisters, 60 rightful resistance in, 79 popular sovereignty and rule by law tax-for-fee reform in, 34 as constitutional principles, 126 defeats, 21 protecting citizens against state acceptance of as common response, organs violating the law, 31 105 contained claims, 51, 63, 66. See as contributing to confrontation boundary-spanning claims; among protest leaders, 91, transgressive claims 105 contention, 93. See collective action; as contributing to protest leaders mediated contention; rightful giving up, 80 resistance; protests; riots; violence as contributing to tactical escalation, confrontational forms of, 77, 91 80, 94 consequences of, 95, 96, 99 increase as rightful resisters scale the contained, 51, 63, 99 official hierarchy, 90 dynamics of, 63, 95 repeated failures as escalating to popular, 52, 64, 95, 96, 99, 141 violence, 3 repertoires of, xiv, 10, 63, 67, 69, 76, when mediators do not act, 81 77 democracy, 51 rights-based, 10 discussed by Chinese villagers, transgressive forms of, 21 12 contentious conversation, 4, 56, 62 lack of in China, 108 contentious politics, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, 2, multiparty, 108 48, 63, 65, 113 people’s, 30, 128 critique of students of, 64 rightful resistance in democratic impact of, 99 countries, 23 indirect outcomes of, 97 socialist, 9, 13, 62 research implications of, 91 Western theories of, 118 studying causality in, 97 Deng Xiaoping, 6 corruption, 42, 100, 141 Department of Labor (U.S.), 21 of cadres, 53 diaomin, xi, 55 government campaign against, 9, 45, dingzihu,xi 72, 113 disaggregating the state, 51, 66. See opposition to, 137 anthropology of the state; protests against, 72, 116 state-society relations as spur to rightful resistance, xi, 6, 120 East Germany Cultural Revolution consentful contention in, 17 openings for popular action during, petition drives in, 2 30 protesters in, 18

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Einwohner, Rachel, 113 oversampling in, 140 elections, 53, 55 protest leaders in, 90, 92 annulment of, 100 rightful resistance in, 67, 82, 83, 127 appeals to Ministry of Civil Affairs survey in, 89, 139, 140 related to, 54 villager evaluation of performance of calls for direct village, 128 central leaders in, 44 as episodes of contention, 50 free and fair, 60, 100 gongmin, 118, 122. See citizenship misconduct related to, 6, 7, 12, 13, grain procurement, 54 28, 37, 39, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, Gramsci, Antonio, 3, 23, 128 61, 62, 66, 70, 71, 75, 100, 102, Great Revolution, xiii 107 grievances, 14 opposition to, 54 and central-local divide, 17, 90 organized boycotts of, 56 and cognitive liberation, 42 popular election of national leaders, and forging of collective identity, 78 126 in industrialized counties, 96 procedures of, 8, 30 letters and visits offices as promotion of by central officials, 65 clearinghouse for, 14 provincial or national, 122 and local policy misimplementation, rightful resistance surrounding, 57, 41, 48 59 and popular action, 6, 103 and state’s hand in shaping of Uighurs in Xinjiang, 114 opportunity structure, 112 of urban workers, 73 village, xi, 7, 53, 54, 56, 57, 60, 64, role of journalists in communicating, 65, 69, 86, 101, 111, 119, 128, 141 68 elite allies, xiv, 4, 5, 13, 42, 91, 93, 101, Guangdong province 102 disenchantment with the Center in, fleeting, 27 108 reliance on, 16, 35, 85 dissatisfaction with higher levels of Equal Employment Opportunity government in, 36 Commission (U.S.), 21 elections in, 60 Equal Pay Act of 1963 (U.S.), 19 interviews in, 141 everyday forms of resistance, xii, 1, 3, 4, migrant workers in, 40 24 repression in, 37 survey of township officials in, 140 Faxi county, Shaanxi province, 14 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Fengcheng county, Jiangxi province, 79 60 Four Cleanups, 30 Gushi county, Henan province, 79 Fujian province, 44, 53 activists’ perceptions of the Center Hainan province, 60 in, 45 Harbin, Heilongjiang province dissatisfaction with higher levels of election misconduct in, 58 government in, 36 rightful resistance in, 59 elections in, 53 Hebei province, 52 interviews in, 141 bypassing local officials in, 100

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citizenship in, 116 a protest leader’s view of, 43 citizenship incident in, 118, 128 on rural tax reforms, 29 disenchantment with Beijing in, 104 Hubei province distrust of local cadres in, 43, 55 protests in, 124 government legal education rightful resistance regarding village campaign in, 40 elections in, 57, 75 interviews in, 141 village elections in, xi misimplementation of policies in, 28 Hunan province proposed Law of Peasant activists’ perceptions of the Center Associations in, 108 in, 36, 45, 47 rightful resistance in, 39, 58, 79, 120, collective complaint to provincial 127 government in, 71 village elections in, xi consequences of rightful resistance Hebi City, Henan province, 13 in, 106 hefa quanyi, 5, 29, 52 direct rightful resistance in, 79 Henan province framing of claims in, 122, 126 ambiguous regulations in, 31 government legal education collective complaints lodged in, 13 campaign in, 40 disenchantment with the Center in, as hotbed of popular contention, 141 108 interviews in, xiii, 141 disseminating policies in, 71, 72 limiting exactions in, 82 election misconduct in, 70 local repression in, 35, 37 interviews in, 141 mediated contention in, 82 oversampling in, 140 migrant workers in, 40 protests in, 124 mobile phones as tool of rightful repression in, 35, 80 resistance in, 84 rightful resistance in, 6, 67, 79, 87 overtaxation in, 41 riots in, 87 peasant activism in the 1920s in, 111 Hengyang county, Hunan province peasant burdens in, 70, 74 direct action in, 69 petitioners in, 46, 92 interviews in, xiii, 141 photocopying as tool of rightful overtaxation in, 41, 42 resistance in, 84 protest leaders in, 72 popular support for rightful protest leaders’ use of media in, resistance in, 40, 111 39 professional complainants in, 105 rightful resistance in, 67, 70, 75, 79, protest leaders in, xiii, 45, 71 87, 118 protest leaders’ use of media in, 39 support for rightful resistance by protests in, 72, 78, 107, 124, 127 ofﬁcials and intellectuals in, 40 rightful resistance in, 67, 79, 89, 118 Herbst, Jeffrey, 2 riots in, 30, 74, 110 Hollander, Jocelyn, 113 siege in, 110 hongtou wenjian,30.See red-headed survey of township ofﬁcials in, 140 documents village defense of protest organizers Hu Jintao in, 83 on letters and visits, 125 village election misconduct in, 56

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implementation. See Klandermans, Bert, 27 misimplementation of birth limits, 37 land of policies, xiii, 15, 60, 65, 68, 81, 95, allocation of, 54 96, 99, 101, 112, 122, 123, 125, appropriation of, 28, 32, 37, 83, 126 102 information appropriation of in Latin America, 2 blockades of, 73 reform, 135 about government policies, 38, speculation in, 59 80 use of, 6, 8, 53 incomplete, 47 law interpreting, 27, 41 rule by, 13, 30, 62, 126 misperceptions of, 47 rule of, 4, 16, 18 on official misconduct, 29, 83 Law of Peasant Associations, proposed officials providing rightful resisters villagers’ drafts of, 108 with, 30, 93 lawful rights and interests, 11, 29 policy, 39 Central policies for defending role of in perceptions of opportunity, villagers’, 28, 29, 45 27 claims based on, 5 slippage between policy makers and leadership, in government, 5, 12, 29, street-level officials, 28 30, 32, 58, 59, 60, 62, 88, 101, 106, sources of, 11, 40, 65 107, 128 villager access to, 38 letters and visits, 62, 124 institutional reform, xiii, 116, offices, 14, 29, 31, 78, 81, 82, 104, 124 125, 135 interest group politics, 50 petition to overhaul system of, 92 Regulations (1995), 31, 35, 63 Jiang Zemin, 29, 70 Regulations (2005), 92, 125 Jiangsu province Lianyuan county, Hunan province, 67, interviews in, 141 79, 89 survey in, 89, 139 Liaoning province Jiangxi province, 42 dissatisfaction with higher levels of direct rightful resistance in, government in, 36 79 interviews in, 141 intellectuals’ support of rightful oversampling in, 140 resistance in, 76 rightful resistance in, 57 interviews in, 141 survey of township officials in, 140 protest organizers in, 72 Lipsky, Michael, 112 protests in, 100, 107, 124 local policies rightful resistance in, 79 harmful, 100 riots in, 30 protests against, 69, 109 survey in, 89, 139 lodging complaints, 31, 32, 35, 77, 78, village compacts in history in, 80, 92, 104, 105, 107, 141. See 8 shangfang Jize county, Hebei province, 83 Lu,¨ Xiaobo, 114

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Mao Zedong misimplementation. See his campaigns against corrupt implementation grass-roots cadres, 10 of central policies, 28, 41, 45, 47, 60, impressed with peasant activism in 90, 99, 100, 109 Hunan, 111 of judicial decisions in South Africa, protest leaders influenced by, 137 16 mass mobilization, 72 misperceptions, 47. See opportunities, Mathiesen, Thomas, 16 perceptions of McAdam, Doug, 27, 50, 51, 64, 91 Montgomery bus boycott (U.S.), 51 McCann, Michael, 18, 19, 22, 23 moral economy McCarthy, John, 27 claims, 23 media protests as distinguished from as elite ally, 13, 29, 46, 58, 61, 62, 101 rightful resistance, xii penetration of into the countryside, 11 nail-like individuals, xi. See recalcitrants response to rightful resistance, 98 National People’s Congress use by rightful resisters, 39, 108, appeals to, 81, 92 128 decisions by, 57 in the West, 77 Peng Zhen’s speech to, 14 mediated contention. See contention; protesters’ access to blocked, 81 rightful resistance as protesters’ ally, 59 as contributing to tactical escalation, Ningxiang county, Hunan province 80 popular support for rightful definition of, 69 resistance in, 111 disenchantment with, 89 protests in, 72 failure of to produce redress, 81, 83, rightful resistance in, 67, 79 86, 89 nongmin fudan, 6, 29, 70 as opposed to direct action, 76, 91 nongnu, 122. See slaves participants in, 82 Norway, 16 used to obtain “red-headed documents,” 82 object shift, xv, 91 migrant workers openings. See opportunities enhanced policy awareness of, 40 opportunities, xv not treated as full citizens, 119 affected by state fragmentation, 28 protest leaders who become, 88, 108, definition of opportunity structure, 135, 136 49 as spreaders of news about popular different from improved action, 78 opportunities, 49 Ministry of Agriculture, 82 expanding, 43, 93, 128 Ministry of Civil Affairs for expression, 50 appeals and letters to, 54 Herbst, Jeffrey on, 2 on center-local divide, 28 perceptions of, xv, 26, 27, 38, 43, 48 involvement with elections, 101 political, xiv, xv, 20, 25, 27, 48, 93 as protesters’ ally, 13, 58, 100 for popular classes, 52, 66 Minzner, Carl, 135 rightful resistance as a product of, 4

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opportunities (cont.) skipping levels, 32, 46, 105 seizure of, 94 supporters of, 13, 93 shifting, 48, 98 threat of violence by, 92 in South Africa, 43 use of Organic Law by, 39, 55, state provision of, 64, 113 57 structural, xv, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, policy innovations, inspired by rightful 47, 48, 49, 66, 93, 94, 112, 114 resistance, xiii, 116, 123 students of movement origins on, policy-based resistance, xii. See rightful 25 resistance as subject to attribution, 26 political change, 62 unpacking to understand rightful impact of pay equity campaign in the resistance, 38 U.S. on, 22 Organic Law of Villagers’ Committees impact of rightful resistance on, xiii, (1987, revised 1998), 7, 60 103, 116, 123 1998 revision of, 53, 59, 62 political opportunity. See opportunities claims based on, 13, 39, 54, 55, 56, political participation, xii, 18, 99 57, 58, 59, 60, 70 principle-agent problem. See agency enforcement of, 101 protest leaders, xi, 111. See provisions of, 30, 32, 40, 54 complainants’ representatives; petitioners; rightful resisters Party Congress, Sixteenth, 124 allies of, 13 Party Discipline Inspection characteristics of, 14, 38, 47, 89 Commission, 13, 81 in Chinese history, 10 pay equity campaign (U.S.), 19, 20, 21, defamation of, 33 22, 123 in Hengyang county, 71, 82, 88 peasant burdens, 36, 87, 118, 136, 140 in Hunan province, xiii efforts to limit, 29, 40, 45, 46, 70, 72, in Jiangxi province, 72 74, 124 in Ningxiang county, Hunan increase of, 29 province, 72 Sichuan’s Regulations Concerning risks run by, 87, 109 Farmers’ Burdens, 39 trust in the Center, 45 perceptions. See opportunities, use of technology, 83 perceptions of use of the media, 84 petitioners, 58. See complainants’ villagers’ support of, 83, 115 representatives; protest leaders; protests, xii. See collective action; rightful resisters contention; rightful resistance; in Chinese history, 9 violence and contention within the system, antitax demonstration, xi 77 in Henan province, 108 groups of, 69, 73, 78, 106, 127 impact of difﬁcult to gauge, 95 increase in number of, 124 in Jiangxi province, 100 to letters and visits ofﬁces, 135 opportunities for, xiii, 27 radicalize tactics, 67 outcomes of, 97, 98, 102, 112, regulation supporting, 125 113 restrictions on, 125 pleasures of, 107

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regional variation in outcomes, overseas support for a democratic, 114 108 techniques of, 76 proponents of, 9 by veterans of the People’s Revolution of 1911, xiii Liberation Army, 88 rightful resistance, xii, 18. See collective action; contention; lodging Qidong county, Hunan province complaints; petitioners; protests; protests in, 74, 78 protest leaders; rightful resisters rightful resistance in, 67, 79 attitudinal factors that facilitate, 38 riots in, 74 and citizenship rights, 120 consequences of, 95, 100, 101, 103, radical flank effects, xv, 77, 86 114 radicalization definition of, 1, 2, 14, 22, 49 of claims, xiii direct action as a form of, 68, 78, 83, of tactics, 67 86 reasonable radicalism, 2 in East Germany, 17 rebellion. See revolution; violence evolution of, 68, 93 as contrasted with rightful resistance, how it emerges, 4, 5, 25, 26 xii, 12 implications for China, 116 in Maoist era China, 30 in Norway, 16 prevention of, 54 object shift of, 91 recalcitrants, xii. See nail-like Party leaders’ tolerance of, 32 individuals produces concessions through red-headed documents nonviolent coercion, 61 inaccessible to the public, 30 recent upsurge in, 11 obtained through mediated relationship to other types of contention, 82 contention, 1, 3, 4 reformist activism, 2 rights talk underlying it, 6 regional variation, xiii, 107 as a tame form of contention, 68 Renshou county, Sichuan province in the United States, 18 rightful resistance in, 124 rightful resisters, 3. See complainants’ violence and rioting in, 100 representatives; petitioners; repression, 26, 48, 87. See violence protest leaders; rightful resistance guarantor against, 68, 83, 103 as subalterns, 128 rightful resistance leading to, 3, 61, characteristics of, 3, 4, 38, 57, 70, 90 73, 106, 114, 123 disillusionment of, 125 saps confidence of protesters, drawn into conventional politics, 108 103 financing of, 109 of villagers, 12, 33, 62 goals of, 60 revolution. See rebellion; violence and mediated tactics, 80 compared with other episodes of motivations for acting of, 23 contention, 50 as between subjects and citizens, 122 as contrasted with rightful resistance, support from the public, 92 xii violence against, 87 as engine for change, 129 in the United States, 23

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rights. See lawful rights and interests; Sheqi county, Henan province, 6 rights consciousness shrewd and unruly people, xi. See Chinese villagers struggling to diaomin defend, xii Sichuan province fuzzy, 56 direct rightful resistance in, 79 guaranteed but not enforced, 38, 64, election misconduct in, 39 119 interviews in, 141 programmatic, 64 local repression in, 37 respect of villagers’, 8 petitioners in, 92 talk, 6, 19, 117, 118, 120, 127, 128 protests in, 100, 101, 107, 124 rights consciousness, 56 rightful resistance in, 124, 127 growing in the Chinese countryside, riots in, 30, 110 4, 7, 21, 127 slaves, 108, 116, 118, 122 of protesters, 119 social movements riots, 110 compared with other episodes of as engine for change, 129 contention, 50 fabricated by township leaders, 87 as distinct from rightful resistance, in Hunan and Sichuan since the xii 1990s, 110 study of effects of, 95 in Qidong county, Hunan in 1996, 74 South Africa, law-based resistance in, 16 school fees state building, 4 declining, 73 State Council, 28 increase in as grounds for rightful Letters and Visits Ofﬁce, 31, 104 resistance, 73, 104, 107, 110 Letters and Visits Regulations, 31, Scott, James, xii, 2, 128 125 Shaanxi province, 14 regulation on township and village rightful resistance in, 79 fees, 71 Shandong province regulations of, 5, 6, 11, 31, 39, 82, activist from, 43, 45, 90 100 activists’ perceptions of the Center supporting peasants’ welfare, 44 in, 36, 45 state-society relations collective incidents in, 53 changes in, 114, 123 corruption in, 86 impact of rightful resistance on, 116, interviews in, 141 124. See disaggregating the state local repression in, 36 strategic dilemma, xv, 85, 92 survey of township ofﬁcials in, 140 Straughn, Jeremy, 17, 23 village elections in, xi structural opportunities. See shangfang, 37, 78, 105, 108, 136. See opportunities lodging complaints; petitioners; Suiping county, Henan province, 70 rightful resisters shangfang daibiao, 108. See tactical escalation, xiii, 67, 69, 77, 80, complainants’ representatives 85, 86, 88, 91, 93, 94 Shanxi province tactical innovation, xv, 68, 69, 93, 94 demonstrations in, 11 tactics, direct, 69, 78, 79, 84, 85, 86, 88, interviews in, 141 89, 91, 98, 101, 102, 106, 125, 126

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Index

Taoyuan county, Hunan province, 79 in Renshou county, Sichuan Tarrow, Sidney, 50, 51, 64, 91, 112 province, 100 taxation, 141 increases in, 76, 77, 88 acceptance of, 14 rightful resisters decrying use of, 69, corruption related to, 37, 40, 84 91, 102 efforts to reduce, 40, 71, 72, 82, 124 against rightful resisters, 86 as source of protest, 105, 108 after unsuccessful rightful resistance, tax-for-fee reform, 34, 104, 124 3, 125, 126 Thompson, E. P., xii, 23 Tianjin city war of position, 3 interviews in, 141 weapons of the weak, 4, 18 Tilly, Charles, xiii, 50, 51, 56, 64, 91 Wen Jiabao transgressive claims, 51, 54, 57, 60, 61, on need to preserve farmland, 37 63, 77, 129, 141. See on the reduction of peasant burdens, boundary-spanning claims; 124 contained claims on rural tax reforms, 29 compared with boundary-spanning claims, 49 Xiangyin county, Hunan province, 79 compared with contained claims, 50, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, 51, 52, 62, 64, 66 114 compared with rightful resistance, Xinyang county, Henan province 60 disseminating policies in, 72 example of related to elections, 58 rightful resistance in, 67 growing out of contained riots in, 87 contention, 51 trust, 46. See blame attribution; Center, Yiyang county, Henan province, 87 the Yizhang county, Hunan province distrust of local leaders, 43 rightful resistance in, 79 increase of among activists, 85 siege in, 110 nationalization of, 126 Yu Jianrong, xiii, 135, 141 patterns of, 42 Yunnan province in South Africa, 43 elections in, 60 surveys on, 27 interviews in, 141

venue shopping, xv, 60, 81 Zald, Mayer, 27 veterans of the People’s Liberation Zhang Yinghong, 126 Army, 88, 136 Zhangpu county, Fujian province, 67 as protest leaders, 89 Zhao Shukai, 135 violence. See collective action; Zhejiang province contention; rebellion; revolution; impeachment effort in, 59 riots survey in, 140 calls for from ofﬁcials, 37 villager evaluation of central leaders distinguished from rightful in, 44 resistance, 3, 4, 38, 115 Zhu Rongji, 29, 108

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