University of Zagreb school of Medicine ril 2017 Zagreb,Volume c4,roatia Number 2, pp. 127–248 P april 2017 Udc 616.8 Udc 616.89 Udc 159.9 Udc 612 issn 1849-5427 (online) . 127–248 a . 127–248 issn 2459-5233 (Print) PP o. 2, o. n ol. 4, v yrus yrus g NEW TECHNOLOGIES ologies ologies N CRISPR/Cas9 system – The brain’s lymphatic The use of hypnosis in Use of virtual reality New Tech New a tool for precise system? medicine: from in neurosurgery genome editing p. 199 neuroscience to p. 231 (educational material) clinical practice p. 179 p. 207 New TechNoloGies impressum IMPRESSUM Founded 2013 Volume 4, number 2, pp. 127–248 uDC 616.8 uDC 159.9 ISSN 1849-5427 (ONLiNe) April 2017 uDC 616.89 uDC 612 ISSN 2459-5233 (priNt) ZAgreb, CroAtiA EDITOR-in-CHieF/ GLAVNA ureDNiCA Barbara Tomić University of Zagreb, School of Medicine deputY EDITOR-in-CHieF/ ZAmJeNiK GLAVNe ureDNiCe Ivan Mlinarić University of Zagreb, School of Medicine ASSoCiAte EDITORS/ priDruŽeNi ureDNiCi Niko Njirić University of Zagreb, School of Medicine Karlo Toljan University of Zagreb, School of Medicine Luka Turkalj University of Zagreb, School of Medicine Emina Horvat Velić University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Web EDITOR/ WeB ureDNiK Nikola Prpić University of Zagreb, School of Medicine ViSuAl identitY & lAYout/ ViZuALNi iDeNtitet i priJeLOm Ljubica Golubić Stella Grabarić Marijana Šimag AdViSorY BOArd/ ureDNiČKi sAVJET seNiOr eDitOriAL BOArD/ ViŠi ureDNiČKi KOLeGiJ Ema Bokulić, mD Sonja Mikulec, mD Monika Mudrovčić, mD eDitOriAL CONsuLtANTS/ sAVJETNiCi ureDNiČKOG KOLeGiJA Božidar Nikša Tarabić, mA Marko Zorić, mD FIRST eDitOriAL BOArD/ prvo ureDNiŠtvo ČAsOpisA Tomislav Ćaleta, mD Vinka Knezović, mD Ines Martinec, mD Marko Petrić, mD Dora Sedmak, mD meNtOr/ meNtOr Goran Sedmak, mD, PhD, AssistANt prOFessOr Croatian Institute for Brain Research University of Zagreb, School of Medicine reVieWerS/ reCeNZeNti Fadi Almahariq, mD Raphael Béné, mD Krsto Dawidowsky, mD, PhD, AssistANt prOFessOr Vinka Knezović, mD Darko Orešković, mD Nives Pećina-Šlaus, PhD, prOFessOr Maja Rogić Vidaković, PhD Gyrus | Vol. 4 | No. 2 | april 2017 I New TechNologies impressum Dora Sedmak, mD Marina Šagud, mD, PhD, AssistANt prOFessOr PROOFreAder/ LeKtOr Thomas Klarić, PhD AddreSS oF tHe EDITORIAl BOArd/ADRESA ureDNiŠtVA Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia PUBLISHer/ iZDAVAČ University of Zagreb School of Medicine Šalata 3, Zagreb, Croatia For tHe PUBLISHer/ ZA iZDAVAČA Marijan Klarica, mD, PhD, prOFessOr PRINT/ tisAK Printera Grupa d.o.o. Ul. dr. Franje Tuđmana 14A, Sveta Nedelja, Croatia www.printera.hr number oF CopieS/ NAKLADA 500 Gyrus is student scientific journal which publishes review Gyrus je studentski stručni časopis koji objavljuje pregledne i articles, mainly from the fields of fundamental neuroscience, stručne članke, ponajprije iz područja bazične neuroznanosti, neurology, psychiatry and psychology, and neurosurgery. It neurologije, psihijatrije i psihologije te neurokirurgije. Osnovala was founded by Student Society for Neuroscience at the ga je Studentska sekcija za neuroznanost Medicinskog fakulteta University of Zagreb School of Medicine. The journal is Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te se objavljuje svaka tri mjeseca. published quarter-yearly. The publication of this journal is financially supported by the Časopis izlazi uz financijsku potporu Medicinskog fakulteta University of Zagreb School of Medicine. Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Copyright © 2017 Gyrus Check out Gyrus’ website http://gyrus.hiim.hr/ Contact us via email [email protected] Find us on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/gyrus.unizg/ Follow us on Twitter https://twitter.com/gyrusjournal Join us on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/company/gyrus-journal II april 2017 | Gyrus | Vol. 4 | No. 2 neW teCHnologieS tABLe OF conteNts TABLE OF CONTENTS GyruS, Vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 127–248 ISSN 1849-5427 (ONLiNe) April 2017 ISSN 2459-5233 (priNt) ZAgreb, CroAtiA I IMPRESSUM III TABLE OF CONTENTS 127 FOREWORD FROM THE EDITORS 129 TIMELINE 135 NEWS AND EDUCATION 136 BOBATH THERAPY BOBATH TERAPIJA Josip Knezić 137 START-UP IN MEDICINE START-UP U MEDICINI Vanja Nedeljković Andrea Staničić 139 BRAIN AWARENESS WEEK 2017 16. TJEDAN MOZGA Ivan Vukelić 141 PURPLE DAY IN CROATIA LJUBIČASTI DAN U HRVATSKOJ Filip Đerke 143 “WHAT’S YOUR STORY? I’M LISTENING.” “A KOJA JE TVOJA PRIČA? SLUŠAM TE.” Katarina Mandić Hana Lučev 145 CROATIAN STUDENT SUMMIT 13 (CROSS 13) Deni Rkman Kristian Dominik Rudež 147 7TH STUDENT CONGRESS OF NEUROSCIENCE – NEURI 2017 7. STUDENTSKI KONGRES NEUROZNANOSTI – NEURI 2017 Christina Isabell Jukić 149 BOOK/MOVIE REVIEW 149 BOOK REVIEW: READING IN THE BRAIN – THE NEW SCIENCE OF HOW WE READ Sonja Mikulec 151 MOVIE REVIEW: SIDE EFFECTS Emina Horvat Velić 153 INTERVIEW 154 INTERVIEW WITH IGOR ŠTAGLJAR Barbara Tomić Gyrus | Vol. 4 | No. 2 | april 2017 III New TechNologies tABLe OF conteNts 157 NEURONOBEL 157 GEORG VON BÉKÉSY Ivan Mlinarić 159 EDITOR’S CHOICE 160 IS COMPUTER SOFTWARE GOING TO SUBSTITUTE DOCTORS? Lucia Bekić 161 GLIOBLASTOMA THERAPY: A NEW APPROACH Mislav Čaić 162 SCIENTISTS FIND NEW PATH IN BRAIN TO EASE DEPRESSION Dora Dragčević 163 BRAIN-ZAPPING – POTENTIAL AID IN MENTAL DISORDERS? Luka Ćusek 164 NEW FINDINGS ON HOW ZIKA VIRUS DAMAGES FETAL BRAIN Marta Dugonjić 165 STEM CELL THERAPY FOR SPINAL CORD INJURY Filip Bedenik 166 CAN WE INCREASE GENEROSITY BY STIMULATING OUR BRAIN? Martina Štrk 167 AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN MEMORIZING Tomislav Smoljo 168 EVERY TIME WE MAKE A DECISION, WE TURN INTO A STATISTICIAN! Martina Štrk 169 GRID CELLS Emina Horvat Velić 173 CASE REPORT 174 THE DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES OF MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES Monika Mudrovčić 177 INFOGRAPHICS: DBS (DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION) Ivan Vukelić 179 issue Topic 179 CRISPR/cas9 sysTem – a Tool for precise geNome ediTiNg Anja Bukovac Niko Njirić Barbara Tomić Anja Kafka 186 NewNives adPećina-ŠlausVaNces iN braiN-compuTer iNTerface (bci) TechNologies Vinka Kugelman IV april 2017 | Gyrus | Vol. 4 | No. 2 New TechNoloGies tABLe OF conteNts 191 whaT is a TraNscraNial magNeTic sTimulaTioN? 194 eSilvialecT DuževićrocoNVulsiVe Therapy (ECT) iN moderN psychiaTry Eva Kos Anamarija Kruc 199 fuNdameNTal NeuroscieNce 199 The braiN’s lymphaTic sysTem? 203 subVanaT Vukićhalamic Nucleus aNd iTs ROLES Ivan Vukelić 207 Neurology 207 The use of hypNosis iN mediciNe: from NeuroscieNce To cliNical pracTice Marta Dugonjić Nina Fajs 216 mIdae NIvekière’s disease Tamara Tačigin 222 psychiaTry aNd psychology 222 Nucleus accumbeNs aNd addicTioN 227 sBeachizophre HohšteterNia aNd smokiNg 231 uLease Tomašić of VirTual realiTy iN Neurosurgery Marina Tadić 236 leTTer To The ediTor 237 rhoToN craNial aNaTomy aNd surgical approaches course Slaven Gojković 239 educaTioNal maTerials/ 240 CRISPR/cas9 – alaT za precizNo uređiVaNje geNoma nastavni Materijali Anja Bukovac Niko Njirić Barbara Tomić Anja Kafka 247 iNivesNfografika Pećina-Šlaus — dbs (eNgl. deep braiN sTimulaTioN, duboka MOZGOVNa sTIMULACIJA) VI KEYWORDS/AUTHOR INDEX VII GUIDE FOR AUTHORS IX SUBSCRIPTION Gyrus | Vol. 4 | No. 2 | april 2017 V neW teCHnologieS foreworD FrOm the eDitOrs FOREWORD FROM THE EDITORS Medicine and science, hand-in-hand, have always tried to keep up with the “evolution” of medical conditions and changes in prevalence of concurrent diseases. While some of the historical findings and breakthroughs in that field may seem like a pure coincidence, nowadays we can observe a slightly different but still similar phenomenon. These modern times have ushered in an era of exponential progress in technological sciences, especially related to further development of computers and completely novel branches such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. This vast ad- vancement has influenced neuro-scientific fields and their clinical counterparts as well. Even though many of those discover- ies and inventions weren’t originally meant for such an aim, they reflected upon those areas and more than useful applica- tions were found. However, as an omnipresent problem with reflections, one must be careful with their interpretation as they might fool the eye of the observer. Some of the new possibilities and approaches raised a lot of new ethical issues and questions we have not encountered ever before. It seems the liberty of their usage as well as their frontiers are condemned to be contro- versial. One such finding was the discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and its dashing array of possible applications as a fascinatingly precise genome editing tool. While its usage in, for example, infectious diseases is of quite unquestionable value, its use in human-related gene therapy has led to many ethical and moral questions. In other words, as always in life, with great power comes great responsibility. We encourage you to read more about its mechanism, as well as the associated ethical dilemmas, in our education material article. Becoming familiar with its mode of action and possible applications is always the best basis for creating your own unbiased attitude. Since the title New Technologies implies themes that are perhaps less related to molecular mechanisms and more to those associated with the technology itself, we bring you, among other things, a review article dealing with brain-computer inter- faces (BCIs) as the cornerstone of neuroprosthetics. Psychiatry has always been one of the most ambiguous neuro-related fields because for centuries it has been dealing with abstract, almost metaphysical, patients’ plights. After discoveries of the underlying biochemical disturbances, a major leap forward