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Den Unge Mannen Og Havet Vagant Tidsskrift for litteratur og kritikk http://www.vagant.no Den unge mannen og havet Date : 31/08/2012 Få skjønte mytenes betydning og medias interne dynamikk bedre enn Thor Heyerdahl. Den nye Kon-Tiki-filmen følger opp. Kon-Tiki-ekspedisjonen gjorde Thor Heyerdahl verdensberømt over natten. Historien om hvordan fem nordmenn og en svenske drev 101 dager over et åpent Stillehav på en balsaflåte, fascinerte verden nesten like mye som månelandingen skulle gjøre drøyt tjue år senere. Tiden for de store oppdagelser og ekspedisjoner på vår planet var over. Men Heyerdahl fant den siste store uutforskede frontier: Stillehavet. I bunnen hadde han dristige teorier om hvordan menneskeheten hadde spredt seg rundt på jorda, fra utgangspunktet i Afrika. Han så ikke verdenshavene som barrierer for bevegelse, men transportårer for tidlige sjøfarere. Copyright: Kon-Tiki-museet. Boken Kon-Tiki (1948) har solgt hundre millioner eksemplarer på sytti språk. Dokumentarfilmen Kon-Tiki (1951) ble sett av tretti millioner på kino, Gud vet hvor mange hundre millioner på tv, og 1 / 10 Vagant Tidsskrift for litteratur og kritikk http://www.vagant.no resulterte i en Oscar. Med en slik uttelling er det merkelig at ikke Hollywood har grepet fatt i den spektakulære historien, og lot nordmenn komme dem i forkjøpet. Heyerdahls Oscar-vinnende dokumentarfilm begynner med ordene: «This is the authentic film about the Kon-Tiki-expedition. What is shown, is what actually took place.» No, it didn’t. Heyerdahls film har selvsagt autentiske bilder, men klippingen og fortolkningen av disse står han selv for. Det finnes uendelig mange måter å fortelle en «sann» historie på, og en dokumentarfilm er ikke nødvendigvis mer realistisk enn en spillefilm om samme tema. Dokumentaren om Kon-Tiki tegner som boka et ganske idyllisk bilde, gjennom Heyerdahls sjarmerende og engasjerte populærvitenskapelige fortellerstemme. Ingen store krangler eller skandaler fant sted, harmonien hersket. Heyerdahl viste imponerende lederegenskaper og fellesskapet holdt hele veien til Polynesia. Veldig mye kunne gått galt. Mange eksperter omtalte det som et selvmordsprosjekt. Flåten var umulig å styre og i starten slet alle fælt med å holde den på rett kjøl (etter hvert skjønte de at flåten ikke trengte å styres). Seks individualister var tett innpå hverandre hele dagen, og om natten sov de sammen i en kahytt på drøyt fire kvadratmeter i måned etter måned under en brennende sol, eller gjennom stormer som lett kunne tatt livet av alle mann, noe alle visste. Kon- Tiki-besetningen hadde flaks og seilte aldri inn i noen tyfon. En slik ville sannsynligvis revet flåten i stykker, og Heyerdahl ville blitt en fotnote i historien, bortsett fra dumdristighetens, der han ville fått sitt eget kapittel. Alle oppførte seg ordentlig. Ikke engang kjedsomheten fikk mannskapet til å fly på hverandre. Manusforfatteren Petter Skavlan og regissørene Espen Sandberg og Joachim Rønning må ha klødd seg i hodet da de innså hvor få spenninger det var innad i gruppa. Men de kunne ikke gi opp, slik folk har gjort før dem. Denne gangen var det for store pengesummer involvert. Dermed måtte de finne på noe for å få opp temperaturen. Medieomtalen av den nye spillefilmen om Kon-Tiki har vært dominert av én, og bare én unøyaktighet. Filmskaperne har tatt seg store friheter i fremstillingen av nestkommanderende Herman Watzinger. I Anders Baasmo Christiansens skikkelse er han blitt en nervøs, småfeig fyr som skaper splid ombord. 2 / 10 Vagant Tidsskrift for litteratur og kritikk http://www.vagant.no Copyright: Carl Christian Raabe / Nordisk Film Distribusjon AS. Han har med seg stålwire som Heyerdahl kaster på havet. Den virkelige Herman Watzinger var ingen skvetten liten tjukkas, men minst like modig, mandig og begavet som de andre om bord på flåten – vet vi nå. Han hadde ikke med seg stålwiren som Heyerdahl kaster på havet i spillefilmen, og han tvilte ikke på konstruksjonen av Kon-Tiki. Det var jo han, ingeniørstudenten Watzinger (i filmen har man gjort ham til ingeniør og kjøleskapselger) som hadde konstruert den. Han var ingen kløne som skled på dekk, slik at andre måtte risikere livet for å redde hans. Han stupte uti for å redde en sovepose som blåste overbord. Han satte heller ikke andre i fare ved i panikk å kaste en harpun mot en monstrøs hvalhai, som forresten er en harmløs planktoneter og en truet dyreart. Det gjorde derimot Heyerdahls barndomsvenn Erik Hesselberg. Feilvurderingen lå i at haien var for stor til å kunne drepes. Besetningen på Kon- Tiki drepte ellers store mengder hai som ren tidtrøyte under ferden. I filmen spiller ikke akkurat haier noen offerrolle. En hai får til og med skylden for å sluke papegøyen Lolita, noe som er et rent påhitt (den ble skylt over bord av en bølge). Hadde haier blitt intervjuet om filmens sannhetsgehalt ville de vært langt mer indignerte enn Watzingers datter. Filmskaperne bør være veldig godt fornøyd med at kritikk rundt Watzinger-portrettet har dominert den mer kritiske mottagelsen av Kon-Tiki. Man kunne nesten tro de hadde planlagt det. For effekten av Watzinger-kontroversen er ikke at Kon-Tiki framstår som mindre historisk troverdig, men omvendt. Det er skapt et inntrykk av at man har diktet rundt én av karakterene, for slik å heve konfliktnivået om bord. Alle, bortsett fra Watzingers datter og «Lille-Thor» Heyerdahl, oppdagerens sønn, synes det er greit. Man har unt seg en liten frihet. Ellers er det meste sant eller mest mulig korrekt – ser det ut til. 3 / 10 Vagant Tidsskrift for litteratur og kritikk http://www.vagant.no Copyright: Nordisk Film / VFX ved Fido. Men svært lite i filmen er historisk korrekt, bortsett fra at fem brave nordmenn og en svenske bygget en flåte i Peru som alle sa kom til å synke, og deretter lot seg drive tusenvis av kilometer med vinder og strømmer til Raroia i Polynesia. Vent litt, heller ikke det er riktig. Balsastokkene lå i saltvann i flere uker før flåten ble slept ut fra havnebyen Callao i Peru, og før det hadde de blitt fløtet fra Ecuadors innland av Watzinger og Heyerdahl. De visste allerede at flåten ikke kom til å gå i oppløsning i løpet av to uker, slik den kjente etnografen Samuel Lothrop hevdet da han gjentatte ganger avfeide Heyerdahls teorier, uten å ha peiling på hva han snakket om. Slike advarsler fikk National Geographic til å trekke seg fra det planlagte samarbeidet med Heyerdahl, siden de ikke «finansierte selvmord». At stokkene var forhåndstestet holdt den lærde norske autodidakten skjult for media, for å hausse opp medieinteressen ennå et hakk (rettighetene ble auksjonert bort, New York Times vant). Heyerdahl fortsatte med dette resten av livet, for eksempel i 1997, i jubileumsfilmen Kon-Tiki. Der sier han at de la til havs av økonomiske årsaker, og at de visste at stokkene ville trekke vann. Derfor gjaldt det å ikke somle bort tiden med «eksperimenter på land». Heyerdahl ville framstå som en enda større våghals og mindre ansvarlig enn han egentlig var. Få skjønte mytenes betydning og medias interne dynamikk bedre enn ham. Denne kunnskapen benyttet han til iscenesettelser og til å tenne massenes fantasi og begeistring, mens vitenskapsfolk fnøs av ham. Kon-Tiki (2012) begynner på den lille stillehavsøya Fatu Hiva i 1937. Der hadde den unge Thor Heyerdahl og hans enda yngre hustru Liv (født Coucheron Torp) forventet å finne paradis. De fant mye annet, blant annet infeksjonssykdommer, tuberkulose, tropesvull, elefantsyke, skorpioner, mygg og mange uvennlige, for ikke å si direkte ondsinnede innfødte. Heyerdahls illusjoner om «den edle ville» sprakk ettertrykkelig. Alt det uekte og tilgjorte som han hadde flyktet fra fant han igjen på Fatu Hiva. Faktisk var det enda verre enn i Europa, med mulig 4 / 10 Vagant Tidsskrift for litteratur og kritikk http://www.vagant.no unntak for Frankrike, for Heyerdahl foraktet franskmenn mer enn det meste annet. Likevel hadde han følgende forklaring på hvorfor Frankrike ikke forbedret levekårene til sine koloniundersåtter i Polynesia: «Frankrike er simpelthen lei av pakket, og det er i grunnen forståelig,» i et intervju han gjorde med Teledølen under lanseringen av Jakten på paradis (1938). I Polynesia ble ekteparet Heyerdahl mottatt med mistro og mistenksomhet. Grunnen var ifølge Heyerdahl ikke at de kom utenfra. Polyneserne oppførte seg like vemmelig mot hverandre. «Noe slikt som det vi kaller kjærlighet er et fullstendig ukjent begrep for dem, hver eneste kvinne på øya er prostituert.» Heyerdahl hadde forestilt seg et paradis uten eiendomsrett, der han kunne gå forelsket rundt med Liv og plukke modne frukter ned fra trærne, året rundt. Reisen tilbake til naturen, som pappa Thor betalte for, endte med at junior klaget på polynesernes manglende seksual- og arbeidsmoral. I filmen er det forresten han som redder Liv bort fra øya, idet hun er i ferd med å dø av sykdom. I virkeligheten var det han som gav opp og ville hjem. Liv ville bli værende et år til. Senere retusjerte han Liv ut av bildet, og kalte turen til Fatu Hiva for en «enmannsekspedisjon», for eksempel i søknaden til Explorer’s Club i New York. Copyright: Carl Christian Raabe / Nordisk Film Distribusjon AS. Over til den nye filmens kunstneriske kvaliteter. Bildene er jevnt over storslagne og velkomponerte. Skuespillerprestasjonene er solide. Pål Sverre Valheim Hagen er en flott ung Heyerdahl og hans norske aksent på engelsken er om noe underdrevet. Ved hjelp av noen 5 / 10 Vagant Tidsskrift for litteratur og kritikk http://www.vagant.no subtile blikkvekslinger med en chilensk señorita får han fram det faktum at Heyerdahl var en jentefut. Hele flåten er full av talent. Dataanimasjonene er enormt påkostede – og godt laget. I en scene går kameraperspektivet opp og opp, helt til den lille flåten forsvinner på det store havet og vi er i verdensrommet. Så vender kameraet seg slik at vi får se hele Melkeveien.
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