Vol. 4 MARCH 15, 1973 No. 8

The Turquoise By HOWARD JARMAN, Melbourne SUMMARY The history of the Turquoise Parrot, pulchella, its past and present status, and its distribution is discussed. It was common in parts of south-eastern Australia up to 1900, and then declined in numbers and was thought to be on the verge of extinction. However, it is once again becoming common in some parts of Victoria, and southern . Records for South Aus­ tralia are very doubtful. Usually a terrestrial feeder, it eats the seeds of grasses, shrubs and weeds, spilled grain and moss spores. Drinking water must be avail ­ able. It prefers lightly forested hiJJs and the margins of woodland and timbered streams. The female is similar to the female Sca rlet­ chested Parrot, N. splendida, a species usually confined to more arid regions in the western half of Australia. INTRODUCTION Several of the small of the genus Neophema have been regarded, at some time or other, as being very rare, or even extinct. The Turquoise Parrot, also known as the Chestnut-shouldered Par­ rakeet, or the Turquoisine Grass-Parrakeet, is one of the species which has been included in this category. In the early days of settlement in Australia it was seen in large numbers in the south-eastern part of the continent, from eastern Victoria to beyond the Tropic of Capricorn in eastern Queensland. Within 50 years its disappearance from this extensive range of C:)Untry was a ca use of great concern. Thus D. Seth-Smith ( 1909) v1rites how. on a visit to Sydney in 1908, he was shown a location "not a dozen miles from the Metropolis where H. Peir as a boy had shot Turquoisine Parrots for pies. Now no one knows where (they) have gone to, if indeed a single exists in its wild state". Neville W. Cayley ( 1938) often saw it in his youth in the outer western suburbs of Sydney and the foothills of the Blue Mountains. At the time of writing he stated that it was rare, only an occasional isolated pair being recorded. However, A. R. McGill ( 1960) commented on the increase in numbers of the parrot since 1930, with numerous sight records from all parts of New South Wales, except the far west and far south. In 1956 he had found the species to be common in certain areas, even out-numbering the well-known Red-backed Parrot. Psephotus hae- 240 JARMAN [ Bird Watcher

matonotus. Turquoise Parrots have also reappeared in north-eastern Victoria, and south-eastern Queensland. Much information about the distribution of the parrot is not forth­ coming, as some observers are of the opinion -that bird-trappers would use it to their advantage. DESCRIPTION AND FIELD IDENTIFICATION The adult male Turquoise Parrot is quite distinctive. The fore­ head and face are a brilliant turauoise blue and the crown, back. rump and middle tail feathers grass green. The outer tail feathers, breast and abdomen are a rich golden yellow, primaries dark blue and a shoulder patch of variable extent, reddish-brown. However, some males have the breast greenish-yellow, possibly being young . The female is duller than the male, having the frontal area less extensive and of a paler blue, breast green and a bd omen and under tail yellow. Occasionally a small reddish shoulder-patch is present. The female Turquoise is very similar to the female Scarlet-chested Parrot, but has paler blue primaries. Juveniles are similar to adult females but even when they have just left the nest young males are brighter than their female nest-mates, and often have the chestnut shoulder-patch (West, 1951) . Adult plumage is acquired by a moult of the body feathers, and is completed at about the age of four months (Lend on. 1951). Lend on also remarks that some adults of both sexes exhibit a large orange­ red patch on the abdomen. R. E. B. Brown (1952) writes that ery­ thrism is fairly common in the species, some males having red on the breast and a bd omen and very extensive red patches on the shoulders. Females and juveniles only have an under wing stripe (Lendon, 1940) . T hese parrots are about 200 mm ( 8 inches) long. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT The Turquoise Parrot was formerly found from the vicinity of the Dandenong Ranges. near Melbourne, through eastern Victoria and the eastern half of New South Wales and Queensland. to about the Tropic of Capricorn. It is not known whether it was present through­ out all parts of this range. Currently there is a discontinuous distribution from north-eastern Victoria, through the eastern half of New South Wales to south­ eastern Queensland, in the vicinity of Mary borough. The records for South A ustralia are not usually accepted. Lightly timbered hills and " broken" country, the fringes of fores­ ted watercourses, and paddocks adjacent to woodland are the pre­ ferred habitat. Annual rainfall is usually in excess of 15 inches, and drinking water must be available. T urquoise Parrots seem to wander away from their breeding grounds when nesting is completed; their presence in any area being contingent on the season being favourable. The closely related Scarlet-chested Parrot is found in more arid, often waterless, country, inland and to the west of the range of the T urquoise Parrot (H. Jarman, 1968). The range of the two species may overlap in western New South Wales. March J The Turquoise Parrot 241 1973

BREEDING The Turquoise Parrot nests in hollows in trees, living or dead, from near ground level to about 30 feet high, as well as hollows in stumps, fence posts and fallen limbs. The white eggs, numbering from three to six, are laid on the bare wood or debris in the bottom of the hole. The breeding season normally extends from September to Nov­ ember, although P. A. Bourke (in !itt.) has found nests with eggs as early as August 4 and as late as March 15. He considers that the autumn nesting could be due to late summer rains following a dry winter. Usually, only the female broods the eggs and newly-hatched chicks. The male calls her to the nest entrance or to an adjacent perch and feeds her. Later he will enter the nest to feed and brood the young, when they are feathered. Females return readily to the nest and enter, even when an observer is nearby. B. Miller (1971) found a pair nesting near Nymagee, New South Wales, in December, 1970. The parents called the fledged young to the entrance of the spout in order to feed them; the female doing most of the work. Feeding took place from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m., and from 5 p.m. until nightfall. The parents did not visit the nest during the middle of the long hot day. The young birds could be heard cal­ ling in the nesting hollow, from a distance of 200 yards. This parrot breeds freely in captivity, having two clutches of eggs in a season. sometimes more. West (foe. cit.) had a pair, in an aviary, which laid four eggs, incubation beginning with the laying of the third egg. Although the male spent several hours in the nest, the female did all the incubating. She left the nest briefly morning and evening to feed and drink. The eggs took 18 days to hatch. At 21 days the young were at the entrance of the nest and left on the 29th day after hatch­ ing. Their parents continued to feed them for another two weeks. A vicultura!ist Simon Harvey ( 1930) had a female which began a second clutch the day after the first brood of the season had left the nest. The male only fed the fl ying young of the first brood. When the second and last brood had left the nest both parents fed the young. S. Harvey (1928) has had the parrots breed ing at the age of 12 months. Such data have yet to be recorded in the field . HISTORICAL T he Turquoisine Parrot was first described in 1792 by Dr. G. Shaw, in The Naturalists' Miscellany, Vol. III. plate 96. He named it Psittacus pulchella. T. Salvadori (1891) erected the genus Neo­ phema in 1891. Shaw and Nodder are often quoted as the authors of the foregoing work. but H. M. Whittell ( 1954) points out that Dr. Shaw was the author and F. P. Nodder the artist. It was apparently a common bird near Sydney, when that city was first settled in the late eighteenth century, and the parrakeet's beauty soon attracted the attention of the colonists. The Scottish painter or " limner", Thomas Watling, a convicted forger, was one of several artists who painted illustrations of birds 242 JARMAN [ Bird Watcher for Surgeon-General John White. Their collected works, now preser­ ved in The British Museum, are known, misleadingly, as the "Wat­ ling Drawings". However, the undated painting of the Turquoise Parrakeet, number 47, is undoubtedly Watling's work, as it bears his signature. A long description appended, in Whitteil's opinion (foe. cit.) written by White, concludes with the comment that " the whole of the bird 's colours are delightful but these most specially the best artist must ever despair of equalling". The species is also illustrated in Latham's General Synopsis of Birds, supplement li, plate 1 jl7. K. A. Hindwood (1970) considers that this painting is a copy of Watling's drawing. Latham had examined that drawing when it came into the possession of A. B. Lambert. and it was Latham's practice to copy any bird drawings whenever possible. Figure 49 in the "Sydney" collection in the Mitchell Library, Sydney, is another early illustration of the species. John Gould (1848) under Euphema pulchella, plate 41, com­ ments that "all who have traversed the 'bush' of New South Wales will recognise this species as an old favourite, for it must often have come under their notice; during my own rambles my attention was constantly attracted - as it rose before me". Usually, he met it in small flocks of six or eight birds. which appeared to "evince greater partiality for stony ridges than for the rich alluvial flats" . However. in spite of his familiarity with the Tl:lrquoise Parrot, Gould states that "the sexes differ so little in colour that dissection must be resorted to distinguish them". His plate of a " pair" depicts two birds in male plumage. ln September 1844, Gould's collector. John Gilbert. joined the explorer Ludwig Leichhardt on the Darling Downs, southern Queensland , their destination being Port Essington in the Northern Territory. After Gilbert was fatally speared by natives on Cape York Peninsula, his diary was preserved by Leichhardt and sub­ sequently discovered by A. H. Chisholm (1945) in England, 100 years later. In this diary Gilbert recorded the parrots frequently all the way from the Darling Downs to the headwaters of the Suttor River, which are north of the T ropic of Capricorn and inland from the present town of Mackay. They were " very common" in the Isaac Valley in February. and "in large numbers" in the Suttor region in March, 1845. They have not been recorded again so far north. As early as 1820 Kuhl record s that specimens were in all European museums (Mathews, 1917). A female in the collection of The National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, was collected at the " junction of the Darling and Murray Rivers", in 1857. This speci­ men is definitely pulchella, although the ill-defined area where it was collected is well to the west of its normal range. Although P. Ramsay collected the type set of eggs at Macquarie Field s, near Sydney, in 1859, they were not described until 1889 (A. J. Campbell, 1900). The adult male Turquoise Parrot is quite distinctive Pl ate 41 Photo by E. Whilbourn 244 JARMAN [ Bird Watcher

In the Zoological Society's List of , published in 1883, many references are given to the parrot breeding in the London Zoological Gardens, between 1860 and 1882. A male and two females were purchased in 1884. but since this date it has, apparently, died out as an aviary bird (Seth-Smith, 1931). In 1891 there were six specimens in The Australian Museum, Sydney, all from localities in New South Wales; Rope's Creek, Dobroyde, Sydney and Bulderg. They were collected between 1865 and 1876 (E. P. Ramsay, 189 1). In the same year The British Museum had 14 skins, one being labelled " New South Wales" and the others merely " Australia" (Salvadori, 1891) . An old trapper informed G. A. Heuman, of Sydney, (1927), that the Turquoise Parrot had been the commonest parrot in his district 30 to 40 years previously. He would catch two or three dozen before breakfast and sell them from 2/ - to 2/6 per pair. Heuman ruefully commented that he had recently paid $30 for a male bird that was accidently netted with some finches. A. J. North (19ll) quotes several early records of the species. E. H. Lane had found a nest near Wambangalong. in the vicinity of Dubbo, in October, 1882. Robert Grant met T urquoisines in different parts of the Blue Mountains, also at Sodwalls on the western railway line. The only time that Grant saw a small com­ munity together was near L ithgow, in December, 1885, at the top of the zig-zag, near Mount Edgcumb, where six or seven pairs were nesting in the hollow branches of gum trees. North comments that " in fo rmer years it was common near Sydney, but the last specimen received at The Australian Museum was a young bird procured by J. A. Thorpe, of Hornsby, in 1886. It has now entirely dis­ appeared from t he neighbourhood of Sydney" . They were " very numerous in 1875". There is no further record of the parrot until S. W. Jackson (1908) saw Red-shouldered Grass-Parrakeets when he visited H . L. White's property " Belltrees", at Scone, in the Upper Hunter Valley, in December, 1907. Among the sparse early Victorian records of the species the first appears to be that of John Cotton. He noted it in "A List of Birds - of the upper River Goulburn in the District of Port Phillip", dated March, 1848, (Chisholm, 1941 ) . Dr. T. P. Lucas (1881) in an account of a trip by Cobb and Co. coach to Heales­ ville and Fernshaw, said that "Chestnut-shouldered Parrots were occasionall y seen". The list of birds seen on a Victorian Naturalists' Club camp-out at Olinda Creek, near Lilydale, on November 9, 1884, includes the species (Victorian Naturalist, I / 112) . A. J. Campbell (1915) wrote that many years ago the parrots were seen on the thick scrubby alluvial flats about the Dandenong Ranges, including Ferntree Gully. They were also fou nd about Berwick and other places in Gippsland. Barrett (1926) wrote of it " being fairly common in certain Gippsland districts- but it had not been observed now for many March The Turquoise Parrot 245 1973 ] years". T. A. Forbes-Leith informed North (foe. cit) that the eggs in his collection were taken at Berwick. E. Ashby (1924) had a male skin collected in Victoria. In his recollections of the preceding 23 years F. E. Howe (1928) recorded a pair at Launching Place while "a family group at Whitlesea was, I think, referable to this species". RECENT RECORDS New South Wales In 1927 Heuman wrote that "the species is on its deathbed", and Mathews (1917) commented that it was apparently extinct in both New South Wales and Victoria, there being no record since that of Jackson in 1908. However, from ] 920 records became increasingly frequent. J. B. Cleland ( 1924) had a female specimen from Narrabri, collected in June, 1919. A. S. Le Souef (1920) had seen a small party near Camden in September 1920, and B. S. Morse and C. Sullivan ( 1930) reported A. H. Chisholm as stating that it was still to be found on one or two localities in eastern New South Wales. Morse and Sullivan had located a small fl ock within 150 miles of Moree in November, 1929. The birds appeared to be interested in hollows in dead trees, 30 feet in height. They were still there a month later. Next month, January 1930, five T urquoisines were drinking at a trough about ten miles from the previous locality. C. N. Austin (in [itt.) recorded a pair near Parkes in 1932. When reporting three females or juveniles in 1940 at Wahroonga, a northern suburb of Sydney, Sharland and Hindwood (1941) remarked that in comparatively recent years odd birds had been seen 30 or 40 miles from Sydney. Hindwood had record s for Scheyville, November 20, 1937; Wahroonga, December 10, 1939; Bate Creek, Middle Harbour, September 17, 1944; Lake Parra­ matta, November 11 , 1945. N. Chaffer and G. Miller (1946) were the first to report an upsurge in numbers; Miller first ob::;erving the parrots in August 1945, within 25 miles of Sydney. A total of seven birds were seen in subsequent visits. Hollows in trees and fallen logs were being inspected in August, and a male bird was observed feeding a female in September. A nest was discovered on September 27, in a hollow in a live peppermint gum. Fifteen feet from the ground, the hollow was three inches in diameter and two feet deep. It held five eggs, two of which hatched next day, the young being covered in white down. The Turquoise Parrots inhabited the upper slopes of fairly heavily timbered sandstone gullies with cleared farmland adjacent. After feeding in the paddocks from sunrise to midday, they rested until 3 p.m., when they returned to the grasslands again. While feeding they uttered weak ventriloquial calls continuously and could be approached to within a few yards. They also called frequently in flight, which was swift with a peculiar fluttering action. A female was seen to stri p the aromatic leaves from a tea-tree, 246 JARMAN [ Bird W atcher

Leptospennum stellatum, and place them beneath her feathers. Nesting female Scarlet-chested Parrots have been noted as having a similar habit in aviaries (Jarman, foe. cit.). From early October until late summer the birds were seen in­ frequently, but rea ppeared in early March at their usual feeding grounds in their former numbers. L ocal information indicated that the parrots had always been in the district. One fa rmer reported a fl ock of 30 prior to pairing in 1945 , another " small flocks of up to 12 birds seen for the past nine years", and a third " large numbers a few miles away". · Hindwood and McGill (1951) reported that Turquoise Parrots were observed on a number of occasions in 1950, at Derra-Derra near Bingara. Preferred ha bitat was timbered grassland on the slopes of the ranges as well as creek-side forests. A nest with four eggs was in a hollow in a dead tree, 15 feet from the ground. H. J. F rith (1952) located a small colony in the McPherson Range a bout 20 miles north of Gdfith. Although the area is generally barren and rocky. there are some small sheltered valleys with springs and intermittent streams. In one such valley with fairly heavy timber at one end and tree savannah the other-a typical ha bitat - F rith saw four immatures in November, 1949, and two d ifferent adult males later. The parrots were a bsent in the winter months, possibly d ue to water and food being availa ble further afield , but they were back in the valley in the spring and summer. Although no nests were found the aggressive behaviour of a male, which drove some Budgerygahs, Melopsittacus undulatus, from a tree with shrill chattering and tail spread, also the presence of other solita ry males and pa rties of juveniles, led F rith to believe that the T urq uoise Parrots bred nearby. They arrived regula rly in the trees around a waterhole before fi rst light. After a bout 15 minutes, just at daybreak or even before, they would flutter out over the water and return to the trees. Eventually they would swoop suddenly and silently to the ground, run to the water's edge, drink rapidly and depart with a whistle. They did not drink at any other time. F rith also had October records for Rankin Springs (one bi rd) and nearby Store Creek (one pair) . A. G. Hunt (1 959) wrote that he had found T urquoise Parrots in numbers in the lnverell district over several yea rs, in one instance 40 birds being scattered over an area 200 yard s in length by 40 yards in width. P. A. Bourke (in !itt.) states that the species has made a great recovery in recent years. Usually in parties of a bout six birds, he has seen them in many localities in the H unter R iver Valley ­ Maitland, Singleton, Scone, Muswellbrook and D ungog. Other localities include Rand, Cowra and Young to the west, Wagga in the south of the State and Armidale, Moree and Inverell to the north. Nearer Sydney he has records for the Windsor / Richmond a rea through to Camden. March J The Turquoise Parrot 247 1973

When grain sorghum was being carted for drought relief stock­ food, between Windsor and Singleton in the Putty district, about 1965, Bourke says that literally hundreds of Turquoisines congre­ gated on the roadside to feed on the spilled grain. C. N. Austin (in !itt.) has a southerly record of a party of six birds, including a fully plumaged male, on the roadside south of Bombala, near the Victorian border, in March 1965. G. R . Beruldsen ( 1969) records a single male far to the west of most observations for this species. It was 80 miles N.N.E. of Broken Hill, in September 1968. The district, which is within the range of Scarlet-chested Parrots, was enjoying a good season after a prolonged drought. In summarising reports fo r New South Wales in 1971, Rogers (1972) quotes eight localities in the Sydney area with up to 11 birds being seen, as well as the Albury, Temora, Hunter Valley and Cowra districts. Victoria There would seem to be no published records of the Turquoise Parrot in Victoria for the first 50 years of the current century, although Dr. J. A. Leach had hinted to Morse and Sullivan in 1929 (foe. cit.) that it was not extinct in Victoria. L. N. Robinson (1955) suspects that he saw a bird of this species at Mallacoota, in far eastern Victoria, in 1949. This locality is at no great distance from Austin's Bombala, New South Wales, obser­ vation in 1965. In May, 1953, F. Watts (1953) recorded a male Turquoise Parrot feeding with a fl ock of R ed -backed Parrots in the Bendigo district. This, the onl y central Victorian record to this date, may have been an aviary escapee. Mrs. G. Southwell (1963) saw a pair in "east Gippsland" in December, 1962. In November, 1972, during an excursion of the Bird Observers Club to Maldon, the second occurrence of the Turquoise Parrot in Central Victoria was recorded. A pair was seen in a wooded flat. Mr. Lyle Courtney, of Maryborough, Victoria, has observed this isolated pair twice during subsequent vis its to the area. The accompanying photographs were taken by Edgar Whitbourn, d uring the spring months of 1966, in north-eastern Victoria. The nests were in low stumps and were the first indication of the species having bred in this State for over 60 years. They have bred in the district every year since. T he parrots are widely spread in small numbers in hilly country in the north-east. Records cover the spring and summer months, the birds apparently dispersing to unknown local ities after breeding. T he writer has seen up to 20 birds in a day, usually on the fringe of timber or in gra ~ sy paddocks with scattered trees and stumps. Feeding birds can be approached to within ten yards and usually fly only a short distance if disturbed. Local information is that T urquoisines have been in the district for many years. T he National Museum of Victoria has a male specimen from 248 JARMAN [ Bird Watcher

Benalla, dated November 1968. A mounted male in the Beechworth museum is apparentl y not of local origin. It came from a collection formerly housed in western Victoria. Queensland Queensland records follow the pattern of the other States. After Gilbert's experiences with his Chestnut-shouldered Parrakeets in 1845. the only reference in the literature prior to 1920, is a remark by Ashby (1913) that he had a Queensland specimen in his col­ lection in 1913. George Wilkins (Chisholm, 1924) collected a specimen from south-east Queensland in 1923, not western New South Wales as stated by Morse and Sullivan (toe. cit.). Dr. Spencer Roberts (1923) reported a bird from Stanthorpe in 1922. Nearly 30 years passed before the next report of the parrots. W. Barker (1953) saw a flock of 12 in November 1950, at A miens, near Stanthorpe. Three nests were found . Feeding on chickweed in a 40 acre orchard, the birds showed a marked preference for shade, running or flying across patches of sunlight. Subsequently Barker noted up to 30 birds. but " hundreds" were reported in mid 1950 by competent local observers. The birds were new to the district and were all gone by May, 1952. D. P. Vernon, Queensland Museum, states (in !itt. 1970), that the Turquoise Parrot is most numerous in the granite belt between Stanthorpe and Wallangarra in south-eastern Queensland. He has seen flocks of up to 12 birds in the orchard-lands thereabouts. Museum specimens from the area are dated 1963; 1964, and 1965. The species is rarer nearer Brisbane but Vernon has seen it on occasions in the Esk-Mount Mee area. Specimens have also been taken in the vicinity of Warwick and Cecil Plains, west of Too­ woomba. Males and females collected at Ballandean, in the first week of September, were paired oti and had the gonads slightly enlarged. T he most northerly record of modern times is that of Mrs. Cockburn ( 1965) who saw a party feeding at Magnolia, via Mary­ borough, in April 1965 . South Australia There are apparently no authentic South A ustralian speClmens of the T urquoise Parrot in any collection, although an immature male in the National Museum of Victoria, dated 4/6/ 31, which died in captivity, was allegedly captured in the far north of the State, near Oodnadatta. T he species is not usually accepted as occurring in South Aus­ tralia, and the following notes are incl uded for information only. In 1921, an Australian Museu m expedition, while at Immarna near Ooldea in the far west of the State, reputedly had two male specimens of the Turquoise Parrot brought in to it. The taxidermist of the party, J . H. Wright, informed J. R . Kinghorn (1927, 1928) that he was positive of his identification of the species, but the specimens were not suitable for preservation and were thrown away. A. G. Bolam of Ooldea (1924) thought that he had identified March The Turquoise Parrot 249 1973 ]

the species on the Nullarbor Plain in 1922. G. A. Heuman re­ ported seeing a pair in the Ooldea district not long after Wright's record (Le Souef, 1924). Possibly these people were influenced by The Australian Museum party's identification of the species. Female Scarlet-chested Parrots can be confused with Turquoise Parrots, especially females and young males. Indeed, The Aus­ tralian Museum collected a female Scarlet-chested Parrot at Immarna at the same time as the two spoiled specimens of the Turquoise Parrot were received. As well as being hundreds of miles to the west of any other record, the reputed South Australian localities have an arid environ­ ment quite unsuitable for Turquoise Parrots, whereas Scarlet­ chested Parrots inhabit the a reas (Jarman, foe. cit.) . FOOD T he T urquoise Parrot is a vegetarian, gleaning the seeds of weeds, grasses and shrubs from and near the ground. They have been seen to eat the seeds of chickweed (Stellaria intermedia), Bearded Heath, , and Daphne Heath, Brachy· lorna daphnoides. R. and M. F. Sympson (in !itt.) observed the birds eating the seed of the last named shrub both on the ground and up in the bushes, and K. Hough (in !itt.) noted that they ate the green berries. P. A. Bourke (in !itt.) notes that they took advantage of spilled sorghum grain, and Chaffer and Miller (foe. cit.) saw them eat the spore cases of moss. Vernon (in !itt.) reports seeds of Pimelea pauciflora in the crops and gizzards of Queensland M useum specimens. Hindwood (Forshaw 1969) reports flocks of up to 50 Turquoise Parrots feeding on seeding Paspalum grass. Many observers have noted the birds eating a variety of grass seeds which. apparently, form a staple part of their diet. Grant (North, foe. cit.) reported them feeding on the pine-like seed-cones of a small shrub. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sincere thanks are extend ed to the following persons for their assistance. Messrs C. N. Austin, P. A. Bourke, Roy P. Cooper, H. J. de S. Disney, A. H. Lendon, A. R . McEvey, D. P. Vernon and W. R . Wheeler. Mr. Edgar Whitbourn kindly supplied the photographs. R EFERENCES Ashby. E ., 1913. Emu, 13 : 62 .. Ashby, E .. 1924. South Australian Orn:thologist, 7 : 115. Barker, W., 1953. Emu. 53 : 261. Barrett, C., 1926. The Victorian Naturalist, 42: 235. Beruldsen, G .. 1969. The Australian Bird Watcher, 3 : 208. Bolam. A. G ., 1924. South Australian Ornithologist, 7 : 116. Brown. R. E. B., 1952. Avicultural Magazine, 58: 154. Campbell, A. J .. 1900. Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds, 2: 654. Campbell, A. J., 1915. Emu, 14 : 167. 250 JARMAN, The Turquoise Parrot [ Bird W atcher

Cayley, N. W. , 1938. Australian Parrots, Their Habits in the Field and Aviary, Sydney. Chaffer, N. & Miller, G. , 1946. Emu, 46 : 161 . Chisholm, A. H., 1924. Emu, 24 : 152. Chisholm, A. H., 1941. The Victorian Naturalist, 58 : 73 . Chisholm, A. H ., 1945. Emu, 44 : 183. Cleland, J. B., 1924. South A ustralian Ornithologist, 7 : 115 . Cockburn, M ., 1965. The Bird Observer, No. 407 : 6. Fernley, N., 1956. Emu, 56 : 194. Forshaw, J. M., 1969. Australian Parrots, Melbourne. Frith, H . J., 1952. Emu, 52 : 99. Gould, John, 1848. The Birds of Australia, 5 : 41 , plate 41. Harvey, S., 1928. A vicultural Magazine, Series IV, 6 : 79. Harvey, S., 1930. Emu, 30 : 124. Heuman, G. A., 1927. Emu, 27: 68. Hindwood, K. A. & McGill, A. R ., 1951. Emu, 50 : 226. Hindwood, K. A., 1970. Proceedings R oyal Zoological Society, N.S.W. , 1968-1969, page 25 . Howe, F . E., 1928. Emu, 27 : 258. Hunt, A. C., 1959. Emu, 59 : 147. Jackson, S. W., 1908. Emu, 8 : 16. Jarman, Howard, 1968. The Australian Bird Watcher, 3 : 111. Kinghorn, J . R . & Fletcher, H. 0., 1927. Emu, 27 : 81. Kinghorn, J. R., 1928. Emu, 27 : 283. Lendon, A. H., 1940. South Australian Ornithologist, 15 : 93. Lend on, A. H., 1945. A vicultural Magazine, Series V, 10 : 41. Lendon, A. H., 1951. Avicultural Magazine, 56 : 87. Le Souef, A. S., 1920. Emu, 20 : 92. Le Souef. A. S. , 1924. Emu, 24 : 144. Lucas, T. P. , 1881. Southern Science R ecord , 1 : 4. McGill, A. R., 1960. Emu, 60: 39. Mathews, G. M., 1917. The Birds of Australia, 6 : 372. Miiler, B. 1971. Birds, 4 : 4. Morse, B.S. & Sullivan, C., 1930. Emu, 29 : 289. North, A. J ., 1911. Nests and Eggs of Birds found Breeding in Aus­ tralia and Tasmania. Ramsay, E . P., 1891. Catalogue of Birds in the A ustralian Museum, Psittaci, Part iii : 78 . R oberts, S., 1923. Emu, 22 : 320. Robinson, L. N., 1955. The Bird Observer, No. 289 : 3. Rogers, A. E . F., 1972. Birds, 6 : 78. Salvadori, T., 189 1. Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, 20: 575. Seth-Smith, D., 1909. Avicultural Magazine, Series III, 1 : 25 . Seth-Smith, D., 1931. Avicultural Magazine, Series IV, 9 : 293. Sha rl and, M.S. R., & Hindwood, K. A., 1941. Emu, 40 : 402. Southwell, G. , 1963. Bird Observer, No. 376. Watts, F., 1953. Bird Observer, August, 1953. West, D. M., 195 I. A vicultural Magazine, 57 : 225 . Whittell, H. M., 1954. The Literature of Australian Birds, Perth.