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TABLE 183.75—WEIGHTS (IN POUNDS) OF GASOLINE OUTBOARD ENGINES AND RELATED EQUIPMENT FOR VARIOUS RATED POWER (HORSEPOWER) RANGES—Continued

Single engine installations Column number 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total weight Battery Full Sum of Engine power range Dry Running Swamped Controls & Battery weight portable columns (Horsepower) weight 12 weight 3 weight 4 rigging 5 weight, dry submerged fuel tank 6 3,5,6,8)

300.1–350.0 ...... 884 928 789 44 45 25 100 1,117 Notes: 1 Dry weight is the manufacturer’s published weight for the shortest midsection increased by 10 percent to account for longer midsections and additional required hardware usually not included in published weights. This weight is intended to represent the heaviest model in each power category. For boats designed with a transom height of 20 inches or less, the weight in Column 2 may be reduced by 10 percent. Recalculate Columns 3, 4, and 9 as appropriate. 2 For diesel outboards, replace the value in Column 2 with the manufacturer’s published dry weight + 10 percent. 3 Running weight is the dry weight plus fluids (including 2-stroke oil) and the heaviest recommended propeller. Calculated as 5 percent of dry weight. 4 Swamped weight is 85 percent of running weight. 5 Rigging and controls include engine related hardware required to complete the installation (e.g., controls, cables, hydraulic hoses, steering pumps and cylinders). Calculated as 5 percent of dry weight. 6 If the boat is equipped with a permanent fuel system and is not intended to use a portable tank, the portable fuel tank weight may be omitted.

§ 183.220 [Amended] DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Flora (CITES). To date, the scarlet- chested and turquoise parrots remain on ■ 4. Amend § 183.220 as follows: Fish and Wildlife Service the Approved List of Captive-bred ■ a. In paragraph (b)(2), remove the text Species under the Wild Bird ‘‘shown in Column 6 of Table 4’’ and 50 CFR Parts 15 and 17 Conservation Act of 1992 (WBCA). add, in its place, the text ‘‘shown in [Docket No. FWS–HQ–ES–2015–0176; DATES: This rule becomes effective May Column 9 of Table 183.75’’; and 4500030113] 5, 2017. ■ ADDRESSES: Comments and materials we b. In paragraph (d), remove the text RIN 1018–BB29 ‘‘specified in Columns 2 and 4 of Table received, as well as supporting 4 for the swamped weight of the motor Endangered and Threatened Wildlife documentation we used in preparing and controls and for the submerged and Plants; Removal of the Scarlet- this rule, are available for public weight or’’ and add, in its place, the text Chested Parrot and the Turquoise inspection at http:// ‘‘specified in Columns 4 and 7 of Table Parrot From the Federal List of www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS–HQ–ES–2015–0176. Comments, 183.75 for the swamped weight of the Endangered and Threatened Wildlife materials, and documentation that we motor and controls and for the AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, considered in this rulemaking will be submerged weight of’’. Interior. available by appointment during normal § 183.320 [Amended] ACTION: Final rule. business hours at: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, MS: ES, 5275 Leesburg ■ 5. Amend § 183.320 as follows: SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041–3803; ■ a. In paragraph (b)(2), remove the text Wildlife Service (Service), are removing telephone, 703–358–2171; facsimile, ‘‘shown in column 6 of Table 4’’ and the scarlet-chested parrot (Neophema 703–358–1735. If you use a add, in its place, the text, ‘‘shown in splendida) and the turquoise parrot telecommunications device for the deaf Column 9 of Table 183.75’’; and (Neophema pulchella) from the Federal (TDD), call the Federal Relay Service at List of Endangered and Threatened 800–877–8339. ■ b. In paragraph (d), remove the text Wildlife under the Endangered Species FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: ‘‘specified in Column 2 of Table 4’’ and Act of 1973, as amended (Act). Our Janine Van Norman, Chief, Branch of add, in its place, the text ‘‘specified in review of the status of these parrots Foreign Species, Ecological Services, Column 4 of Table 183.75’’. shows that the threats have been U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, MS: ES, eliminated or reduced and populations 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA Table 4 to Subpart H of Part 183 of both species are stable, with potential 22041–3803; telephone, 703–358–2171; [Removed] increases noted for the turquoise parrot facsimile, 703–358–1735. If you use a in some areas. These species are not telecommunications device for the deaf ■ 6. Remove Table 4 to Subpart H of currently in danger of extinction, and (TDD), call the Federal Relay Service at Part 183. are not likely to again become in danger 800–877–8339. Dated: March 29, 2017. of extinction within the foreseeable SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: future in all or significant portions of V.B. Gifford, their ranges. After the effective date of Executive Summary Captain, U.S. Coast Guard, Director of this final rule, the scarlet-chested and This document contains a final rule to Inspections and Compliance. the turquoise parrots will remain remove the scarlet-chested parrot and [FR Doc. 2017–06733 Filed 4–4–17; 8:45 am] protected under the provisions of the the turquoise parrot from the Federal BILLING CODE 9110–04–P Convention on International Trade in List of Endangered and Threatened Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Wildlife.

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Purpose of the regulatory action—We 1970 (35 FR 8491). Both species were longer correctly reflected the current are delisting the scarlet-chested parrot originally listed under the Endangered conservation status of these birds. On and the turquoise parrot throughout Species Conservation Act of 1969 (Pub. January 21, 2016, we announced the their ranges due to recovery under the L. 91–135, 83 Stat. 275 (1969)) as part reopening of the public comment period Act. Species experts now widely of a list of species classified as on our September 2, 2003, proposal to characterize populations of the scarlet- endangered. This list was retained and remove the scarlet-chested and chested parrot and the turquoise parrot incorporated into the Act, and both turquoise parakeets from the List (81 FR as stable, with potential increases noted species have remained listed as 3373). We took these actions to for the turquoise parrot in some areas. endangered under the Act since that determine whether removing these Trade in wild specimens is strictly time. In addition, both species were species from the List is still warranted, regulated under Australia’s national included by regulation in the Approved and to ensure that we sought, received, laws as well as through CITES, the List of Captive-bred Bird Species under and made our decision based on the best Lacey Act Amendments of 1981, as the WBCA in title 50 of the Code of scientific and commercial information amended (16 U.S.C. 3371, et seq.), and Federal Regulations at 50 CFR 15.33. available regarding these species and the WBCA (16 U.S.C. 4901–4916). The WBCA Approved List includes bird their status and threats. Basis for the regulatory action—Under species that are in the appendices of Background the Act, a species may be determined to CITES, and which occur in international be an endangered species or threatened trade only as captive-bred specimens. This is a final rule to remove the species because of any of five factors: (Both species are listed on the WBCA scarlet-chested and turquoise parakeets (A) The present or threatened Approved List and in the CITES from the Federal List of Endangered and destruction, modification, or appendices as ‘‘parrots’’; we use the Threatened Wildlife. This final rule curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) term ‘‘parrots’’ in this final rule for contains updated information from the overutilization for commercial, reasons set forth below in Summary of information presented in the proposed recreational, scientific, or educational Changes from the Proposed Rule.) rule to remove these species from the purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) Captive-bred individuals of species on Federal List of Endangered and the inadequacy of existing regulatory the WBCA Approved List may be Threatened Wildlife (68 FR 52169, mechanisms; or (E) other natural or imported or exported without a WBCA September 2, 2003) and is based on the manmade factors affecting its continued permit. For additional information best scientific and commercial existence. We must consider the same regarding protections under the Act and information available regarding these factors in delisting a species. We may WBCA, please see Existing regulatory species and their status and threats. delist a species if the best scientific and mechanisms, below. Summary of Changes From the commercial data indicate the species is On September 22, 2000, we Proposed Rule neither endangered nor threatened for announced a review of all endangered one or more of the following reasons: (1) and threatened foreign species in the This final rule includes information The species is extinct; (2) the species Order Psittaciformes (parrots, parakeets, summarized from status reviews we has recovered and is no longer macaws, cockatoos, and others; also conducted in 2016–2017 for the scarlet- threatened or endangered; or (3) the known as psittacine birds) listed under chested and the turquoise parrots. These original scientific data used at the time the Act (65 FR 57363). Section 4(c)(2) of status reviews are available on the the species was classified were in error. the Act requires such a review at least Internet at http://www.regulations.gov We consider both the scarlet-chested once every 5 years. The purpose of the as supporting documentation for Docket and turquoise parrots to be ‘‘recovered’’ review is to ensure that the List of No. FWS–HQ–ES–2015–0176. because threats to these parrots have Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Sections from the status reviews were been reduced or eliminated, and (List), found in 50 CFR 17.11, accurately added (in part or entirely) to the populations of both species are now reflects the most current status preamble to this final rule. These new stable, with potential increases noted for information for each listed species. We sections in the preamble are updates or the turquoise parrot in some areas. requested comments and the most additions to information that was Peer review and public comment—We current scientific or commercial presented in the 2003 proposal to sought comments from independent information available on these species, remove the scarlet-chested and specialists to ensure that our as well as information on other species turquoise parakeets from the list (68 FR determination that these species have that may warrant future consideration 52169, September 2, 2003). We made recovered is based on scientifically for listing. If the current classification of changes to Previous Federal Actions, sound data, assumptions, and analyses. a species is not consistent with the best Summary of Status Review, and We invited these peer reviewers to scientific and commercial information Significant Portion of Its Range comment on our status reviews for the available at the conclusion of a review, Analysis. More detailed information scarlet-chested parrot and the turquoise we may propose changes to the List about both parrots is in our 2016–2017 parrot. We also considered all accordingly. Based on the 2000 review, status reviews. comments and information received one commenter suggested that we In earlier rulemaking documents we during the reopening of the comment reevaluate the listing of the scarlet- used the common names ‘‘scarlet- period (see Previous Federal Actions, chested parrot and the turquoise parrot chested parakeet’’ and ‘‘turquoise below). and provided enough scientific parakeet’’ for Neophema splendida and information, including information and N. pulchella, respectively. However, Previous Federal Actions correspondence with Australian both CITES and the WBCA use the The scarlet-chested and the turquoise Government officials, to merit our common names ‘‘scarlet-chested parrot’’ parakeets of the genus Neophema are further review of these species. and ‘‘turquoise parrot,’’ and these listed under the Act, as endangered On September 2, 2003, we published common names are also used widely in throughout their entire ranges. The a proposed rule (68 FR 52169) to remove the range country of Australia, and in scarlet-chested parakeet was listed on the scarlet-chested and turquoise the scientific literature. Therefore, we December 2, 1970 (35 FR 18319). The parakeets from the List under the Act have adopted the use of the term turquoise parakeet was listed on June 2, because the endangered designation no ‘‘parrot’’ instead of ‘‘parakeet’’ in the

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common name for these species in this Hoyo et al. 1997, p. 384), but colors are The scarlet-chested parrot is typically final rule and in our 2016–2017 status somewhat duller (BLA 2016a, seen in isolated pairs or small groups of reviews. unpaginated; Higgins 1999, p. 585) fewer than 10 birds (Forshaw 1989, p. When these two species were 288), but larger flocks have been Biology included in the Approved List of reported outside of the breeding season Captive-bred Bird Species under the The scarlet-chested parrot inhabits (NSW 2014a, unpaginated; Higgins WBCA, the Service footnoted the open woodlands or shrublands among 1999, p. 588; Forshaw 1989, p. 288). Age species that require an ESA permit sand plains of the dry inland portions at maturity is about 3 years (Garnett & under 50 CFR part 17 for importation or of the Australian ‘‘outback’’ or Crowley 2000a, p. 346), and generation other prohibited acts to avoid any ‘‘rangelands.’’ Typical vegetation in time is estimated at 4.9 years (BLI confusion for the public (59 FR 62255, these shrublands includes Eucalyptus 2012a, p. 8). The species breeds mostly 62261–63; December 2, 1994). With this species (mallee), Acacia aneura (mulga), from August through January, but final rule, these two species will no or Eucalyptus salubris (gimlet), usually timing likely depends on rain events longer require an ESA permit under 50 with sparse spinifex (Triodia species; and resultant food availability (BLA CFR part 17. Accordingly, in order to hummock grass) ground cover (Collar 2016a, unpaginated; Collar 2016a, avoid confusion, in this final rule we are 2016a, unpaginated; Forshaw 1989, p. unpaginated; Forshaw 1989, p. 288). also amending 50 CFR 15.33(a) simply 288; Jarman, 1968, p. 111). The term Woodland and shrubland tree hollows to make technical corrections to delete ‘‘mallee’’ can mean both: (1) The various (e.g., hollows in Eucalyptus species) are the informational footnote superscripts low-growing shrubby Eucalyptus important for nesting and may be a from the entries for these two species species and (2) areas of shrub that are limiting habitat feature for the scarlet- and to reflect that the informational dominated by mallee bushes, typical of chested parrot in some areas (see footnote now applies to only one some arid parts of Australia. Competition for nesting hollows and species on the WBCA Approved List. Throughout this document, we use the food, below). The scarlet-chested parrot These changes are being made with this term ‘‘mallee’’ to refer to the former and lays four to six eggs on a bed of wood final rule because they are ‘‘mallee shrubland’’ to refer to the latter. dust or debris in tree hollows (BLA noncontroversial actions necessary for Similarly, we use the term Acacia 2016a, unpaginated; Collar 2016a, clarity and consistency that are in the shrublands to refer to arid landscapes unpaginated; Forshaw 1989, p. 288). best interest of the public and should be dominated by Acacia species. The female incubates the eggs, but both undertaken in as timely a manner as The scarlet-chested parrot is adapted the male and female rear the young possible. to country that is usually waterless, (AFD 2014, unpaginated, Hutchins and with average annual rainfall less than 25 Lovell, 1985 as cited in Higgins 1999, p. Scarlet-Chested Parrot cm (10 in) (Jarman 1968, p. 111). It is 589). Incubation lasts for about 18 days, Summary of Status Review frequently found far from water and is and the nestling period is about 30 days thought to obtain moisture by drinking (Forshaw 1989, p. 288). The species is Taxonomy dew or eating succulent (water-storing) thought to raise just one brood per Both the scarlet-chested (Neophema plants (NSW 2014a, unpaginated; season (Jarman 1968, p. 118) but may splendida) parrot and the turquoise Forshaw 1989, p. 288; Jarman 1968, p. produce two broods under good parrot (N. pulchella) belong to the genus 111). The species feeds primarily on conditions (Sindel and Gill undated as Neophema, which contains six species, grass seeds (Juniper and Parr 1998, p. cited in Higgins 1999, p. 589), all native to Australia. Both Birdlife 367; del Hoyo et al. 1997, p. 384) and consistent with irruptive species International (BLI 2016 a&b, seeds from Acacia species and population ecology. unpaginated) and the Integrated herbaceous and succulent plants found Taxonomic Information System (ITIS near or on the ground (BLA 2016a, Distribution 2016 a&b, unpaginated) recognize the unpaginated; NSW 2014a, unpaginated; This species once had a wide scarlet-chested and turquoise parrots as Forshaw 1989, p. 288; Jarman 1968, p. distribution (Juniper and Parr 1998, p. distinct full species. We have reviewed 111). The scarlet-chested parrot appears 366) within the drier portions of the available information and conclude to favor areas that have been recently southern Australia from the west coast that the scarlet-chested and turquoise burned and are regenerating for forage of Australia to the western portions of parrots are valid full species in a (Collar 2016a, unpaginated; BLA 2012, New South Wales (Higgins, 1999, pp. multispecies genus. unpaginated; del Hoyo et al. 1997 p. 585–586). 384; Robinson et al. 1990, p. 11). Today, the population is sparsely Species Description The species is described as nomadic— distributed across the arid interior of The scarlet-chested parrot is a birds will appear in an area, nest for southern Australia, ranging from relatively small, very colorful parrot several years, and then disappear again approximately Kalgoorlie (Western found in the dry central portions of (Collar 2016a, unpaginated; Rowden Australia) to western portions of New southern Australia. Adult size is pers. comm. 2016; Higgins 1999, p. 587; South Wales in the east and as far north approximately 19–21 centimeters (cm) Juniper and Parr, 1998, p. 366; Forshaw as southern portions of the Northern (7.5–8.3 inches (in)) in length (Higgins 1989, p. 288; del Hoyo et al. 1997, p. Territory (NSW 2014a, unpaginated). 1999, p. 585). The male scarlet-chested 384). The species is also described as The species is primarily concentrated in parrot is bright green above with yellow ‘‘irruptive,’’ meaning that it is capable of the better vegetated areas of the Great below. The face, throat, and cheeks are building up large numbers in response Victoria Desert located in southwestern blue, and flight feathers are also edged to favorable environmental conditions Australia (BLI 2016a, unpaginated; in blue (BLA 2016a, unpaginated; (Andrew and Palliser 1993, as cited in Juniper and Parr 1998, p. 366). Higgins 1999, p. 585). Males are easily Snyder et al. 2000, p. 57; Forshaw 1989, The estimated distribution of the distinguished from females by their p. 288). However, in general, scarlet-chested parrot is very large scarlet chest; the chest of the female is movements or patterns of abundance for (262,000 km2 (101,159 mi2); BLI 2016a, light green (BLA 2016a, unpaginated; the scarlet-chested parrot are not well unpaginated). However, there appears to Higgins 1999, p. 585). Juvenile birds are understood (BLI 2016a, unpaginated; be a reduction in the extent of the similar in appearance to the female (del Higgins 1999, p. 587). historical range in the west within the

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vicinity of the Western Australian not included in the EPBC Act’s List of protected areas (CAPAD 2014, goldfields, with just one record from the Threatened Fauna (Australian DEE unpaginated). Reserve lands in South west coast since 1854 (Dymond in litt. 2017a, unpaginated). Inclusion on EPBC Australia include portions of the Great 2001, as cited in BLI 2016a, Act’s List of Threatened Fauna promotes Victoria Desert, a primary concentration unpaginated). Similarly, reductions recovery via: (1) Conservation advice, area for the scarlet-chested parrot. Also, have been noted in the east with fewer (2) recovery plans, and (3) the EPBC nearly 22 percent of Western Australia, records from New South Wales in the Act’s assessment and approval 19 percent of the Northern Territory, 9 20th than in the 19th century (BLI provisions (Australian DEE 2017b). The percent of New South Wales, and 18 2016a, unpaginated), and no confirmed scarlet-chested parrot was not included percent of Victoria are part of the records from Victoria since 1995 (Clarke on the List of Threatened Fauna either Natural Reserve System (CAPAD 2014, in litt. 2016). because it was never nominated for unpaginated). Because we do not The scarlet-chested parrot at one consideration, or if it was nominated, it reliably know the degree to which the point historically was thought to have was found ineligible by a rigorous Natural Reserve System protects the gone extinct, as a result of no sightings scientific assessment of the species’ scarlet-chested parrot and its habitat, we of this species for upwards of 20 to 60 threat status (Australian DEE 2017b, did not rely on these protected areas in years (Jarman 1968, p. 111; Anon. 1932, unpaginated). our determination of whether or not the p. 538). The current population has not Additionally, the 2000 Action Plan for parrot meets the definition of threatened been quantified, but it is estimated to be Australian Birds (Garnett and Crowley or endangered. larger than 10,000 mature individuals 2000a, p. 346) listed the scarlet-chested parrot nationally as ‘‘Least Concern,’’ Factors Affecting the Scarlet-Chested (BLI 2012a, p. 1); and population trends Parrot appear to be stable, with no evidence of but this designation was removed in the decline in the last 20 years (BLI 2016a, 2010 Action Plan (Garnett et al. 2011, The following paragraphs provide a unpaginated; BLI 2012a, p. 4). The entire). As such, there is no national summary of the past, current, and population does not appear to be recovery plan for the scarlet-chested potential future stressors for the scarlet- fragmented, and subpopulations can parrot, though recommended actions chested parrot and its habitats. In cases travel great distances (Snyder et al. were outlined for the species in the where the stressors were common to 2000, p. 57). 2000 Action Plan (Garnett and Crowley both the scarlet-chested and turquoise 2000a, p. 346). There was no parrots, we discuss potential effects to Captive-Bred Specimens justification provided for the removal of both parrot species for efficiency. The scarlet-chested parrot is bred in the scarlet-chested parrot from the 2010 Land Clearing in Australia captivity for the pet trade and may Action Plan. Justification was provide number between 10,000 and 25,000 held for removal of the turquoise parrot form In this section, we consider the term in captivity in Australia alone (Collar the 2010 Action Plan, which noted that ‘‘land clearing’’ to mean the removal of 2016a, unpaginated; Juniper and Parr the population was too large to be Australian native vegetation for 1998, p. 366; del Hoyo et al. 1997, p. considered ‘‘near threatened’’ and that agriculture, development, or other 384), although estimates of the size of there was no evidence of a recent purposes (COAG 2012, p. 2). Thus, we the captive population after the late decline (Garnett et al. 2011, p. 429). We consider clearing of the native habitats 1990s could not be found. assume that similar criteria were occupied by both the scarlet-chested considered for the removal of the and turquoise parrots as ‘‘land Conservation Status scarlet-chested parrot from the 2010 clearing,’’ including clearing of forests, The scarlet-chested parrot was listed Action Plan. woodlands, scrub- or shrublands, and in CITES Appendix I in 1975, but At the state level, the scarlet-chested grasslands. When Europeans began transferred to Appendix II in 1977 parrot is listed as ‘‘Near threatened’’ in colonizing Australia in the late 18th (UNEP 2011a, unpaginated). The Order the Northern Territory (NT GOV 2016, century, approximately 30 percent of Psittaciformes was listed as a whole in unpaginated), and ‘‘Rare’’ in South the continent was covered in forest Appendix II in 1981 (UNEP 2011a, Australia (South Australia 2016, (Barson et al. 2000 as cited in Bradshaw unpaginated). Listing in CITES unpaginated). It does not appear on the 2012, p. 110). Since colonization, Appendix II allows for regulated list of threatened fauna in Western Australia has lost nearly 40 percent of international commercial trade based on Australia (WAG 2015, unpaginated). its forests, and much of the remaining certain findings. Although sightings are rare in New vegetation is highly fragmented International Union for Conservation South Wales, the State has listed the (Bradshaw 2012, p. 109). In the late 18th of Nature and Natural Resources scarlet-chested parrot as ‘‘Vulnerable’’ and the early 19th centuries, (IUCN)—In 1988, the scarlet-chested and has identified management actions deforestation occurred mainly on the parrot was listed as ‘‘Threatened’’ on the for its conservation (NSW 2014a, most fertile soils closest to the coast IUCN Red List of Endangered Species unpaginated). The species is currently (Bradshaw 2012, p. 109). Land clearing (BLI 2012a, p. 1). The species was listed as ‘‘Threatened’’ in Victoria under continues in more recent timeframes— recategorized as ‘‘Vulnerable’’ in 1994, the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 with Australia having the sixth highest to ‘‘Lower Risk’’ in 2000, and to ‘‘Least (FFG Act 2016, p. 3; Vic DSE 2013, p. annual rate of land clearing in the world Concern’’ in 2004; the status remains at 12), although there have been no from 1990 to 2000 (Lindenmayer and ‘‘Least Concern’’ (BLI 2012a, p. 1). confirmed records there since 1995 Burgman 2005, p. 230). (Clarke in litt. 2016). Although land clearing is listed as a Australia Additionally, portions of suitable ‘‘key threatening process’’ under the Commercial exports of the scarlet- habitat for the scarlet-chested parrot are EPBC Act (Australian DEE 2016a, chested parrot from Australia have been protected. For example, nearly 30 unpaginated), the Commonwealth has prohibited since 1962; these percent of the state of South Australia no jurisdiction over state actions prohibitions are now codified in is now in the Natural Reserve System, (Lindenmayer and Burgman 2005, p. Australia’s Environment Protection and which includes government reserves, 233). Throughout this document, the Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 indigenous protected areas, private term ‘‘key threatening process’’ means a (EPBC Act). The scarlet-chested parrot is protected areas, and jointly managed ‘‘threatening process that threatens or

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may threaten the survival, abundance or periods via invertebrates, fungi, or its entire range now or in the foreseeable evolutionary development of a native bacteria (Haslem et al. 2012, p. 213). future because the scarlet-chested parrot species or ecological community’’ has evolved in dynamic environmental Altered Fire Regimes and the Scarlet- (EPBC Act; Australian DEE 2016b, conditions, the area available to the Chested Parrot unpaginated). parrot is large, and the parrot is capable Frequency, extent, and intensity of of traveling great distances. Land Clearing and the Scarlet-Chested wildfires appear to be increasing across Parrot most of the scarlet-chested parrot’s Illegal Collection and Trade (for Both Europeans settled Australia’s semi- range (see Climate change in Australia, Scarlet-Chested and Turquoise Parrots) arid or arid landscapes (i.e., areas used below). The role these increases play in Trapping or nest robbing of scarlet- by the scarlet-chested parrot) 150 years the ecology of the scarlet-chested parrot chested and turquoise parrots for the ago (Benson et al. 2001, p. 26). is difficult to discern. The scarlet- caged bird industry may have been a Determining impacts to the scarlet- chested parrot uses and prefers recently significant stressor in the past (NSW chested parrot from land clearing is not burned and regenerating areas for forage 2014a&b, unpaginated; Higgins 1999, straightforward, partly because the area (Collar 2016a, unpaginated; BLA 2012, pp. 587 & 576), but current rates of known to be available to the parrot is unpaginated; del Hoyo et al., 1997 p. trapping are unknown. It may no longer large (BLI 2012, p. 1), and the parrot is 384; Robinson et al. 1990, p. 11). be much of a stressor because these capable of traveling great distances However, altered fire regimes (e.g., more species are readily captive-bred and (Snyder et al. 2000, p. 57). Habitat frequent fire intervals) have probably kept in large numbers (Garnett 1992 as clearing has caused major losses of the been detrimental in some areas (BLI cited in Snyder et al. 2000, p. 57). mallee shrublands used by the scarlet- 2016a, unpaginated; Collar 2016a, However, if illegal trapping is still chested parrot in some areas, such as in unpaginated; NSW 2014a, unpaginated; occurring, it could be significant in southern South Australia and Garnett and Crowley 2000a, p. 346). some areas if only a small number of northwestern Victoria, but large Woodland birds of the mallee birds are present (NSW 2014a, fragments remain (CAPAD 2014, shrublands, occupied by the scarlet- unpaginated). For example, the scarlet- unpaginated; Garnett and Crowley chested parrot in a large portion of its chested parrot was the subject of illegal 2000a, p. 346). Overgrazing by exotic range, are sensitive to altered fire bird trappers at Gluepot Reserve in herbivores (i.e., cattle, sheep, and regimes (Clarke in litt. 2016). Time- eastern South Australia in the 1970s, rabbits) and resultant vegetation since-fire (and resultant older vegetation where there may be a small resident modification is also attributed to the stages) are important variables for population (MacKenzie in litt. 2016). decline of many arid-zone birds (Reid species richness (Taylor et al. 2012, Additionally, practices used in illegal and Fleming, 1992, pp. 65, 80), though entire) and occupancy (Clarke in litt. trapping can destroy nest hollows (NSW trends for the scarlet-chested parrot are 2016, Brown et al. 2009, entire; Clarke 2014b, unpaginated; Baker-Gabb 2011, less discernible due, in part, to their use et al. 2005, pp. 174, 178, 179) in mallee p. 10). Both the scarlet-chested and of remote desert regions (Garnett 1992 shrublands. turquoise parrots are still thought to be as cited in Reid and Fleming, 1992, p. Long fire-free periods are important in illegally trapped at some level (NSW 74). Clearance and harvesting of mallee the formation of tree hollows (Haslem et 2014a&b, unpaginated), but trapping is shrublands and Acacia shrublands al. 2012, entire), which the parrots no longer thought to be a major stressor affects nest hollow availability (NSW depend upon for breeding. Mid- to late- (Garnett 1992 as cited in Snyder et al. 2014a, unpaginated; Joseph 1988, p. successional stages of vegetation (greater 2000, p. 57; Joseph 1988, p. 274). 273), although the extent of the impacts than 20 years) are important to many Legislation by the states within these to the scarlet-chested parrot is bird species in semi-arid shrublands in species’ range prohibits, or limits by unknown. southeastern Australia (Watson et al. permit, the capture of these species from 2012, p. 685). More frequent fire the wild (See Existing regulatory Fire in Australia intervals can prevent these stages from mechanisms, below). Legitimate state Fire is an essential component of occurring. permit holders (such as zoos, breeders, Australia’s natural environment. The In summary, although habitat loss and or pet shops) must prove that they are indigenous people of Australia learned degradation has occurred in the arid and qualified to care for the animals and to live in a fire-prone environment and semi-arid habitat occupied by the keep detailed records in a logbook used fire as a primary land management scarlet-chested parrot over the last 150 (Barry 2011, unpaginated). However, the tool (Whelan et al. 2006, p. 1). When years, the degree to which land clearing limited permissions for removal of early Europeans arrived, they feared and for agriculture, overgrazing by wildlife and associated recordkeeping fought bushfires (wildfires) but used introduced herbivores and altered fire are, at times, abused. A practice called managed fires to clear native vegetation regimes have acted on, are presently ‘‘leaving the book open’’ is a common for agriculture (Whelan et al. 2006, p. 1). acting on, or will act on the scarlet- way to launder wildlife—where permit Today, land managers use fire for chested parrot in the foreseeable future, holders sometimes head to the bush to biodiversity conservation, to promote is difficult to assess. Mallee shrublands replace a permitted animal that died, or pasture production, and for the in southern South Australia and pass off a wild animal as captive-bred protection of life, property, and other northwestern Victoria have been lost, (Barry 2011, unpaginated). Although assets (e.g., to manage fuel loads and but large fragments remain (CAPAD there are thousands of state wildlife prevent wildfire) (Whelan et al. 2006, p. 2014, unpaginated; Garnett and Crowley permit infringements and seizures each 1). Fire is also an important process in 2000a, p. 346). Availability of nest year in Australia, only a small number the formation of tree hollows used for hollows in the dwindling mallee go to court (e.g., as few as 12 cases per nesting species, such as the scarlet- shrublands is a concern over the long year), and punishments across the states chested parrot. Australia lacks primary term (Joseph 1988, p. 273). Although vary (Barry 2011, unpaginated). Under tree excavator species, such as habitat destruction and modification is Australian Federal law, maximum fines woodpeckers, so hollows are generally a likely stressor for the scarlet-chested for wildlife permit violations are started by fire or limb loss, and hollow parrot, we do not consider it to be a $110,000 AUS ($83,194 US) and 10 formation continues over long time major stressor to the species throughout years in prison, but across the states,

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penalties range from $220,000 AUS Disease (for Scarlet-Chested and after European settlement and are now ($158,824 US) and 2 years jail in New Turquoise Parrots) found throughout mainland Australia South Wales to $10,000 AUS ($7,563 Information regarding diseases and (Australian DEE 2015, p. 7). Predation US) and no jail time in Western their potential effect to wild scarlet- by feral cats was identified as a key Australia (Barry 2011, unpaginated). chested and turquoise parrots is limited. threatening process in 1999 (Australian International trade in wild-caught Psittacine beak and feather disease DEE 2015, p. 5). In response, a feral cat specimens is strictly limited by (PBFD) is a viral disease that occurs in threat abatement plan was developed by domestic regulation (in Australia) and a fatal form and a chronic form in both the Australian Government in 2008, and through additional national and old and new world parrots (Fogell et al. the most recent plan was published in international treaties and laws (See 2016, pp. 2059 and 2060). In 2001, 2015. It establishes a national Existing regulatory mechanisms, below). PBFD was listed as a ‘‘key threatening framework for cat control, research, However, the fact that so many species management, and other actions needed of native Australian birds have appeared process affecting endangered psittacine species’’ (Peters et al. 2014, p. 289; to ensure the long-term survival of overseas during the years of prohibition native species and ecological is evidence that some smuggling has Australian DEH 2004, unpaginated). Cases of PBFD are pervasive in communities affected by feral cats been successful (Parliament of Australia (Australian DEE 2015, p. 5). 2016, unpaginated). Australia, having been reported in more than 61 psittacine species (Australian The non-native European red fox Despite domestic and international (Vulpes vulpes) was introduced in the protections for wild birds, captive-bred DEH 2004, unpaginated). mid-1800s and now occupies much of scarlet-chested and turquoise parrots are The virus particularly affects mainland Australia (Australian widely available, and their market value juveniles or young adults, but all ages DSEWP&C 2010, unpaginated), is relatively low compared to other are susceptible (Australian DEH 2004, including the range of the scarlet- species of parrots, especially for birds unpaginated). The chronic form of PBFD chested and turquoise parrots. Predation sold in Australia. Scarlet-chested results in feather, beak, and skin by the European red fox is listed by the parrots sold in Australia are valued at abnormalities, with most birds Australian Government as a key approximately $20 to $50 AUS ($15 to eventually dying (Australian DEH 2004, threatening process in 1999 (Australian $38 US) (Findads.com 2016, unpaginated). Symptoms of the acute DEE 2015, p. 5). In response, the unpaginated). Prices for scarlet-chested form of PBFD include feather parrots in the United States are abnormalities and diarrhea, with death Australian Government developed a approximately five times higher, or likely within 1 to 2 weeks (Australian threat abatement plan that outlines more—approximately $99 to $165 AUS DEH 2004, unpaginated). PBFD is conventional control techniques such as ($75 to $125 US) (Hoobly Classifieds readily transmitted through contact with shooting, poisoning, and fencing as well 2016, unpaginated). Market value for contaminated feces, feather dust, crop as research and management actions turquoise parrots is lower— secretions, surfaces, or objects (Gerlach (Australian DSEWP&C 2010, approximately $15 AUS ($11 US) for 1994 as cited in Ritchie et al. 2003, unpaginated). To date, it is not known birds sold in Australia and $50 AUS p.109) and can also be passed directly if these efforts are resulting in a ($38 US) for birds sold overseas from a female to her young (Fogell et al. reduction in these predators. (Parliament of Australia 2016, 2016, p. 2060). Predation and the Scarlet-Chested unpaginated). PBFD can probably survive for many Parrot years in tree hollows and other nest Levels of Legal International Trade (for sites (Australian DEH 2004, Predation by feral cats and European the Scarlet-Chested Parrot) unpaginated). To date, the disease has red foxes could be a stressor for the Between 1980 and 2014, there were not been reported for the scarlet-chested scarlet-chested parrot, but the degree of very few wild scarlet-chested parrots in or turquoise parrots (Fogell et al. 2016, predation is not known. Both the trade. There were 22,612 recorded pp. 2063–2065), but recent phylogenetic scarlet-chested and turquoise parrot exports of the species in international analyses of the virus indicate that all were assessed as ‘‘high risk’’ from these trade (19,337 recorded as imports). Of endangered Australian psittacine birds predators within the rangeland these, only 32 specimens were recorded are susceptible to, and equally likely to environment in the Western Division of as exports from Australia (7 recorded as be infected by, the disease (Raidal et al. New South Wales based on variables imported). With few exceptions, 2015, p. 466). PBFD may be less of a such as predator density, body weight, specimens in trade were captive-bred danger to larger, non-threatened habitat use, and behavior (Dickman et for the pet trade. Within this same time populations of Australian psittacine al. 1996, p. 249). The Western Division period there were 295 recorded imports species because they are generally better of New South Wales represents the (and 168 recorded exports) to the United able to sustain losses to the disease, and eastern edge of the current distribution States. Of those imports, 23 specimens individuals that survive infection of the scarlet-chested parrot. were confiscated by the U.S. Fish and develop immunity (Australian DEH Additionally, the night parrot Wildlife Service (UNEP 2016a). 2004, unpaginated). Because PBFD is so (Pezoporus occidentalis), which shares In summary, poaching for the pet pervasive in Australia, scarlet-chested some habitat (Triodia grass) with the trade may be occurring at a low level and turquoise parrots are likely scarlet-chested parrot, may have that is not likely to affect wild susceptible, but population sizes (i.e., experienced a decline partly due to populations. Small, possibly resident, approximately 10,000 scarlet-chested nonnative predators such as foxes and subpopulations may face some risk from and 20,000 turquoise parrots) may cats (Joseph 1988, p. 274). Lastly, the poaching, but we are not aware of any provide some resiliency from the provisioning of water for livestock has significant poaching since the 1970s. disease. made some areas that were, perhaps, Nor are we aware of any information once too dry for these predators more indicating that overutilization for Predation From Non-Native Cats and hospitable. However, we did not find recreational, scientific, or educational Foxes in Australia any information indicating that purposes is a stressor to the scarlet- Nonnative cats (Felis catus) were predation by foxes and cats is affecting chested parrot. introduced and became established soon the scarlet-chested parrot.

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Competition for Nesting Hollows and governments, ensures that the foreign countries. Sections 8(b) and 8(c) Food international trade of CITES-listed of the Act authorize the Secretary to Competition for suitable nest hollows plants and animals does not threaten the encourage conservation programs for has the potential to limit reproductive survival of the species in the wild. foreign listed species, and to provide success by limiting the number of pairs Under this treaty, CITES Parties regulate assistance for such programs, in the that can breed, or by causing nest the import, export, and reexport of form of personnel and the training of mortality as a result of competitive specimens, parts, and products of personnel. Section 9(a)(1) of the Act and our interactions. All but four species of CITES-listed plants and animals (CITES 2016, unpaginated). Trade must be implementing regulations set forth a Australian parrots are dependent on tree authorized through a system of permits series of general prohibitions and hollows for nesting (Forshaw 1990, p. and certificates that are provided by the exceptions that apply to all endangered 58), and at least 14 species of parrots are designated CITES Scientific and wildlife. These prohibitions, at 50 CFR known to use mallee shrublands Management Authorities of each CITES 17.21, in part, make it illegal for any (Schodde, 1990, p. 61). Availability of Party (CITES 2016, unpaginated). The person subject to the jurisdiction of the nest hollows in the dwindling mallee United States implements CITES United States to ‘‘take’’ (includes harass, shrublands is a concern over the long through the Act and our implementing harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, term (Joseph 1988, p. 273). regulations at 50 CFR part 23. It is trap, capture, or to attempt any of these) Additionally, the provisioning of water unlawful for any person subject to the within the United States or upon the for livestock in semi-arid and arid jurisdiction of the United States to high seas; import or export; deliver, rangelands may have caused increases engage in any trade in any specimens receive, carry, transport, or ship in and competitive advantage (e.g., for food contrary to the provisions of CITES, or interstate or foreign commerce, by any and nest hollows) to more water- to possess any specimens traded means whatsoever, in the course of dependent parrots (Collar 2016a, contrary to the provisions of CITES, the commercial activity; or sell or offer for unpaginated; Garnett and Crowley Act, or part 23. Protections for CITES- sale in interstate or foreign commerce 2000a, p. 346; del Hoyo et al., 1997, p. listed species are provided any endangered wildlife species. It also 384). National legislation, policy, and independently of whether a species is a is illegal to possess, sell, deliver, carry, strategic management plans are in place threatened species or endangered transport, or ship any such wildlife that to protect hollow-bearing trees in species under the Act. has been taken in violation of the Act. Australia; however, prioritization and In the United States, the scarlet- Certain exceptions apply to agents of the implementation of actions at the local chested and turquoise parrots are Service and State conservation agencies. level may be limited or lacking (Treby currently listed as endangered and Under section 10 of the Act, permits et al. 2014, entire). protected by the Act. Conservation may be issued to carry out otherwise In summary, disease, predation, and measures provided to species listed as prohibited activities involving competition are all potential stressors endangered or threatened under the Act endangered species under certain for the scarlet-chested parrot. Although include recognition, requirements for circumstances. Regulations governing PBFD has not been confirmed in the Federal protection, and prohibitions permits are codified at 50 CFR 17.22 for scarlet-chested parrot, it is likely against certain practices. Recognition endangered species. With regard to susceptible to the disease at some level. through listing results in public endangered wildlife, a permit may be We are not aware of other diseases or awareness, and encourages and results issued for the following purposes: for pathogens that affect the wild in conservation actions by Federal and scientific purposes, to enhance the population. Predation and competition State governments, private agencies and propagation or survival of the species may be occurring at low levels. Disease, interest groups, and individuals. and for incidental take in connection predation, and competition do not Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, with otherwise lawful activities. appear to be significant stressors to the and as implemented by regulations at 50 Two other laws in the United States species because populations of the CFR part 402, requires Federal agencies apart from the Act provide protection scarlet-chested parrot appear to be to evaluate their actions that are to be from the illegal import of wild-caught stable with an estimated 10,000 conducted within the United States or birds into the United States: the Wild individuals and no evidence of decline upon the high seas, with respect to any Bird Conservation Act (WBCA) and the in the past 20 years. species that is proposed to be listed or Lacey Act. The WBCA was passed in is listed as endangered or threatened. 1992 to ensure that exotic bird species Existing Regulatory Mechanisms (for Specifically, section 7(a)(2) requires are not harmed by international trade Both Scarlet-Chested and Turquoise Federal agencies to ensure those actions and to encourage wild bird conservation Parrots) they authorize, fund, or carry out are not programs in countries of origin. Under In Australia, legislation from all states likely to jeopardize the continued the WBCA and our implementing within these species’ range prohibits, or existence of a listed species or to regulations (50 CFR 15.11), it is limits by permit, the capture of the destroy or adversely modify its critical unlawful to import into the United scarlet-chested and turquoise parrots habitat. However, because foreign States any exotic bird species listed from the wild. Commercial exports of species are not native to the United under CITES except under certain these species from Australia have been States, critical habitat is not designated. circumstances. The U.S. Fish and banned since 1962. The prohibition is Regulations implementing the Wildlife Service may issue permits to now codified under the EPBC Act. interagency cooperation provision of the allow import of listed birds for scientific Individuals who violate this act, for Act are codified at 50 CFR part 402. research, zoological breeding or display, example to export native species for Section 8(a) of the Act authorizes the cooperative breeding, or personal pet commercial reasons, can face serious provision of limited financial assistance purposes when the applicant meets penalties, such as lengthy imprisonment for the development and management of certain criteria (50 CFR 15.22–15.25). and hefty fines. programs that the Secretary of the All Neophema are protected under the These species are listed in Appendix Interior determines to be necessary or WBCA (USFWS 2004). The WBCA II of CITES (50 CFR 23.91). CITES, an useful for the conservation of allows import into the United States of international agreement between endangered or threatened species in captive-bred birds of certain species

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included in the WBCA Approved List sections in Factors Affecting the Scarlet- parrot population is not known to be (50 CFR 15.33), such as scarlet-chested Chested Parrot, we do not find major fragmented (Snyder et al. 2000, p. 57). and turquoise parrots, which meet the stressors adversely affecting the species We are not aware of any genetic studies following criteria (50 CFR 15.31): or its habitat. Thus, it is reasonable to on the scarlet-chested parrot and have (a) All specimens of the species conclude that the regulatory no evidence that low genetic diversity is known to be in trade (legal or illegal) mechanisms addressing these potential a problem for the species. Additionally, must be captive bred; stressors are adequate at protecting the the scarlet-chested parrot is capable of (b) No specimens of the species may species at a domestic and global level. building up large numbers in response be removed from the wild for to favorable environmental conditions, Small Population Size commercial purposes; and has historically survived changes to (c) Any importation of the species We discussed the nomadic behavior its habitat, including wildfire and other must not be detrimental to the survival and the irruptive species population stochastic events. of the species in the wild; and ecology of the scarlet-chested parrot in In summary, the best available (d) Adequate enforcement controls the Biology section above and noted that information does not indicate that lack must be in place to ensure compliance the species can experience range of genetic variability and reduced with paragraphs (a) through (c). contractions and low numbers (Runge et fitness is acting on the scarlet-chested The Lacey Act was originally passed al. 2014, pp. 870, 874). Although the parrot now or will do so in the future. in 1900 and was the first Federal law current population has not been protecting wildlife. Today, it provides quantified, it is estimated to be larger Global Climate Change civil and criminal penalties for the than 10,000 mature individuals (BLI Described in general terms, ‘‘climate’’ illegal trade of animals and plants. 2012a, p. 1); and population trends refers to the mean and variability of Under the Lacey Act, in part, it is appear to be stable, with no evidence of different types of weather conditions unlawful to import, export, transport, decline in the last 20 years (BLI 2016a, over a long period of time, which may sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any unpaginated; BLI 2012a, p. 4). Because be reported as decades, centuries, or fish, or wildlife taken, possessed, the scarlet-chested parrot can thousands of years. The term ‘‘climate transported, or sold: (1) In violation of experience large range contractions and change’’ thus refers to a change in the any law, treaty, or regulation of the low numbers, we considered whether mean or variability of one or more United States or in violation of any small population size in combination measures of climate (e.g., temperature, Indian tribal law, or (2) in interstate or with other stressors might act as a precipitation) that persists for an foreign commerce any fish or wildlife stressor to the species. Small extended period, typically decades or taken, possessed, transported, or sold in populations are generally at greater risk longer, whether the change is due to violation of any law or regulation of any of extinction from habitat loss, natural variability, human activity, or State or in violation of any foreign law. predation, disease, loss of genetic both (Intergovernmental Panel on Therefore, for example, because the take diversity, and stochastic (random) Climate Change; (IPCC 2007, p. 78). of wild-caught Australian parrots would environmental events such as wildfire Various types of changes in climate can be in violation of Australia’s EPBC Act, and floods. have direct or indirect effects on the subsequent import of such parrots Species that naturally occur in low species, and these may be positive or would be in violation of the Lacey Act. densities, however, are not necessarily negative depending on the species and Similarly, under the Lacey Act it is in danger of extinction merely by virtue other relevant considerations, such as unlawful to import, export, transport, of their rarity. Many naturally rare the effects of interactions with non- sell, receive, acquire, or purchase species have persisted for long periods, climate conditions (e.g., habitat specimens of these species traded and many naturally rare species exhibit fragmentation). We use our expert contrary to CITES. traits (e.g., nomadic behavior and judgment to weigh information, In this section, we reviewed the irruptive species population ecology of including uncertainty, in our existing regulatory mechanisms the scarlet-chested parrot) that allow consideration of various aspects of governing collection and trade of wild them to persist despite their small climate change that are relevant to the scarlet-chested parrots. While we note population sizes. Consequently, the fact scarlet-chested and turquoise parrots. the conservation measures that would that a species is rare or has small Global climate change predictions no longer be in place under the Act as populations alone does not indicate that include increases in intensity and/or a result of a delisting, such as the it may be in danger of extinction now duration of heat waves and droughts, as prohibitions on take within the United or in the foreseeable future. Additional well as greater numbers of heavy States or on the high seas, and import, information beyond rarity is needed to precipitation events (IPCC 2013, p. 7). export, or re-export into or out of the determine whether the species may United States, we did not rely on the warrant listing. In the absence of Climate Change in Australia conservation measures provided by a information identifying stressors to the Over the last century, Australia has listing under the Act in reaching our species and linking those stressors to experienced an average increase of 1.0 determination of whether or not the the rarity of the species or a declining °C (1.8 °F), with the most pronounced species meets the definition of status, we do not consider rarity alone and rapid warming occurring in eastern threatened or endangered. As described to be a threat. Further, a species that has Australia from the 1950s to the present above, the EPBC Act (which controls always had small population sizes or (Nicholls 2006 as cited in Bradshaw commercial export), Lacey Act, CITES, has always been rare, yet continues to 2012, p. 116). Along with this warming, and WBCA all provide protection to survive, could be well-equipped to there has been an increased frequency of scarlet-chested parrots that minimize or continue to exist into the future. hot days and nights, and a decrease in eliminate threats from trade to the We considered specific potential cold days and nights (Deo 2011 as cited species independently of the listing of stressors that may affect or exacerbate in Bradshaw 2012, p. 116). Rainfall the species under the Act. Thus, we do rarity or small population size for the patterns have shifted over this period, not expect declines in the species due scarlet-chested parrot. Although low with decreased rainfall in the to the removal of the protections of the genetic diversity could occur with some southeastern and southwestern regions Act. As discussed under the other small populations, the scarlet-chested and increases in the northwest (Nicholls

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and Lavery 1992 as cited in Bradshaw 2003, p. 424). Similarly, a summary of model does well to incorporate species- 2012, p. 116). An increase in annual climate projections for areas within the specific traits, it also includes a number total rainfall of approximately 15 known range of the scarlet-chested of uncertainties that may limit its percent was experienced in New South parrot includes: (1) Temperature predictive power (Garnett et al. 2013, Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and increase of 1–5 °C (1.8–9 °F) with most pp. 76–77). Basic model assumptions the Northern Territory, with little warming in the dry interior (Stokes et al. such as that trends into the future will change in the other states (Hughes 2003, 2008, p. 41); (2) increases in the follow simple linear extrapolations of p. 424). In eastern Australia, since 1973, frequency of hot days and warm nights existing relationships, and assumptions drought periods are becoming hotter (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 41); (3) a large regarding (scaled down) projected (Nicholls 2004 as cited in Bradshaw range of uncertainty for rainfall, but climate change itself, may limit its 2012, p. 116). (using median rainfall) a general pattern accuracy (Garnett et al. 2013, pp. 76– Climate change projections for of drying, with less rain in the spring 77). Given the variability in the existing Australia show significant vulnerability and winter in the south, and increased climate and uncertainties in modelling, to changes in temperature and rainfall. intensity of rain, particularly in the it can be concluded that climate change The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report north (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 41); and (4) does not pose a substantial threat to the identified agriculture and natural increased frequency and intensity of species in the next 50 years based on resources as two key sectors likely to be drought (up to 40 percent in eastern current knowledge (Garnett in litt. strongly affected (Stokes et al. 2008, p. areas and 80 percent in the southwest 2016a). 41). Temperatures in Australia are by 2070) (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 41). The scarlet-chested parrot has evolved ° projected to increase by 1–5 C (1.8–9 Habitats used by the scarlet-chested in a landscape where environmental ° F), depending on location and the parrot will respond differently to conditions are dynamic, and its emissions scenarios. The most warming projected warmer and drier conditions nomadic strategies may help it to is projected for the dry interior of the and the variable rain predictions. recover from periods of range continent, particularly for the northwest Habitats such as woodland areas used contraction and low numbers (Runge et (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 41). by the scarlet-chested parrot that do not al. 2014, pp. 870, 874), but too rapid an Accompanying these temperature receive adequate rain to produce needed environmental change (e.g., from increases will be an increase in the fuels may actually see a decrease in fire climate change effects) may outpace the frequency of hot days and warm nights frequency (Bradstock 2010, p. 145). species’ abilities to respond to spatial (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 41). However, fire frequency is likely to and temporal shifts (Runge et al. 2014, Rainfall projections for Australia are increase in areas with ample fuel and pp. 870, 874). less reliable with some dryer and wetter connectivity, such as hummock grasses In summary, effects from past and trends predicted within a large range of interspersed with shrubs including predicted climate change are difficult to uncertainty (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 41). mallee shrubland (Garnett et al. 2013a, assess for the scarlet-chested parrot. Projections focusing on median rainfall p. 16). Because it is adapted to dry habitat, the show a general pattern of drying across Although there is still some parrot would likely fare better than the continent, with the strongest drying variability in climate change predictions more water-dependent birds in times of trends in the southwest and the weakest for Australia, the increased warming drought. However, within areas of in the east (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 41). and frequency and/or intensity of increased rainfall, vegetation shifts may Seasonal rainfall is expected to be droughts are of concern for the scarlet- occur, fuel loads and wildfire risk may reduced in winter and spring in the chested parrot and its habitats; however, be altered, and competition with water- south. Rainfall intensity is expected to the information at this time is too dependent species may increase. increase in most of the country, speculative for us to draw conclusions Although long-term range contraction particularly in the north (Stokes et al. as to the scale and timing of any effects. was indicated in the climate-change- 2008, p. 41). Frequency in the incidence Two recent studies analyzed the adaptation model (Garnett et al. 2013b, of drought is also expected to increase— capacity of woodland birds in dry interactive model results), there are with up to 40 percent more droughts woodlands and riparian areas in uncertainties in the model and predicted for eastern Australia and 80 southeastern Australia to resist the variability in the climate data on which percent more droughts in the southwest pressures of extended drought and then it relies. Due to species’ adaptability to by 2070 (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 41). recover once drought conditions abated (Selwood et al. 2015, entire; Bennet et arid landscapes and ability to travel Climate Change and the Scarlet-Chested al. 2014, entire). Overall, these studies great distances, climate change is not Parrot indicated long-term decline in the face likely to be a major stressor for the Based on the information for Australia of more frequent and extended droughts scarlet-chested parrot, within the next above, climate patterns over the last in southeastern Australia (Selwood et 50 years. century within the known range of the al. 2015, entire; Bennet et al. 2014, Turquoise Parrot scarlet-chested parrot included: (1) entire). Increased average temperature of 1.0 °C A recent climate-change-adaptation Summary of Status Review (1.8 °F) (Nicholls 2006 as cited in model using a ‘‘Business as Usual’’ Taxonomy—Please see Taxonomy Bradshaw 2012, p. 116); (2) increased projection (i.e., the ‘‘worst-case’’ section above, which includes frequency of hot days and warm nights scenario with increasing greenhouse taxonomy for both the scarlet-chested (Deo 2011 as cited in Bradshaw 2012, p. gasses through time), predicted that the and turquoise parrots. 116); (3) decreased rainfall in the distribution of climate, similar to that southeastern and southwestern regions currently used by the species, may Species Description (Nicholls and Lavery 1992 as cited in contract to approximately one third of The turquoise parrot is a relatively Bradshaw 2012, p. 116); and (4) its current range by 2085, shifting small, colorful parrot found in eastern increased annual total rainfall of suitable habitat to more southerly and southeastern Australia. Adult size is approximately 15 percent in South portions of Western Australia and South approximately 20–22 cm (7.9–8.7 in) in Australia, New South Wales, the Australia (Garnett et al. 2013b, length (Higgins 1999, p. 573). Adult Northern Territory and Victoria (Hughes interactive model results). Although the coloration is primarily bright green

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above with bright yellow below, with a Introduced non-native pasture species productivity is estimated at 2.8 young bright blue face and shoulder patch. are usually grasses, in combination with per successful nest (NSW 2009, Males are distinguished from females by legumes. In a study of the species near unpaginated). a small red shoulder band or patch and Chiltern, a town bordering the hill Distribution more blue on the face; the red shoulder country in northeast Victoria, almost all patch and blue facial coloration of habitat types in forest and unimproved A little more than a century ago, the juvenile males is less extensive than pasture were potentially useful for turquoise parrot was common through that of adult males (BLA 2016b, feeding in at least one season. However, many parts of eastern Australia, ranging unpaginated; NSW 2014b & 2009, use of highly improved pasture and from eastern Queensland to south- unpaginated; Higgins 1999, p. 573; Quin cropped land was rare (Quin and Baker- central Victoria (Higgins 1999, p. 575; and Baker-Gabb 1993, p. 3; Jarman 1973, Gabb 1993, p. 15). Jarman 1973, p. 239), though it is p. 240). The turquoise parrot is usually seen unknown whether the historical range in pairs, in small groups, or, in flocks of was continuous (Jarman 1973, p. 240). Biology up to 30 birds (NSW 2014b, Between 1880 and 1920, the species The turquoise parrot occurs in many unpaginated; Higgins 1999, p. 574; Quin went through a major population crash parts of eastern and southeastern and Baker-Gabb 1993, p. 16). Rarer with associated contractions in its range Australia, particularly the foothills of sightings of larger flocks of 100 to 200 (Quin and Reid 1966, p. 250; see below). the Great Dividing Range (NSW 2009, birds have also been reported (Higgins Although the turquoise parrot is still unpaginated; Garnett and Crowley 1999, p. 574; Quin and Baker-Gabb not found in central Queensland, it is 2000b, p. 345; Juniper and Parr 1988, p. 1993, p. 16).The species is described as now distributed through much of its 365). Typical habitat is hill country mainly sedentary or resident with some former range, from southeastern including woodlands, open forest, and post-breeding movement from Queensland through eastern New South timbered grasslands (Collar 2016b, woodland to pastures (Juniper and Parr Wales and into Victoria (west to unpaginated; Forshaw 1989, p. 286). 1998, p. 366), and some sporadic local Bendigo, Victoria) (del Hoyo et al. 1997, Within this habitat, the parrot prefers movement, likely related to rainfall (del p. 383; Juniper and Parr 1989, pp. 365– the transition zones between open and Hoyo et al. 1997, p. 383). The turquoise 366). The species’ distribution is not closed areas, such as the edges of parrot disperses mostly less than 10 continuous but rather occurs in patches woodland adjoining grasslands and tree- kilometers (km) (6.2 miles (mi)), using of suitable habitat throughout this lined creeks (Collar 2016, unpaginated; the protection of treed corridors for broader range (Tzaros 2016, Forshaw 1989, p. 286). dispersal (NSW 2009, unpaginated). The unpaginated; Forshaw 1989, p. 286). The turquoise parrot tends to feed on turquoise parrot reaches maturity at Based on distribution and density or near the ground (BLA 2016b, about 3 years of age (Garnett and information (Barret et al. 2003 as cited unpaginated; Higgins 1999b, p. 574; Crowley 2000b, p. 345). in NSW 2009, unpaginated), about 90 Quin and Reid 1996, p. 250), usually The species breeds in pairs primarily percent of the population is thought to under the cover of trees (NSW 2014b, from August to January with some occur in New South Wales (NSW 2009, unpaginated; Higgins 1999b, p. 574). nesting noted in February, and even unpaginated). The species also feeds in farmland, from April to May (Collar 2016b, The reasons for the turquoise parrot mainly pasture with remnant trees unpaginated; Quin in litt. 2016; Juniper population crash between 1880 and (Higgins 1999, p. 574). The turquoise and Parr 1988, p. 366; del Hoyo et al. 1920 are not fully understood. Likely parrot must have access to drinking 1997, p. 383). Four to five eggs, and less contributing factors included: (1) water (Jarman 1973, p. 239), and its commonly, six or seven eggs, are laid in Habitat loss from European settlement, habitat usually receives more than 38 hollows of trees, stumps, fallen logs, or including competition for food (grasses) cm (15 in) of annual rainfall (Jarman even fence posts (Collar 2016b, from grazing livestock and rabbits, (2) 1973, p. 240). The species feeds on a unpaginated; Quin in litt. 2016; Garnett an intense period of drought from 1895 generalized diet of seeds from grasses, and Crowley 2000b, p. 345; del Hoyo et to 1902, and (3) trapping for the pet herbaceous plants, and shrubs; it also al. 1997, p. 383; Quin and Baker-Gabb trade (Tzaros 2016, unpaginated; del feeds on flowers, nectar, fruit, leaves, 1993, p. 9; Forshaw 1989, p. 286; Hoyo 1997, p. 383; Juniper and Parr and scale-insects (NSW 2009, Juniper and Parr 1988, p. 366; Jarman, 1989, p. 365). Some have also suggested unpaginated; Quin and Baker-Gabb 1973, p. 241), often within that disease may have played a role 1993, p. 15). Turquoise parrots can approximately 1–2 meters (m) (3–6 feet because of the steep decline in numbers exploit disturbed environments and use (ft)) of the ground (NSW 2009, (Collar 2016b, unpaginated, Tzaros a variety of colonizing plants as food unpaginated; Quin and Baker-Gabb 2016, unpaginated; Quin and Baker- sources (Quin and Baker-Gabb 1993, p. 1993, p. 9). The female incubates the Gabb 1993, p. 3; Morse and Sullivan 27). The turquoise parrot eats from both eggs and is fed by the male during 1930, p. 289), but there is no evidence native and non-native plants, and incubation; both parents rear the chicks that disease was a factor. Other potential researchers credit its ability to partially (BLA 2016b, unpaginated). In some factors were predation by the non-native adapt to modified habitats as areas, the species will have two clutches European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and contributing to its recovery (Quin 1990 per year (BLA 2016b, unpaginated; NSW feral cats (Felis catus) and as cited in Quin and Reid 1996, p. 253). 2009, unpaginated; Juniper and Parr indiscriminate shooting (Tzaros 2016, Type and quality of the pasture land 1998, p. 366). Incubation lasts about 18– unpaginated). used for food is important. Although the 20 days, followed by a nestling period The return of the turquoise parrot to species can use partially modified of about 30 days (NSW 2009, portions of its former range was habitats, use of highly modified unpaginated; Juniper and Parr 1998, p. reported by the 1930s and 1940s (BLA habitats, such as ‘‘highly improved’’ 366; del Hoyo et al. 1997, p. 383). After 2016b, unpaginated; Higgins 1999, p. pasture, is less likely. Improved fledging, juveniles remain dependent on 575), though it did not reappear in pastures, in general, are sown with a their parents for at least 1 week, and Victoria until the 1950s (Tzaros 2016, proportion of non-native plant species continue to be fed by the male while the unpaginated). By the time we listed the to promote productive growth of both female begins a second clutch (NSW species as endangered under the Act in the pasture and grazing animals. 2009, unpaginated). Breeding 1970, recovery was continuing and the

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parrot was generally considered rare because it was never nominated for to both the scarlet-chested and turquoise (Smith 1978 and IUCN 1966 & 1981 as consideration, or if it was nominated, it parrots, we discuss potential effects to cited in Quin and Baker-Gabb 1993, p. was found ineligible by a rigorous both parrot species in the section for the 3). Further recovery during the 1970s scientific assessment of the species’ scarlet-chested parrot for the sake of and 1980s was, in part, attributed to the threat status (Australian DEE 2017b, efficiency. removal of livestock from reserve lands unpaginated). Land clearing—See Land clearing in in northeastern Victoria (Quin and Additionally, the 2000 Action Plan for Australia under Factors Affecting the Baker-Gabb 1993, p. 3). Increases in Australian Birds (Garnett and Crowley Scarlet-Chested Parrot, above. 2000b, p. 345) listed it nationally as both numbers and range were apparent Land Clearing and the Turquoise Parrot in Victoria by the mid to late 1980s, ‘‘Near Threatened,’’ but this designation though the species was still regarded as was removed in the 2010 Action Plan Typical turquoise parrot habitat is hill rare (Traill 1988, p. 267). The global for Australian Birds, which noted that country including woodlands, open population of turquoise parrots is the population was too large to be forest, and timbered grasslands (Collar currently estimated at 20,000 considered ‘‘near threatened’’ and that 2016b, unpaginated; Forshaw 1989, p. individuals (BLI 2012b, p. 1; Garnet and there was no evidence of a recent 286). Since the 1970s, southeastern Crowley 2000b, p. 345; Juniper and Parr, decline (Garnett et al. 2011, p. 429). As Queensland and northern New South p. 366) and appears to be stable with such, there is no national recovery plan Wales have experienced the greatest increases reported in some areas (BLI for the turquoise parrot, though rates of deforestation in Australia, and 2016b, unpaginated; Garnett & Crowley recommended actions were outlined for Victoria is now the most deforested state 2000b, p. 345). the species in the 2000 Action Plan or territory in Australia (Bradshaw 2012, (Garnett and Crowley 2000b, p. 345). p. 109). Captive-Bred Specimens At the state level, the species is Unlike New South Wales and The turquoise parrot is bred in currently listed as ‘‘Rare’’ in Victoria, most of the land clearing in captivity for the pet trade with about Queensland under the Nature Queensland has occurred in the last 50 8,000 held in captivity in Australia Conservation Act 1992 and years (Bradshaw 2012, p. 113; McAlpine (Juniper and Parr 1998, p. 366); ‘‘Threatened’’ in Victoria under the et al. 2009, p. 22) with high rates of estimates of the size of the captive Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 vegetation loss in the last several population after the late 1990s could not (FFG; FFG 2016, p. 3). It was decades (Lindenmayer and Burgman be found. subsequently recommended for 2005, p. 233). Clearing was downlisting to ‘‘Near Threatened’’ by an predominantly in central and southern Conservation Status FFG Scientific Advisory Committee in regions where native forests and The turquoise parrot was listed in 2013; however, it is still officially woodlands were converted for intensive CITES Appendix III in 1976, as part of ‘‘Threatened’’ in Victoria (Vic DSE 2013, cropping and improved pastures for a listing for the Family Psittacidae, and p. 13; NSW 2009, unpaginated). In 2009, cattle (McAlpine et al. 2009, p. 23). In was later listed in Appendix II in 1981, the New South Wales Scientific 2004, Queensland enacted clearance along with all Psittaciformes (UNEP Committee determined that the restrictions to phase out broad-scale 2011b, unpaginated; see Conservation turquoise parrot met criteria for listing clearing by the end of 2006 status for the scarlet-chested parrot as ‘‘Vulnerable’’ under the New South (Lindenmayer and Burgman 2005, p. above for more information on Wales Threatened Species Conservation 233). As of 2014, about 8.16 percent of implications of listing in CITES Act 1995 (NSW 2009, unpaginated), and Queensland’s jurisdiction was in Appendix II). this classification is still in place (BLA protected areas (CAPAD 2014, International Union for Conservation 2016b, unpaginated). unpaginated). of Nature and Natural Resources Additionally, portions of suitable Victoria is heavily cleared (IUCN)—The turquoise parrot was listed habitat for the turquoise parrot are (Lindenmayer 2007, as cited in on the International Union for protected. For example, about 8 percent Bradshaw 2012, p. 114), having lost an Conservation of Nature and Natural of Queensland is now in the Natural estimated 66 percent of its native Resources (IUCN) Red List of Reserve System that includes vegetation (Victoria Department of Threatened and Endangered Species in government reserves, indigenous Sustainability and the Environment 1988 as ‘‘Lower Risk’’ and transferred to protected areas, private protected areas, 2011 as cited in Bradshaw 2012, pp. ‘‘Least Concern’’ in 2004; the status and jointly managed protected areas 113–114). Most of the clearance remains at ‘‘Least Concern’’ (BLI 2012b, (CAPAD 2014, unpaginated). occurred prior to the 1890s when the p. 1). Approximately 9 percent of New South wheat and livestock industries were Wales and 18 percent of Victoria are developing (Lindenmayer 2007, as cited Australia also part of this Natural Reserve System in Bradshaw 2012, p. 114). Land Commercial exports of the turquoise (CAPAD 2014, unpaginated). Because clearance was estimated to have parrot from Australia have been we do not reliably know the degree to continued at a slow, steady rate of about prohibited since 1962; these which the Natural Reserve System 1 percent per year until 1987, when prohibitions are now codified in protects the turquoise parrot and its anti-clearing legislation was introduced Australia’s EPBC Act. The turquoise habitat, we did not rely on these (Lindenmayer 2007, as cited in parrot is not included in the EPBC Act’s protected areas in our determination of Bradshaw 2012, p. 114). Despite this List of Threatened Fauna (Australian whether or not the parrot meets the legislation, proportional clearance rates DEE 2017a, unpaginated). Inclusion on definition of threatened or endangered. from 1995–2005 remained high and the EPBC Act’s List of Threatened Fauna even increased near the end of this promotes recovery via: (1) Conservation Factors Affecting the Turquoise Parrot decade (Bradshaw 2012, p. 114). advice, (2) recovery plans, and (3) the The following sections provide a Although Victoria is now the most EPBC Act’s assessment and approval summary of the past, current, and cleared of the three states, it also provisions (Australian DEE 2017b). The potential future stressors for the contains the highest proportion of turquoise parrot was not included on turquoise parrot and its habitats. In protected land. As of 2014, about 17.63 the List of Threatened Fauna either cases where the stressors were common percent of Victoria’s jurisdiction was in

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protected areas (CAPAD 2014, protection of nesting hollows is vulnerable to predation from introduced unpaginated). particularly important. terrestrial predators such as feral cats New South Wales was one of the first The advent of anti-clearing legislation and European red foxes (Rowden pers. regions settled by Europeans and since approximately the 1990s comm. 2016; NSW 2014b and 2009, generally has a higher human (Bradshaw 2012, p. 116) and the unpaginated; Quin and Baker-Gabb population than other parts of Australia. growing proportion of lands in 1993, pp. 3, 26). Feral cat control and Most of the land clearing and damage to protected areas are positive signs for feral predator control are identified forest ecosystems happened during the further turquoise parrot recovery, but objectives in management plans for the nineteenth century (Bradshaw 2012, p. researchers caution that conservation turquoise parrot (NSW 2014b, 112). More than 50 percent of the forest efforts such as reforestation should be unpaginated; Garnett and Crowley and woodland in New South Wales has carefully planned and implemented at 2000b, p. 345; Quin and Baker-Gabb been cleared (Lunney 2004, Olsen et al. the local level. The turquoise parrot 1993, p. 26). Both feral cats and foxes 2005 and Johnson et al. 2007 as cited in population has continued to recover were predators of the turquoise parrot at NSW 2009, unpaginated). As of 2014, since the historic crash and through Chiltern in Victoria in the 1980s (Quin about 9.10 percent of New South Wales’ periods of subsequent deforestation, and Baker-Gabb 1993, p. 26), and more jurisdiction was in protected areas with no evidence of recent decline fox control was likely needed in the area (CAPAD 2014, unpaginated). (Garnett et al. 2011, p. 429). While at that time (Quin in litt. 2016). Forest fragmentation as a result of habitat destruction and modification is Additionally, the turquoise parrot and land clearing can also affect the a likely stressor for the turquoise parrot, the scarlet-chested parrot were assessed turquoise parrot, which is mostly we do not consider it to be a major as ‘‘high risk’’ from these predators sedentary but capable of short-distance stressor to the species throughout its within the rangeland environment in dispersal (generally less than 10 km (6.2 entire range now or in the foreseeable the Western Division of New South mi)) along treed corridors) (NSW 2009, future. Wales based on variables such as predator density, body weight, habitat unpaginated; Quin and Baker-Gabb Removal From the Wild for Food 1993, p. 16). Therefore, gaps between use, and behavior (Dickman et al. 1996, forest remnants may cause About a century ago, turquoise parrots p. 249). However, we could not find fragmentation of turquoise parrot were shot for food for pie-filling (BLA recent information regarding the populations in heavily cleared 2016b, unpaginated; Seth-Smith 1909 as predation rate of feral cats or foxes on landscapes (NSW 2009, unpaginated). cited in Higgins 1999, p. 576) and, in the turquoise parrot. Foxes dig at active turquoise parrot Altered fire regimes—see Fire in some cases, were indiscriminately shot (Tzaros 2016, unpaginated). These are nests and usually take the female and Australia under Factors Affecting the the nestlings, if they can be reached. Scarlet-Chested Parrot, above. no longer reported as stressors for the turquoise parrot. Some predation of turquoise parrots by Altered Fire Regimes and the Turquoise Illegal collection and trade—see foxes can be mitigated by physically Parrot Illegal collection and trade (for both reinforcing degraded natural nest scarlet-chested and turquoise parrots) hollows to avoid digging out of these Prescribed fire and timber-cutting nests by foxes (Quin and Baker-Gabb have negatively affected the turquoise under Factors Affecting the Scarlet- Chested Parrot, above. 1993, p. 22). Similarly, placement of parrot and its habitat (NSW 2009, artificial nesting material higher in the unpaginated). Both practices have the Levels of Legal International Trade (for host tree can generally keep them out of potential to cause the loss of hollow- the Turquoise Parrot) reach of foxes (Quin and Baker-Gabb bearing trees, which can be a limiting Between 1980 and 2014, there were 1993, p. 22). There are ongoing efforts habitat feature for the turquoise parrot very few wild turquoise parrots in trade. to improve turquoise parrot nesting (NSW 2014b). Similarly, firewood There were 44,244 turquoise parrot habitat, particularly in Victoria (see collection and selective removal of dead specimens exported in international Competition for nesting hollows, below). wood and dead trees reduce the trade (27,248 recorded imports). More Competition for Nesting Hollows availability of nest hollows (NSW than 99 percent of these were captive- 2014b, unpaginated; NSW 2009, bred live parrots (UNEP 2016b). Competition for suitable nest hollows unpaginated). In summary, use as food and poaching has the potential to limit reproductive In summary, land clearing for for the pet trade were noted as stressors success of the turquoise parrot by agriculture in combination with other in the past. Presently, poaching may be limiting the number of pairs that can stressors (i.e., drought, trapping) was occurring at a low level that is not likely breed, or by causing nest mortality as a likely a significant cause of the to affect wild populations. We are not result of competitive interactions. All population crash between 1880 and aware of any information indicating that but four species of Australian parrots 1920. While most of the land clearing overutilization for recreational, are dependent on tree hollows for occurred in the late 18th and the early scientific, or educational purposes are nesting (Forshaw 1990, p. 58). 19th centuries, more recent forest current stressors to the turquoise parrot. Competition for nest hollows (both clearance rates are of concern for the Disease—See Disease (for scarlet- intraspecific and interspecific) was three states that support the turquoise chested and turquoise parrots) under noted at Chiltern in Victoria, where parrot. Forest fragmentation as a result Factors Affecting the Scarlet-Chested limited nest hollows likely limited of clearing has the potential to isolate Parrot, above. reproductive success of the turquoise turquoise parrot populations, which are Predation—See Predation from non- parrot (Quin and Baker-Gabb 1993, p. mostly sedentary but capable of short- native cats and foxes in Australia under 12). National legislation, policy, and distance dispersal (and population Factors Affecting the Scarlet-Chested strategic management plans are in place expansion) along treed corridors. Parrot, above. to protect hollow-bearing trees in Management actions such as prescribed Australia; however, prioritization and fire, selective logging, and reforestation Predation and the Turquoise Parrot implementation of actions at the local should be carefully applied and adapted The turquoise parrot nests in tree level may be limited or lacking (Treby to benefit parrot habitat. Managing for hollows close to the ground, making it et al. 2014, entire).

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Placing artificial nest hollows in areas understood but are assumed to be much Lavery 1992 as cited in Bradshaw 2012, that appear to be nest-hollow limited less than they were a century ago. p. 116); and (4) increased annual total seems to be successful, and programs In summary, disease, predation, and rainfall of approximately 15 percent in that construct and strategically place competition are all potential stressors New South Wales and Victoria (Hughes artificial nests are supported at the State for the turquoise parrot. Although PBFD 2003, p. 424). Similarly, a summary of level and appear to be ongoing. For has not been confirmed in the turquoise climate projections for areas within the example, early experimental efforts to parrot, it is likely susceptible to the known range of the turquoise parrot hollow-out naturally occurring stumps disease at some level. We are not aware includes: (1) Temperature increase of 1– in the Warby Ranges (in Victoria, near of other diseases or pathogens that affect 5 °C (1.8–9 °F) (Stokes et al. 2008, p. Chiltern) were successful but ended in the wild population. Predation and 41); (2) increases in the frequency of hot the 1990s (Tzaros 2016, unpaginated). In competition may be occurring at low days and warm nights (Stokes et al. 2010, Monash University researchers levels, but there are active plans in 2008, p. 41); (3) a large range of placed artificial nests around the place to control feral cats, foxes, and uncertainty for rainfall, but (using Warby-Ovens State Park (also near rabbits. Use of artificial nests may be median rainfall) a general pattern of Chiltern), and the hollows were readily helping to mitigate fox predation and drying, with less rain in the spring and occupied by turquoise parrots (Tzaros competition for nest hollows where this winter in the south, and increased 2016, unpaginated). More recent efforts is a limiting habitat feature. While intensity of rain (Stokes et al. 2008, p. to improve habitat for turquoise parrots disease, predation, and competition may 41); and (4) increased frequency and include those of two land-care networks be affecting the turquoise parrot at low intensity of drought (up to 40 percent in in northeastern Victoria. The Broken levels, they do not appear to be eastern areas by 2070) (Stokes et al. Boosey Conservation Management significant stressors to the species 2008, p. 41). Network has made and installed 200 because populations of the turquoise Climate change is projected to affect potential nest sites for the species parrot are stable with an estimated pasture habitat used by the turquoise (Tzaros 2016, unpaginated), and the 20,000 individuals and may be parrot. Rainfall is expected to be the Ovens Land-care Network received a increasing in some areas. dominant influence on pasture growth; $4,600 AUS ($3,525 US) grant that aims Existing regulatory mechanisms—see fewer, more intense rain events are to raise awareness of the increasing risk Existing regulatory mechanisms (for anticipated as well as (from year to year) to hollow-dependent species by the both scarlet-chested and turquoise more frequent droughts (Stokes et al. non-native Indian (common) myna bird parrots) under Factors Affecting the 2008, p. 41). Increased temperatures (Acridotheres tristis) (Quin in litt. 2016; Scarlet-Chested Parrot, above. could benefit pasture growth and Tzaros 2016, unpaginated). In this section, we reviewed the growing seasons in the cooler southern existing regulatory mechanisms climates, but depletion of moisture in Competition for Food governing collection and trade of wild the soil due to this growth might Grazing by livestock can directly turquoise parrots. As described above, adversely affect spring pasture growth affect available food resources for the the EPBC Act (which controls (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 41). turquoise parrot (NSW 2009, commercial export), the Lacey Act, Increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) will unpaginated). As livestock grazing CITES, and the WBCA all provide affect rangeland function, with a ended in some protected areas of protection to turquoies parrots that projected increase in pasture production Victoria, numbers of turquoise parrots minimize or eliminate threats from trade but potential loss in forage quality (e.g., in those areas increased (Quin and to the species. As discussed under the declines in forage protein content) Baker-Gabb 1993, p. 7; Juniper and Parr other sections in Factors Affecting the (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 42). Fire danger 1989, p. 366; Forshaw 1989, p. 286), Turquoise Parrot, we do not find major will increase over much of Australia indicating that a reduction in grazing stressors adversely affecting the species (Hughes 2003, p. 427). Increased pasture may benefit the species’ recovery. or its habitat. Thus, it is reasonable to growth will produce heavier fuel loads Competition for food by grazing conclude that the regulating (Stokes et al. 2008, p. 42; Hughes 2003, sheep, cattle, and European wild rabbits mechanisms addressing these potential p. 427). The risk of wildfires could (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was noted as a stressors are adequate at protecting the increase and make prescribed burns possible contributing factor in the crash species at a domestic and global level. more difficult to manage (Stokes et al. of the turquoise parrot population Climate change—see Global climate 2008, p. 42). between 1880 and 1920 (Collar 2016b, change and Climate change in Australia Projections for more droughts could unpaginated, Quin and Baker-Gabb under Factors Affecting the Scarlet- also negatively affect the turquoise 1993, p. 3). Around the time of the Chested Parrot, above. parrot. A recent study analyzed the parrot’s population crash, rabbit capacity of woodland bird species in numbers swelled to plague proportions, Climate Change and the Turquoise north-central Victoria to resist the forcing some farmers out of business Parrot pressures of extended drought (i.e., the (Tzaros 2016, unpaginated). Turquoise Based on the information presented in 13-year ‘‘Millennium drought’’ or the parrot habitat and food sources were Climate change in Australia above, a ‘‘Big Dry’’) and then recover once undoubtedly adversely affected by this summary of climate patterns over the drought conditions abated (i.e., the 2- plague, but the degree to which they last century, within the known range of year ‘‘Big Wet’’) (Bennet et al. 2014, were affected is unknown. Application the turquoise parrot includes: (1) entire). Results indicated a substantial of Myxomatosis, a disease that is spread Increased average temperature of 1.0 °C decline (42–62 percent) in the reporting by mosquitoes and affects only rabbits, (1.8 °F) with pronounced and rapid rates of bird species between the early has succeeded in keeping rabbit warming in eastern Australia since the and late surveys in the Big Dry (Bennet numbers at approximately 5 percent 1950s (Nicholls 2006 as cited in et al. 2014, pp. 1321, 1326). their former high abundance in wetter Bradshaw 2012, p. 116); (2) increased Additionally, a recent climate-change- areas (Australian DSEWP&C 2011, frequency of hot days and warm nights adaptation model using a ‘‘Business as unpaginated). Current rates of (Deo 2011 as cited in Bradshaw 2012, p. Usual’’ projection (i.e., the ‘‘worst-case’’ competition between rabbits and 116); (3) decreased rainfall in the scenario with increasing greenhouse turquoise parrots for food are not well southeastern regions (Nicholls and gasses through time), predicted that the

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distribution of climate, similar to that currently mostly speculative, and we scarlet-chested parrot. They relayed that currently used by the species, may cannot conclude that climate change is there is new information that altered fire contract by approximately one half to significant enough to result in the regimes affect mallee shrublands used the southern part of its current range species being in danger of extinction in by the species and shared relevant (i.e., dropping out of Queensland but the foreseeable future. literature. remaining in portions of New South Our Response: Based on these peer Summary of Comments and Wales and Victoria) by 2085 (Garnett et reviewers’ comments and the Recommendations al. 2013c, interactive model results). information provided, we updated the Although the model does well to We reviewed all comments we Altered fire regimes sections in the incorporate species-specific traits, it received from the public and peer scarlet-chested parrot status review and also includes a number of uncertainties reviewers for substantive issues and this final rule. that may limit its predictive power new information. All substantive Comment: One peer reviewer noted (Garnett et al. 2013, pp. 76–77). Basic information was incorporated into the that the scarlet-chested parrots observed model assumptions such as that trends status reviews for each species and into at Gluepot Reserve may not actually be into the future will follow simple linear this final rule, as appropriate. The a resident population. Additionally, the extrapolations of existing relationships, following section summarizes issues same reviewer commented that, while and assumptions regarding (scaled and information we consider to be the overlap of Bourke’s parrot with the down) projected climate change itself, substantive from peer review and public scarlet-chested parrot is considerable, may limit its accuracy (Garnett et al. comments, and provides our responses. the scarlet-chested parrot tends to be found at greater distances than the 2013, pp. 76–77). Although there is Peer Reviewer Comments much uncertainty in these trends (given Bourke’s parrot from the pastoral the variability in the existing climate In accordance with our peer review (better-watered) country. and uncertainties in modeling), effects policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR Our Response: We changed the text in from climate change may rise to the 34270), we solicited expert opinion the scarlet-chested parrot status review level of a stressor in the next 50 years from knowledgeable individuals with to reflect: (1) Uncertainty regarding based on our current knowledge scientific expertise that included whether or not the scarlet-chested (Garnett in litt. 2016b). familiarity with the scarlet-chested parrots at Gluepot are resident; and (2) Potential responses and adaptability parrot and the turquoise parrot and their that the scarlet-chested parrot tends to of the parrot to the projected effects habitats, biological needs, and threats. be found at greater distances than the from climate change are difficult to In all, we contacted eight individuals Bourke’s parrot from the better-watered, predict. Since the parrot is mainly seeking peer review for the scarlet- pastoral areas. resident, it is not known if it would chested parrot and five individuals for Comment: One peer reviewer noted relocate if local conditions degrade (e.g., the turquoise parrot. We found that that the climate change section in our drought); however, one group of there were a limited number of status review for the scarlet-chested turquoise parrots did move into an area individuals who had worked with these parrot contained outdated information of central Victoria during the mid- parrot species because: (1) They are not and shared relevant literature. The same 1990s, probably in response to drought listed species in Australia and thus have peer reviewer referred us to two conditions elsewhere at this time (del not been the subject of many dedicated publications that examine the capacity Hoyo, p. 383; Quin and Reid 1996, p. studies, and (2) scarlet-chested parrots of woodland birds (in dry woodlands 250). are often difficult to find and study due and riparian areas in southeastern In summary, other than the projected to their nomadic behavior and irruptive Australia) to resist the pressures of increases in temperature and CO2 levels, species population ecology. drought and then recover once drought there is a relatively high level of We received responses from three conditions are lifted. He suggested that uncertainty associated with other peer reviewers for the scarlet-chested these publications indicate a trend for projected climate change variables parrot and two peer reviewers for the long-term decline in the face of more (particularly patterns of rainfall) for turquoise parrot. We reviewed all the frequent and extended droughts in Australia and across the occupied range peer reviewers’ comments for southern Australia as predicted by of the turquoise parrot. These substantive issues and information recent climate modelling. A second peer uncertainties are a component of the regarding the status of and threats to reviewer referred us to a recent climate-change-adaptation model for the these species. The peer reviewers publication and interactive model that turquoise parrot. Climate distribution generally concurred with our summaries allowed us to project potential future modeling and a study of declines in and conclusions regarding these species reductions in ‘‘climate space’’ for both woodland birds over a recent and and provided additional information, the scarlet-chested parrot and the extended drought period indicate that clarifications, and suggestions. We turquoise parrot. effects from climate change have the incorporated all peer reviewer Our Response: We reviewed the potential to become a stressor for parrots information into the status reviews for information provided and updated our in the next 50 years (Bennet et al. 2014, each species, and the majority of the evaluation of climate change as a pp. 1321, 1326; Garnett et al. 2013c, information provided in the peer review stressor to the scarlet-chested parrot and interactive model results). However, we is also incorporated into this final rule, its habitat. Further, in our review of the found no information indicating that where appropriate. Status reviews and new material, we found that one of the climate change is currently affecting the peer reviewer comments for the scarlet- publications was also helpful in turquoise parrot specifically, coupled chested and turquoise parrot are assessing extended drought as a with the fact that it has shown some available on the Internet at http:// potential stressor to the turquoise adaptability to drought conditions in the www.regulations.gov as supporting parrot. Therefore, we updated the past. Stress to the species from climate documentation for Docket No. FWS– Climate Change sections for both the change will likely occur within the next HQ–ES–2015–0176. scarlet-chested and turquoise parrots in 50 years, but climate change variables in Comment: Two peer reviewers both status reviews and this final rule. the area occupied by the parrot and the commented on our evaluation of the Comment: One peer reviewer noted parrot’s response to these variables are effects of altered fire regimes on the that the percentages of protected lands

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for the scarlet-chested parrot were information available on these species including, but not limited to: (1) outdated and did not reflect the large and their status and threats, in order to Protected areas; (2) recent anti-clearing proportion that is Aboriginal-held land. determine whether removing these legislation; (3) protections and Our Response: We found updated species from the List is warranted. initiatives for nest hollows; (4) non- information for proportions of protected Comments summarized below are from native predator and competitor control land in the states and territories within our reopening of the public comment programs (e.g., feral cats, red foxes, the range of both the scarlet-chested and period in January 2016 (81 FR 3373). rabbits); and (5) programs for turquoise parrots and reflected these We received 18 public comments construction and placement of artificial updates in our estimates in both status relating to the proposed delisting of nest hollows for the turquoise parrot. reviews and this final rule. scarlet-chested and turquoise parakeets Comment: Two commenters Comment: One peer reviewer during the public comment period. expressed their view that our listing commented on distribution of the More detailed information about the proposal was procedurally invalid turquoise parrot, relaying that: (1) There comments we received and our under the Act because finalizing a 12- are parts of the historical range in responses are below. year-old proposed delisting rule violates Victoria where the species has not Comment: Several commenters noted section 4(b)(6) and section 4(c) of the returned, and (2) a small population of that the Act placed restrictions on trade Act, which require that the Service the species occurs at Bunyip State Park in captive-bred individuals that have finalize any proposed rule within 1 year in West Gippsland, Victoria. limited imports into the United States of publication of the proposed rule The same peer reviewer provided the and, by extension, the genetic diversity unless narrow exceptions apply. These following observations regarding the of U.S. captive-bred populations. commenters opined that the Act population of turquoise parrots near Our Response: Although we requires the Service to withdraw the Chiltern in northeastern Victoria: (1) considered captive individuals in our proposed rule if those exceptions do not The numbers of turquoise parrots review of both the scarlet-chested and apply. currently in this area appear turquoise parrots, these comments fall Our Response: We disagree. The significantly fewer than the numbers outside the scope of our analysis. Service’s proposal has not been that were there during the late 1980s to Removal of the scarlet-chested and invalidated, and with this final rule, all the early 1990s; (2) the decrease in turquoise parakeets from the List will procedural requirements under section numbers is likely due to a decrease in eliminate the need for an import permit 4(b) of the Act have been met. Further, grass abundance either from the under the Act. Trade in captive-bred consistent with our regulations at 50 Millennium drought or an increase in scarlet-chested and turquoise parrots CFR 424.17(a)(1)(iii) and (a)(3), the Act herbivore abundance, or both; and (3) will still be regulated under CITES, and, does not allow for withdrawal of a more fox control was likely needed in to date, import of captive-bred scarlet- proposed listing determination solely this area in the late 1980s. chested and turquoise parrots into the because of the passage of time; any Lastly, this peer reviewer provided United States is currently allowed under withdrawal must be based upon a information on two ongoing land-care the WBCA Approved List (50 CFR finding that the available evidence does networks that are working to improve 15.33) without requiring a permit. not justify the action proposed by the turquoise parrot habitat in northeastern Comment: Several commenters stated rule. Additionally, as explained above, Victoria and commented that more that more information is needed on the the purpose of the scientific review intensive surveys are needed to status of populations, or that under section 4(c) of the Act is to ensure determine population size of the conservation measures were needed for that the List of Endangered and turquoise parrot in all the regions of these species before they can be Threatened Wildlife accurately reflects Victoria where the turquoise parrot is removed from the List. the most current status information for found. Our Response: We have reviewed the each listed species. In our 2000 review, Our Response: We added information status of and threats to both parrots, and we requested comments and the most about turquoise parrots in Victoria to the best available scientific and current scientific or commercial the turquoise parrot status review and commercial information indicates that information available on these species, this final rule, where appropriate: (1) populations of the scarlet-chested parrot and based on that review, we The decreases at Chiltern and likely presently appear to be stable, with no reevaluated the listing of the scarlet- causes; (2) the small population at evidence of decline in the last 20 years, chested parrot and the turquoise parrot. Bunyip State Park; (3) the land-care and populations of the turquoise parrot On September 2, 2003, we published networks; and (4) the recommendation are stable and may be increasing in our review of the status of these species for more extensive surveys. some areas. Populations of both parrots and a proposed rule (68 FR 52169) to are doing well despite the stressors remove the scarlet-chested and Public Comments noted in the Factors Affecting the turquoise parakeets from the List under We published a proposed rule to Scarlet-chested Parrot and Factors the Act because the endangered remove the scarlet-chested and Affecting the Turquoise Parrot sections, designation no longer correctly reflected turquoise parakeets from the List on above. Although the scarlet-chested and the current conservation status of these September 2, 2003 (68 FR 52169), and turquoise parrots are not included in the birds, as the best available information we requested that all interested parties EPBC Act’s List of Threatened Fauna, indicated that they had recovered. We submit written comments at that time. Australia prohibits exports of wild explained that our review of the best Additionally, because considerable time specimens of these species under the available information showed that the had passed since the 2003 proposal, we EPBC Act, and removal of these species wild populations of these species were published a reopening of the public from the wild is strictly controlled. stable with more than 20,000 turquoise comment period in January 2016, which Additionally, there are numerous parakeets and 10,000 scarlet-chested closed on February 22, 2016 (81 FR ongoing conservation efforts in parakeets found throughout their range. 3373, January 21, 2016). We took this Australia by Federal and state Furthermore, trade in wild-caught action to ensure that we sought, governments, indigenous peoples, and specimens was strictly limited, and the received, and made our decision based private organizations and landowners species were protected through on the best scientific and commercial that likely benefit these species domestic regulation within the range

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country (Australia), as well as through (Factor A); limited nest hollows (Factor best available scientific and commercial additional national and international A); illegal collection and trade (Factor data, that stressors are not likely to treaties and laws. B); Psittacine beak and feather disease increase such that they would cause On January 21, 2016, because (Factor C); predation from non-native significant population declines within considerable time had passed since the species (Factor C); competition for nest the foreseeable future, or otherwise to 2003 proposal, we published the hollows (Factor C); effects from small result in the species becoming in danger reopening of the public comment period population size (Factor E); and effects of extinction within the foreseeable on our proposal to remove the scarlet- from climate change (Factor E). future throughout all of its range. chested and turquoise parakeets from Although one or some of these stressors Turquoise Parrot the List (81 FR 3373). We took these may be acting on the species in some actions to determine whether removing manner, we found no data to indicate We consider cumulative effects to be these species from the List is still that these stressors, individually or the potential stressors to the species in warranted, and to ensure that we cumulatively, are causing the species to totality and combination, and the degree sought, received, and made our final be in danger of extinction, either now or to which there might be any synergistic decision based on the best scientific and in the foreseeable future. In the face of effects among any of the stressors (e.g., commercial information available these stressors, the population appears nest predation by foxes and the loss of regarding these species and their status to be stable, with no evidence of decline nesting hollows); this finding and threats. This final rule is based on in the last 20 years. We have concluded constitutes our cumulative-effects the best scientific and commercial that this stability is not due to listing analysis. In the discussions above, we information available regarding these under the Act; thus, we do not expect evaluated the individual effects of the species and includes information declines due to the removal of the following potential stressors to the summarized from status reviews we protections provided by the listing turquoise parrot: Land clearing and conducted in 2016–2017 for the scarlet- under the Act. forest fragmentation (Factor A); altered chested and the turquoise parrots. These The Australian Government does not fire regimes (Factor A); limited nest status reviews are available on the include the scarlet-chested parrot in the hollows (Factor A); removal from the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov EPBC Act’s List of Threatened Fauna wild for food (Factor B); illegal as supporting documentation for Docket (Australian DEE 2017, unpaginated) collection and trade (Factor B); No. FWS–HQ–ES–2015–0176. Sections either because it was never nominated Psittacine beak and feather disease from the status reviews were added (in for consideration, or if it was (Factor C); predation from non-native part or entirely) to the preamble to this nominated, it was found ineligible by a species (Factor C); competition for food final rule. These new sections in the rigorous scientific assessment of the and nest hollows (Factor C); and effects preamble are updates or additions to species’ threat status (Australian DEE from climate change (Factor E). information that was presented in the 2017b, unpaginated). The 2000 Action Although one or some of these stressors 2003 proposal to remove the scarlet- Plan for Australian Birds listed it may be acting on the turquoise parrot in chested and turquoise parakeets from nationally as ‘‘Least Concern’’ and then some manner, we found no data to the list (68 FR 52169, September 2, did not list it in the 2010 Action Plan indicate that these stressors, 2003). for Australian Birds. As such, there is individually or cumulatively, are no national recovery plan for the scarlet- causing the species to be in danger of Finding chested parrot. extinction, either now or in the Our regulations direct us to determine The species is listed on the IUCN Red foreseeable future. In the face of these if a species is endangered or threatened List as ‘‘Least Concern.’’ Domestic and stressors, the population appears to be due to any one or a combination of the international trade in wild-caught stable and may be increasing in some five threat factors identified in the Act specimens is limited and strictly areas. (50 CFR 424.11(c)). We examined the regulated. The species is protected The Australian Government does not best scientific and commercial through domestic regulation in include the turquoise parrot in the EPBC information available regarding the past, Australia and through additional Act’s List of Threatened Fauna present, and future threats faced by the national and international treaties and (Australian DEE 2017, unpaginated), species. We reviewed information laws. either because it was never nominated available in our files and other available As with all species, the scarlet- for consideration, or if it was published and unpublished chested parrot is subject to some nominated, it was found ineligible by a information, and we consulted with stressors. As discussed above, however, rigorous scientific assessment of the recognized species and habitat experts we reviewed those stressors and species’ threat status (Australian DEE and representatives of the range country conclude that individually and 2017b, unpaginated). The 2000 Action (Australia). cumulatively they are currently not Plan for Australian Birds listed it having a significant impact on the nationally as ‘‘Near Threatened’’ but Scarlet-Chested Parrot species. This determination is then did not list it in the 2010 Action We consider cumulative effects to be evidenced by the apparent stability of Plan for Australian Birds because the the potential stressors to the species in the population of the species for the last population was too large to be totality and combination, and the degree 20 years. Therefore we conclude, based considered ‘‘near threatened’’ and there to which there might be any synergistic on our review of the best available was no evidence of a recent decline effects among any of the stressors (e.g., scientific and commercial data, that the (Garnett et al. 2011, p. 429). As such, increased fire frequency and potential scarlet-chested parrot is not currently in there is no national recovery plan for decline in nesting hollows). This danger of extinction throughout all of its the turquoise parrot. finding constitutes our cumulative- range. In addition, we considered The species is listed on the IUCN Red effects analysis. In the discussions whether the impact of any of the List as ‘‘Least Concern.’’ Domestic and above, we evaluated the individual stressors is likely to significantly international trade in wild-caught effects of the following potential increase, individually or cumulatively, specimens is limited and strictly stressors to the scarlet-chested parrot: within the foreseeable future. We regulated. The species is protected Land clearing and altered fire regimes conclude, based on our review of the through domestic regulation in

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Australia and through additional portion of its range’’ (SPR) (79 FR identify only those portions that warrant national and international treaties and 37578; July 1, 2014). further consideration, we determine laws. The final policy states that (1) if a whether there is substantial information As with all species, the turquoise species is found to be endangered or indicating that (1) the portions may be parrot is subject to some stressors. As threatened throughout a significant significant and (2) the species may be in discussed above, however, we reviewed portion of its range, the entire species is danger of extinction in those portions or those stressors and conclude that listed as an endangered or a threatened likely to become so within the individually and cumulatively they are species, respectively, and the Act’s foreseeable future. currently not having a significant protections apply to all individuals of We emphasize that answering these impact on the species. This is evidenced the species wherever found; (2) a questions in the affirmative is not a by the apparent stable population of portion of the range of a species is determination that the species is approximately 20,000 individuals with ‘‘significant’’ if the species is not endangered or threatened throughout a increases reported in some areas. currently endangered or threatened significant portion of its range—rather, Therefore, we conclude, based on our throughout all of its range, but the it is a step in determining whether a review of the best available scientific portion’s contribution to the viability of more detailed analysis of the issue is and commercial data, that the turquoise the species is so important that, without required. In practice, a key part of this parrot is not currently in danger of the members in that portion, the species analysis is whether the threats are extinction throughout all of its range. In would be in danger of extinction, or geographically concentrated in some addition, we considered whether the likely to become so in the foreseeable way. If the threats to the species are impact of any of the stressors is likely future, throughout all of its range; (3) affecting it uniformly throughout its to significantly increase, individually or the range of a species is considered to range, no portion is likely to warrant cumulatively, within the foreseeable be the general geographical area within further consideration. Moreover, if any future. We conclude, based on our which that species can be found at the concentration of threats applies only to review of the best available scientific time the Service or the National Marine portions of the range that clearly do not and commercial data, that stressors are Fisheries Service (NMFS) makes any meet the biologically based definition of not likely to increase such that they particular status determination; and (4) ‘‘significant’’ (i.e., the loss of that would cause significant population if a vertebrate species is endangered or portion clearly would not be expected to declines within the foreseeable future, threatened throughout an SPR, and the increase the vulnerability to extinction or otherwise to result in the species population in that significant portion is of the entire species), those portions becoming in danger of extinction within a valid DPS, we will list the DPS rather will not warrant further consideration. If the foreseeable future throughout all of than the entire taxonomic species or we identify any portions that may be its range. subspecies. both (1) significant and (2) endangered We have carefully assessed the best The SPR policy is applied to all status or threatened, we engage in a more scientific and commercial data available determinations, including analyses for detailed analysis to determine whether and determined that the scarlet-chested the purposes of making listing, these standards are indeed met. To and turquoise parrots are no longer in delisting, and reclassification determine whether a species is danger of extinction throughout all their determinations. The procedure for endangered or threatened throughout an respective ranges, nor are they likely to analyzing whether any portion is an SPR, we will use the same standards become so in the foreseeable future. SPR is similar, regardless of the type of and methodology that we use to status determination we are making. Significant Portion of Its Range determine if a species is endangered or The first step in our analysis of the Analysis threatened throughout its range. status of a species is to determine its Depending on the biology of the Having examined the status of the status throughout all of its range. If we species, its range, and the threats it scarlet-chested and turquoise parrots determine that the species is in danger faces, it may be more efficient to address throughout all of their ranges, we next of extinction, or likely to become so in the ‘‘significant’’ question first, or the examine whether these species are in the foreseeable future, throughout all of status question first. Thus, if we danger of extinction, or likely to become its range, we list the species as an determine that a portion of the range is so, in a significant portion of their endangered (or threatened) species and not ‘‘significant,’’ we do not need to respective ranges. Under the Act and no SPR analysis is required. If the determine whether the species is our implementing regulations, a species species is neither in danger of extinction endangered or threatened there; if we may warrant listing if it is in danger of nor likely to become so throughout all determine that the species is not extinction or likely to become so of its range, we determine whether the endangered or threatened in a portion of throughout all or a significant portion of species is in danger of extinction or its range, we do not need to determine its range. The Act defines ‘‘endangered likely to become so throughout a if that portion is ‘‘significant.’’ species’’ as any species which is ‘‘in significant portion of its range. If it is, danger of extinction throughout all or a we list the species as an endangered or Scarlet-Chested Parrot significant portion of its range,’’ and a threatened species, respectively; if it is Applying the process described ‘‘threatened species’’ as any species not, we conclude that listing the species above, we evaluated portions of the which is ‘‘likely to become an is not warranted. scarlet-chested parrot’s range that may endangered species within the When we conduct an SPR analysis, be significant, and examined whether foreseeable future throughout all or a we first identify any portions of the any threats are geographically significant portion of its range.’’ The species’ range that warrant further concentrated in some way that would term ‘‘species’’ includes ‘‘any consideration. The range of a species indicate that those portions of the range subspecies of fish or wildlife or plants, can theoretically be divided into may be in danger of extinction, or likely and any distinct population segment portions in an infinite number of ways. to become so in the foreseeable future. [DPS] of any species of vertebrate fish or However, there is no purpose to The range available to the scarlet- wildlife which interbreeds when analyzing portions of the range that are chested parrot is very large (262,000 mature.’’ We published a final policy not reasonably likely to be significant km2 (101,159 mi2); BLI 2016a, interpreting the phrase ‘‘significant and endangered or threatened. To unpaginated). Within this range, the

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Great Victoria Desert, located in significant, and examined whether any modeled climate space in Victoria may southwestern Australia, may be of threats are geographically concentrated improve somewhat with more areas biological or conservation importance to in some way that would indicate that becoming suitable for the parrot. the scarlet-chested parrot, because the those portions of the range may be in However, given the uncertainty in the species is primarily concentrated in the danger of extinction, or likely to become modelling of future climate scenarios, better vegetated areas of this region (BLI so in the foreseeable future. The particularly patterns of precipitation, we 2016a, unpaginated; Juniper and Parr turquoise parrot occurs in many parts of are unable to reliably discern if the areas 1998, p. 366). Therefore, the Great eastern and southeastern Australia, projected to be lost will result in any Victoria Desert has the potential to be of particularly the foothills of the Great significant threat. While areas in New greater biological or conservation Dividing Range (NSW 2009, South Wales may be significant to the importance than other areas and may unpaginated; Garnett and Crowley parrot, information and analyses constitute a significant portion of the 2000b, p. 345; Juniper and Parr 1988, p. parrot’s range. 365). The Great Dividing Range is indicate that the species is unlikely to We next examined whether any formed from multiple mountain ranges be in danger of extinction or become so stressors are geographically that dominate the eastern Australia in the foreseeable future in this portion. concentrated in some way that would landmass. The species’ distribution is All other stressors appear to be indicate the species could be in danger not continuous but rather occurs in uniform across the range of the species. of extinction, or likely to become so, in patches of suitable habitat throughout The population of the turquoise parrot this portion. We examined potential this broader range (Tzaros 2016, now numbers more than 20,000 stressors, including land clearing, unpaginated; Forshaw 1989, p. 286), individuals. The population appears to altered fire regimes, limited nest and about 90 percent of the population be stable and may be increasing in some hollows, illegal collection and trade, is thought to occur in New South Wales areas. Therefore, based on the best Psittacine beak and feather disease, (NSW 2009, unpaginated). We did not scientific and commercial data predation from non-native species, identify any natural divisions within the available, no portion warrants further competition for food and nest hollows, range that may be of biological or consideration to determine whether the small population size, and effects from conservation importance with the species may be endangered or climate change. All these stressors exception that the central portion of the appeared to be uniform across the range parrot’s current range (in New South threatened in a significant portion of its of the species, with the exception of Wales) could be considered significant range. potential effects from climate change based on the concentration of parrots Summary (See Climate change and the scarlet- there. chested parrot above). A recent climate- We next examined whether any We have carefully assessed the best change-adaptation model indicated a stressors are geographically scientific and commercial data available long-term range contraction to the concentrated in some way that would and have determined that the scarlet- southern portion of its range (to an area indicate the species could be in danger chested and turquoise parrots are no that includes the Great Victoria Desert) of extinction, or likely to become so in longer in danger of extinction (Garnett et al. 2013b, interactive model the foreseeable future. We examined throughout all or significant portions of results). However, given the uncertainty potential stressors, including land their respective ranges, nor are they in the modelling of future climate clearing, altered fire regimes, limited likely to become so in the foreseeable scenarios, particularly patterns of nest hollows, illegal collection and future. As a consequence of this precipitation, we are unable to reliably trade, Psittacine beak and feather determination, we are removing these discern if the areas projected to be lost disease, predation from non-native species from the Federal List of will result in any significant threat. species competition for food and nest While regions of the Great Victoria hollows, and effects from climate Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. Desert may be significant, information change. All these stressors appeared to Effects of the Rule and analyses indicate that the species is be uniform across the range of the unlikely to be in danger of extinction or species, with the exception of potential This final rule revises 50 CFR 17.11(h) become so in the foreseeable future in effects from climate change (See Climate by removing the scarlet-chested and this portion. change and the turquoise parrot above). turquoise parakeets from the Federal All other stressors appear to be A recent climate-change-adaptation List of Endangered and Threatened uniform across the range of the species. model indicated a long-term range Wildlife. As of the effective date of this The scarlet-chested parrot is adapted to contraction by about one half to the rule (see DATES), the prohibitions and arid landscapes and able to travel great southern part of its current range (i.e., conservation measures provided by the distances. The population is not known dropping out of Queensland but Act, particularly through sections 7, 8 to be fragmented (Snyder et al. 2000, p. remaining in portions of New South and 9, no longer apply to these species. 57) and appears to be stable, with no Wales and Victoria) by 2085 (Garnett et The scarlet-chested and turquoise al. 2013c, interactive model results). evidence of decline in the last 20 years parrots will remain protected under the This reduced climate space includes (BLI 2016a, unpaginated; BLI 2012a, p. provisions of the Convention on developed regions near Sydney and in 4). Therefore, based on the best International Trade in Endangered scientific and commercial data and around Melbourne (Garnett et al. Species of Wild Fauna and Flora available, no portion warrants further 2013c, interactive model results). (CITES). To date, the scarlet-chested and consideration to determine whether the Currently, approximately 90 percent of species may be endangered or the population is distributed in eastern turquoise parrots remain on the threatened in a significant portion of its portions of New South Wales. Based on Approved List of captive-bred species range. the modeling, the species would under the WBCA, which allows import experience a reduction in climate space or export of captive-bred individuals of Turquoise Parrot in New South Wales that is these species without a WBCA permit. We evaluated portions of the approximately a little more than one turquoise parrot’s range that may be half of what is currently modeled. The

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Required Determinations PART 17—ENDANGERED AND (FMP) prepared by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council under National Environmental Policy Act (42 THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS authority of the Magnuson-Stevens U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) ■ 3. The authority citation for part 17 Fishery Conservation and Management We have determined that continues to read as follows: Act. Regulations governing fishing by environmental assessments and Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 1531– U.S. vessels in accordance with the FMP environmental impact statements, as 1544; and 4201–4245, unless otherwise appear at subpart H of 50 CFR part 600 defined under the authority of the noted. and 50 CFR part 679. National Environmental Policy Act, The B season apportionment of the need not be prepared in connection § 17.11 [Amended] 2017 Pacific cod total allowable catch with listing or reclassification of a ■ 4. Amend § 17.11(h) by removing the (TAC) allocated to catcher vessels using species as an endangered or threatened entries for ‘‘Parakeet, scarlet-chested’’ trawl gear in the BSAI is 5,197 metric species under the Endangered Species and ‘‘Parakeet, turquoise’’ under BIRDS tons (mt) as established by the final Act. We published a notice outlining in the List of Endangered and 2017 and 2018 harvest specifications for our reasons for this determination in the Threatened Wildlife. groundfish in the BSAI (82 FR 11826, Federal Register on October 25, 1983 February 27, 2017. (48 FR 49244). Dated: March 3, 2017. In accordance with § 679.20(d)(1)(i), James W. Kurth the Administrator, Alaska Region, References Cited Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife NMFS (Regional Administrator), has A complete list of references cited in Service. determined that the B season this rulemaking is available on the [FR Doc. 2017–06663 Filed 4–4–17; 8:45 am] apportionment of the 2017 Pacific cod Internet at http://www.regulations.gov BILLING CODE 4333–15–P TAC allocated to trawl catcher vessels under Docket No. FWS–HQ–ES–2015– in the BSAI will soon be reached. 0176 or upon request (see FOR FURTHER Therefore, the Regional Administrator is INFORMATION CONTACT). establishing a directed fishing DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Authors allowance of 4,697 mt and is setting aside the remaining 500 mt as bycatch National Oceanic and Atmospheric This final rule was authored by staff to support other anticipated groundfish Administration of the Branch of Foreign Species, fisheries. In accordance with Ecological Services Program, U.S. Fish § 679.20(d)(1)(iii), the Regional 50 CFR Part 679 and Wildlife Service. Administrator finds that this directed List of Subjects fishing allowance has been reached. [Docket No. 161020985–7181–02] Consequently, NMFS is prohibiting 50 CFR Part 15 directed fishing for Pacific cod by Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping RIN 0648–XF334 catcher vessels using trawl gear in the requirements, Wildlife. BSAI. Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic After the effective date of this closure 50 CFR Part 17 Zone Off Alaska; Pacific Cod by the maximum retainable amounts at Endangered and threatened species, Catcher Vessels Using Trawl Gear in § 679.20(e) and (f) apply at any time Exports, Imports, Reporting and the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands during a trip. recordkeeping requirements, Management Area Transportation. Classification AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Regulation Promulgation Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and This action responds to the best available information recently obtained Accordingly, we amend part 15 and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce. from the fishery. The Acting Assistant part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title Administrator for Fisheries, NOAA 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, ACTION: Temporary rule; closure. (AA), finds good cause to waive the as set forth below: SUMMARY: NMFS is prohibiting directed requirement to provide prior notice and opportunity for public comment PART 15—WILD BIRD fishing for Pacific cod by catcher vessels pursuant to the authority set forth at 5 CONSERVATION ACT using trawl gear in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area U.S.C. 553(b)(B) as such requirement is ■ 1. The authority citation for part 15 (BSAI). This action is necessary to impracticable and contrary to the public continues to read as follows: prevent exceeding the B season interest. This requirement is impracticable and contrary to the public Authority: 16 U.S.C. 4901–4916. apportionment of the 2017 Pacific cod interest as it would prevent NMFS from ■ total allowable catch allocated to 2. Amend § 15.33(a) by: responding to the most recent fisheries ■ a. Amending the entries in the table catcher vessels using trawl gear in the data in a timely fashion and would for ‘‘Neophema pulchella 1 (Turquoise BSAI. delay the closure of directed fishing for parrot.)’’ and ‘‘Neophema splendida 1 DATES: Effective 1200 hours, Alaska Pacific cod by catcher vessels using (Scarlet-chested parrot.)’’ by removing local time (A.l.t.), April 3, 2017, through trawl gear in the BSAI. NMFS was the footnote superscripts; and 1200 hours, A.l.t., June 10, 2017. ■ unable to publish a notice providing b. Revising footnote 1 following the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Josh table to read as follows: time for public comment because the Keaton, 907–586–7228. most recent, relevant data only became § 15.33 Species included in the approved SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: NMFS available as of March 30, 2017. list. manages the groundfish fishery in the The AA also finds good cause to (a) * * * BSAI exclusive economic zone waive the 30-day delay in the effective 1 Note: Permits are still required for this according to the Fishery Management date of this action under 5 U.S.C. species under part 17 of this chapter. Plan for Groundfish of the Bering Sea 553(d)(3). This finding is based upon * * * * * and Aleutian Islands Management Area the reasons provided above for waiver of

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