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6 X 10 Long.P65 Cambridge University Press 0521678528 - Rightful Resistance in Rural China Kevin J. O’Brien and Lianjiang Li Index More information Index Abel, Richard, 16 proposed Law of Peasant Administrative Litigation Law Associations, 108 appeals and lawsuits, 64 protests in, 124 and boundary-spanning claims, rightful resistance in, 79 62 survey of township officials in, 140 and local people’s congresses, 13 tax-for-fee reform in, 34 as tool for rightful resistance, 30 anthropology of the state, 65. See affirmative action (U.S.), 19 disaggregating the state agency, 89, 107 and decisions to protest, 26 Bai Yihua, 14 of practitioners of consentful Bernstein, Thomas P., 114 contention, 17 birth control principle-agent problem, 15, 29, 48, acceptance of policy of, 14 51, 65, 126 cadres enforce regulations of, 12 sense of among rightful resisters, completing task of, 54 106 as priority of government, 102 and violations of the law, 31 rightful resistance to, 8 Agriculture Law (1993), 40 violating policy of, 12, 136 publicizing of, 82 blame attribution, xv, 27 and refusal to pay illegal impositions, Blecher, Marc, xv 82, 113 boundary-spanning claims, 60. See as tool for rightful resisters, 70 contained claims; transgressive Anhui province, 55 claims activists against unlawful taxation in, China as hospitable to, 52 84 demanding recall of unpopular direct rightful resistance in, 79 cadres, 58 dissatisfaction with higher levels of disputes that have inspired, 53 government in, 36 episodes that shed light on, 54 interviews in, 141 example of in Norwegian prisons, oversampling in, 140 16 Party committee of, 34 implications beyond China, 66 169 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521678528 - Rightful Resistance in Rural China Kevin J. O’Brien and Lianjiang Li Index More information Index boundary-spanning claims (cont.) rights, 117, 118, 119, 121 media unlikely to champion, 61 rise of, 120 new examples of, 62, 63 spread of practices, xiii payoffs of studying, 63, 64, 65 Civil Rights Act (U.S.), 19 pressure placed on rural cadres by, claims radicalization, xiii 61 cognitive liberation, 21, 42, 109 Burstein, Paul, 113 collective action, xii, xiii, 5, 6, 11, 23, 43, 49, 51, 89, 98, 124. See Center, the, 6, 32, 36. See central policy contention; protests; rightful ambivalence of, 33, 48, 49 resistance; riots; violence contradictory posture of, 31, 32 attitude of state toward, 49 disaggregating the state, 66 audience of in rural China, 92 doubts about, 45, 46, 81, 85, 90, 103, to combat election abuses, 53 104, 106, 107, 108, 126 as combination of structural and as elite ally, 7, 9, 29, 30, 32, 48, 113 perceptual elements, 48 as fair-weather friend, 35 to defend lawful rights and interests, as a guarantor against repression, 68, 5 103 to discipline local leaders, 101 increased familiarity with, 39 effects of, 95, 97, 103, 109, 112, 113 local-Center divide, 9, 15, 17, 25, 27, in Hengyang, 88 28, 36, 41, 42, 45, 46, 100, 105, innovative means of, 50 109 leaders of, 33 spirit of, 6 participation in as life-altering event, trust in, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 102 48, 90, 92, 103 policy-based resistance as a type of, weakness of, 28 xii Central Committee of the Chinese rightful resisters engage in, 5 Communist Party, 29, 53, 81, 100 risks posed to leaders of, 87 central policy. See Center, the role of perceptions in onset of, 26 Chinese meaning of, 5 smothering of by grass-roots leaders, roots of rightful resistance lie in, 5 12 scope of in China, 6 top officials suspicious of, 32 Chan, Anita, 45 use of concept of political Cheng Tongshun, 6 opportunity to explore, 99 citizenship, 64, 119, 120, 121, 122, 128 in the United States, 18, 21 consequences of, 66 Western studies of, 140 definition of, 119, 120 collective bargaining (U.S.), 21 demanding, 122 communications and information enlarging the scope of, 64, 120 technologies government accepting claims to, 65 photocopying, 84 Hebei example of, 116, 117, 118 spread of, 80, 91 language of present in China, 119 used in direct rightful resistance, 83 local, 119 complainants’ representatives, 31, 73, practice of precedes appearance of 74, 75, 84, 108, 136, 141. See full citizenship, 121 petitioners; protesters; rightful promotes rights of, 9 resisters 170 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521678528 - Rightful Resistance in Rural China Kevin J. O’Brien and Lianjiang Li Index More information Index compliant villagers, xii protest legacies of, 9, 135 consentful contention, 2, 17, 18 protest tactics during, 10 Constitution (1982), 6 worker-rebel defiance in Shanghai, article 111 on self-governance at 89 village level, 32 as a formally ratified central policy, 6 Dangshan county, Anhui province not used to back up claims of rightful repression in, 35 resisters, 60 rightful resistance in, 79 popular sovereignty and rule by law tax-for-fee reform in, 34 as constitutional principles, 126 defeats, 21 protecting citizens against state acceptance of as common response, organs violating the law, 31 105 contained claims, 51, 63, 66. See as contributing to confrontation boundary-spanning claims; among protest leaders, 91, transgressive claims 105 contention, 93. See collective action; as contributing to protest leaders mediated contention; rightful giving up, 80 resistance; protests; riots; violence as contributing to tactical escalation, confrontational forms of, 77, 91 80, 94 consequences of, 95, 96, 99 increase as rightful resisters scale the contained, 51, 63, 99 official hierarchy, 90 dynamics of, 63, 95 repeated failures as escalating to popular, 52, 64, 95, 96, 99, 141 violence, 3 repertoires of, xiv, 10, 63, 67, 69, 76, when mediators do not act, 81 77 democracy, 51 rights-based, 10 discussed by Chinese villagers, transgressive forms of, 21 12 contentious conversation, 4, 56, 62 lack of in China, 108 contentious politics, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, 2, multiparty, 108 48, 63, 65, 113 people’s, 30, 128 critique of students of, 64 rightful resistance in democratic impact of, 99 countries, 23 indirect outcomes of, 97 socialist, 9, 13, 62 research implications of, 91 Western theories of, 118 studying causality in, 97 Deng Xiaoping, 6 corruption, 42, 100, 141 Department of Labor (U.S.), 21 of cadres, 53 diaomin, xi, 55 government campaign against, 9, 45, dingzihu,xi 72, 113 disaggregating the state, 51, 66. See opposition to, 137 anthropology of the state; protests against, 72, 116 state-society relations as spur to rightful resistance, xi, 6, 120 East Germany Cultural Revolution consentful contention in, 17 openings for popular action during, petition drives in, 2 30 protesters in, 18 171 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521678528 - Rightful Resistance in Rural China Kevin J. O’Brien and Lianjiang Li Index More information Index Einwohner, Rachel, 113 oversampling in, 140 elections, 53, 55 protest leaders in, 90, 92 annulment of, 100 rightful resistance in, 67, 82, 83, 127 appeals to Ministry of Civil Affairs survey in, 89, 139, 140 related to, 54 villager evaluation of performance of calls for direct village, 128 central leaders in, 44 as episodes of contention, 50 free and fair, 60, 100 gongmin, 118, 122. See citizenship misconduct related to, 6, 7, 12, 13, grain procurement, 54 28, 37, 39, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, Gramsci, Antonio, 3, 23, 128 61, 62, 66, 70, 71, 75, 100, 102, Great Revolution, xiii 107 grievances, 14 opposition to, 54 and central-local divide, 17, 90 organized boycotts of, 56 and cognitive liberation, 42 popular election of national leaders, and forging of collective identity, 78 126 in industrialized counties, 96 procedures of, 8, 30 letters and visits offices as promotion of by central officials, 65 clearinghouse for, 14 provincial or national, 122 and local policy misimplementation, rightful resistance surrounding, 57, 41, 48 59 and popular action, 6, 103 and state’s hand in shaping of Uighurs in Xinjiang, 114 opportunity structure, 112 of urban workers, 73 village, xi, 7, 53, 54, 56, 57, 60, 64, role of journalists in communicating, 65, 69, 86, 101, 111, 119, 128, 141 68 elite allies, xiv, 4, 5, 13, 42, 91, 93, 101, Guangdong province 102 disenchantment with the Center in, fleeting, 27 108 reliance on, 16, 35, 85 dissatisfaction with higher levels of Equal Employment Opportunity government in, 36 Commission (U.S.), 21 elections in, 60 Equal Pay Act of 1963 (U.S.), 19 interviews in, 141 everyday forms of resistance, xii, 1, 3, 4, migrant workers in, 40 24 repression in, 37 survey of township officials in, 140 Faxi county, Shaanxi province, 14 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Fengcheng county, Jiangxi province, 79 60 Four Cleanups, 30 Gushi county, Henan province, 79 Fujian province, 44, 53 activists’ perceptions of the Center Hainan province, 60 in, 45 Harbin, Heilongjiang province dissatisfaction with higher levels of election misconduct in, 58 government in, 36 rightful resistance in, 59 elections in, 53 Hebei province, 52 interviews in, 141 bypassing local officials in, 100 172 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521678528 - Rightful Resistance in Rural China Kevin J. O’Brien and Lianjiang Li Index More information Index citizenship in, 116 a protest leader’s view of, 43 citizenship incident in, 118, 128 on rural tax reforms, 29 disenchantment with Beijing in, 104 Hubei province distrust of local cadres in, 43, 55 protests in, 124 government legal education rightful resistance regarding village campaign in, 40 elections in, 57, 75 interviews in,
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