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Thor Heyerdahl: Zoologistudenten Og Friluftsmannen, Forskeren Og Miljøforkjemperen

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Thor Heyerdahl: Zoologistudenten Og Friluftsmannen, Forskeren Og Miljøforkjemperen Rapport nr. 66 | ISSN 1891-8050 | ISBN nr. 978-82-7970-087-6|2017 Thor Heyerdahl: Zoologistudenten og friluftsmannen, forskeren og miljøforkjemperen Tor A. Bakke Denne rapportserien utgis av: Naturhistorisk museum Postboks 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo www.nhm.uio.no Publiseringsform: Elektronisk (pdf) og trykket Forfatter: Tor A. Bakke Sitering: Bakke, Tor A. (2017). Thor Heyerdahl: Zoologistudenten og friluftsmannen, forskeren og miljøforkjemperen. Naturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo, Rapport nr. 66, 1-139. http://www.nhm.uio.no/forskning/publikasjoner/rapporter/ ISSN 1891-8050 ISBN nr. 978-82-7970-087-6 Forsidefigur: «The zoologist». Thor Heyerdahls ironiske tegning over den sterke fagspesialiseringen blant akademikere som gjør at de ofte manglet generell kunnskap om bl.a. fagets praktiske sider lik professoren i zoologi på bildet. (Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum.) Thor Heyerdahl: Zoologistudenten og friluftsmannen, forskeren og miljøforkjemperen Tor A. Bakke Antall sider og bilag: Tittel Thor Heyerdahl: Zoologistudenten og 139 friluftsmannen, forskeren og miljø- forkjemperen Forfatter(e)/ enhet: Tor A. Bakke / NHM, UiO Rapportnummer: Gradering: Prosjektleder: Prosjektnummer: 66 Åpen Tor A. Bakke ISSN Dato: Oppdragsgiver(e): ISSN 1891-8050 November 2017 Tor A. Bakke, Prof.em. ISBN Oppdragsgivers ref. ISBN nr. 978-82-7970-087-6 [email protected] Forord Naturhistorisk museum (NHM), Universitetet i Oslo (UiO), omfatter Colletts Hus (Zoologisk museum), Lids Hus (Botanisk museum) og Brøggers Hus (Geologisk museum), i tillegg til Botanisk hage og to veksthus, Palmehuset og Victoriahuset. NHM har magasinert 65 % av landets natur- historiske objekter, dvs. ca. 6,2 millioner prøver fordelt over seks hovedsamlinger: Zoologiske, botaniske, mykologiske, paleontologiske og geologiske, i tillegg til ca. 7500 levende plantearter i Botanisk hage og veksthusene. Samlingene øker årlig i størrelse, og vedlikeholdes og kurateres som en del av nasjonens natur- og kulturarv. Prøvene eller objektene i samlingene, omfatter også materiale innsamlet av internasjonalt kjente personligheter som Thor Heyerdahl som startet sin faglige karriere (1933) som zoologistudent ved UiO. Heyerdahl ble særlig kjent for sine Kon-Tiki, Ra og Tigris eksperimenter der han med primitive farkoster drev eller seilte over henholdsvis Stillehavet, Atlanterhavet og Det indiske hav. Under ferdene gjorde han en rekke zoologiske observasjoner. I tillegg innsamlet Heyerdahl under sine ekspedisjoner til Marquesas-øyene (1937) og Påskeøya (1955- 1956) i Stillehavet, naturhistorisk materiale som nå er deponert ved NHM. Artikkelen gir en listet oversikt over dette materialet, belyser friluftsmannen og forskeren Thor Heyerdahl, og beskriver og drøfter hans miljø- og zoologifaglige observasjoner og tanker fra barnsben av til hans død i 2002. Oslo desember 2017 Innhold 1. Innledning…………………………………………………………….... 7 2. Zoologistudenten Heyerdahl i «cyberspace»…………………............... 8 3. Heyerdahl og zoologien: Barndom og ungdom………………............... 12 4. Heyerdahl: Natur og friluftsliv………………………………………… 15 5. Heyerdahl: Zoologistudenten og universitetet…………………………. 17 6. Heyerdahl og akademia: Eksamener og vitenskap……………............... 28 7. Heyerdahls zoologiprosjekt: Professor Bonnevie og docent Brochs anbefalinger…………………………………………………………… 34 8. Heyerdahls zoologi-ekspedisjon til Fatuhiva, Fransk Polynesia, 1937... 44 9. Heyerdahl skifter forskingsinteresse…………………………………... 59 10. Heyerdahls ekspedisjon til Belle-Coola, BC, 1939-1940: Professor Bonnevies introduksjonsbrev….....………………………..... 60 11. Heyerdahls senere eksperimenter, ekspedisjoner og prosjekter: Zool- ogiske, miljø og kulturfaglige observasjoner…………………...……… 63 11.1. Kon-Tiki eksperimentet, Stillehavet, 1947…………………………... 63 11.2. Galápagos prosjektet, Ecuador, 1952-1953………………………….. 73 11.3. Amazonas ekspedisjonen, Brasil, 1954………………….……............ 75 11.4. Påskeøya prosjektet, Chile, 1955-1956 (1986-1988)….…………….. 76 11.5. Ra eksperimentet, Atlanterhavet, 1969, 1970…………........................ 78 11.6. Tigris eksperimentet, Det indiske hav (Indiahavet), 1977-1978…....... 81 11.7. Maldivene prosjektet, 1983-1985….………………………………… 85 11.8. Túcume prosjektet, Peru, 1988-1993……….……………….…...…... 85 11.9. Güimar prosjektet, Tenerife, 1991-1998….….…………..……........... 87 11.10. Azov prosjektet, Russland, 1999-2002…………………….………… 88 12. Heyerdahls zoologiske innsamlinger deponert ved NHM……............... 90 13. Heyerdahl og økologi: Fra zoologi til global miljøforkjemper……….. 107 14. Siste ekspedisjon: Siste seilas…………………………………............. 112 15. Takk……………………………………………………………………. 115 16. Referanser……………………………………………………………... 115 17. Appendikser…………………………………………………………… 120 17.1. Dekorasjoner og æresutnevnelser………….………………………… 120 17.2. Zoologi, zōon - dyr, logos - kunnskap….…………………..……….... 122 17.3. Bløtdyr (Mollusca)………………………..………………….............. 123 17.4. Mangefotinger (Myriopoda)……………………..…………………... 124 17.5. Krepsdyr (Crustacea)…………………..…………………………….. 124 17.6. Insekter (Insecta)…………………..…………………………………. 125 17.7. Edderkoppdyr (Arachnida)………………..………………….............. 131 17.8. Fisk (Pisces)……………………………………………..…………… 131 17.9. Krypdyr (Reptilia)………………………………......………………... 132 17.10. Fugl (Aves).………………………………..…………………………. 133 17.11. Pattedyr (Mammalia)…………………………………………………. 133 17.12. Studieordningene på 1930-tallet ved UiO……………………………. 134 17.13. Heyerdahl kreert æresdoktor ved UiO 1961..………………………... 135 17.14. Heyerdahls «Fjellkjeks»…………………………………………….... 137 18. Heyerdahls journalbok fra Fatuhiva-ekspedisjonen………..………….. 138 1. Innledning De vitenskapelige samlingsmagasinene ved Naturhistorisk museum (NHM), Universitetet i Oslo (UiO), omfatter både zoologisk, botanisk, geologisk og paleontologisk materiale ervervet gjennom de siste 200 år. Totalt omfatter materialet ca. 6,2 millioner objekter eller prøver spredt rundt i forskjellige bygg, blant annet i Colletts Hus (=Zoologisk museum), Lids Hus (=Botanisk museum) og Brøggers Hus (=Geologisk museum). Ved siden av dette magasinerte materialet vokser ca. 7500 plantearter på friland i Botanisk hage og i to veksthus: Palmehuset og Victoriahuset. Disse prøvene representerer en naturfaglig databank over jordens bio- og geodiversitet gjennom historisk og geologisk tid, og utgjør et unikt naturhistorisk arkiv. Men objektene i magasinene er ikke bare til naturhistorisk forskning, de har også en kulturhistorisk dimensjon som tidsdokumenter i nasjonens kulturarv62,63. For eksempel kan de biologiske objektene i magasinene også betraktes som gjenstander, «memorabilia», og minne oss om de personer som en gang har vært tilknyttet materialet63. Blant de hundretusener av dyr i Colletts Hus finnes det for eksempel også zoologiske prøver innsamlet av vår internasjonalt mest berømte nordmann, Thor Heyerdahl [f. 06.10. 1914 i Larvik, d. 18.04. 2002 i Colla Micheri, Italia] under flere av hans forskningsekspedisjoner: «Fatuhiva-ekspedisjonen» til Fransk Polynesia i 1937, i år for 80 år siden, og «Den Norske Ekspedisjon til Påskeøya og det østlige Stillehav» i 1955-1956. Under flere av hans andre forskningsekspedisjoner, beskriver Heyerdahl også en rekke zoologiske observasjoner, ikke minst under det mest spektakulære eksperimentet av dem alle, der han med et mannskap på fem drev over Stillehavet på «Kon-Tiki», en liten flåte av sammensurrede balsastokker. Denne artikkelen er en «personbiografi»62 over zoologistudenten og friluftsmannen Heyerdahl, hans forskningsbedrifter, zoologi- og miljøfaglige observasjoner og tanker fra barnsben av til sin bortgang i 2002. Samtidig har jeg utarbeidet en oversikt over det naturhistoriske materialet Heyerdahl innsamlet under sine ferder, og som kunne gjenfinnes i NHMs magasiner. Som andre gutter slukte jeg på 50-tallet Thor Heyerdahls bok «Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen»1. Der kunne vi lese om den 33 år gamle Heyerdahls uforståelig dristige eksperiment for å teste om en primitiv balsaflåte kunne klare turen over Stillehavet. Det at seilasen var så dristig, spektakulær og eventyrlig, og fortalt så drivende godt og spennende, var nok medvirkende til at Heyerdahls vitenskapelige formål med ferden oftest ble oversett. Det ble antatt at Heyerdahl var eventyrer, ikke forsker som testet en teori gjennom et eksperiment, et feltforsøk. Sjuende august i år var det 70 år siden den tidligere zoologistudenten la ut fra Peru for å teste sin teori om at passatvindene og Humboldt-strømmen (Peru-strømmen) kunne frakte en primitiv flåte over Stillehavet fra øst mot vest. Og han lyktes, mot alle odds. Sør- amerikansk innflytelse i Polynesia i før-historisk tid var en mulighet. En krigstrett verden leste boken om ferden som kom ut i 19481, med begeistring og beundring. Det ble sagt at i hoteller verden rundt på 50-tallet, kunne en finne to bøker i nattbordskuffa, «Bibelen» og «Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen». Det var gjennom Kon-Tiki ferden og de tre senere forsknings- eksperimentene med primitive farkoster over verdenshav, to ferder med sivbåten Ra (1, II) over Atlanterhavet2 og én ferd med sivbåten Tigris i Det indiske hav3, at han demonstrerte at jordens enorme oseaner ikke er vandringsbarrierer for primitive farkoster, men heller kan sees på som «vannbroer» eller «elver». Få av oss gutter på 50-tallet visste at allerede i 1937 hadde Heyerdahl utført en annen spektakulær ekspedisjon i Stillehavet sammen med sin hustru Liv Coucheron Torp [f. 4.08. 1916 – d. 14.04. 1969]; et kombinert forsknings- og livsprosjekt, senere karakterisert av 7 Heyerdahl som sitt livs største eventyr. Hensikten var å samle inn
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