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The Coming of the White Bearded Men: the Origin and Development of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Theory

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The Coming of the White Bearded Men: the Origin and Development of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Theory The Coming of the White Bearded Men: The Origin and Development of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Theory Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Australian National University Victor Melander 2020 © Copyright by Victor Melander, 2020 All Rights Reserved The research presented in this thesis is my own. This thesis has not previously been submitted in any form for any other degree at this or any other university. Victor Melander Content List of illustrations iii Abstract v Preface/Acknowledgement vii Notes on Language and Translations viii Abbreviations x Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 1.1 The Kon-Tiki Theory: A Traveller's Tale? 3 1.2 Source Material 6 1.3 Thor Heyerdahl, a Biographical Note 10 1.4 The Kon-Tiki Theory 16 1.5 Heyerdahl and the Marquesas Islands 24 1.6 Travellers' Chronotopes and Hagiographic Mythologies: Theoretical and 33 Methodological Points of Departure 1.7 The Biographical Narrative: Previous Biographical and Scholarly Work 40 1.8 Research Aims and Thesis Structure 43 Chapter 2 – The Anarchists' Department: Heyerdahl and Oslo 46 University 1933-1938 2.1 The Reindeer's Nostrils: The Artifice of Scientific Specialisation 47 2.2 Nansenism: Expeditions in the Light of Norwegian Scientific Tradition 57 2.3 The Tristan da Cunha Expedition 60 2.4 The Zoological Club Presentation 66 2.5 Summary and Conclusion 74 Chapter 3 – Modern Man and Other Savages: Heyerdahl's 76 Perception and Knowledge of Polynesia Before 1937 3.1 Everything there was to know about Polynesian Ethnology: Heyerdahl 77 and the Kroepelien Library 3.2 The Great Mutiny – Heyerdahl's Back to Nature Experiment 83 3.3 The Ventriloquist's White Shadow: Melville and O'Brien's Travel Writing 99 3.4 Summary and Conclusion 106 Chapter 4 – The Death of Natural Man: Heyerdahl's Interaction 108 with Polynesia in 1937 4.1 Teriieroo a Teriierooiterai and Hiti-Hiti 109 4.2 Tei Tetua, the Last Cannibal on Fatu Hiva 113 4.3 White Shadows and Marquesan 'Browns' 121 4.4 Summary and Conclusion 138 Chapter 5 – Discovering Archaeology: The Importance of 140 Marquesan Material Culture and Archaeological Sites for the Kon- Tiki Theory 5.1 The Zoological Collection 141 i 5.2 Thor Heyerdahl's Ethnographic/Archaeological Collection from the 144 Marquesas Islands 5.3 Collecting Human Remains in the Marquesas Islands 154 5.4 Archaeological Sites 158 5.5 The Industrious Henry Lie, the Docile Polynesians and the Mighty 164 Ipona Site 5.6 Summary and Conclusion 175 Chapter 6 – After Paradise: The Early Development of the Kon- 177 Tiki Theory 1938-1939 6.1 The Fate of the Zoological Collection 177 6.2 Searching for Paradise 1938 170 6.3 Hitler's Anthropologist and the Architect of Neo-Darwinism 182 6.4 Halfdan Bryn's Influence on Heyerdahl's Race Theories 192 6.5 Early Material Culture Comparison, the Marquesan Collection and Ivar 196 Fougner's North America 6.6 Summary and Conclusion 203 Chapter 7 – Science Fiction: The Development of the Kon-Tiki 205 Theory 1940-1952 7.1 Turning Back Tides 206 7.2 International Science 207 7.3 Finding a Peruvian Sun-god in a Shipyard in Baltimore 215 7.4 The Escape from New York 218 7.5 Rafting into Science: Heyerdahl's Development of the Theory and 226 Publications 1947-1952 7.6 Summary and Conclusion 232 8 – The Coming of the White Bearded Men: The Origin and 235 Development of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Theory 8.1 Discovering Archaeology – The Origin of the Theory 237 8.2 The Development of the Theory 244 8.3 Conclusion 252 Bibliography 258 Appendix I: Translations and Notes on Translations 323 Appendix II: Marquesas Journey and Collections Timeline 355 Appendix III: South Seas Films 369 ii List of Illustrations: Ill. 1. Thor Heyerdahl (right) and William Mulloy (left), in 1956 during the Easter Island Expedition's excavation campaign on Rapa Iti. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo. © Ill. 2. Map of the Pacific Ocean. Map by Victor Melander. © Ill. 3. Maps: Marquesas Islands and Fatu Hiva. Fatu Hiva map after Heyerdahl 1938a. Maps by Victor Melander. © Ill. 4. Drawings by Thor Heyerdahl illustrating 'How the freshman imagines an evening in the Zoological Club' and 'what it is really like', 1935. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo. © Ill. 5. Pages from Heyerdahl's and Liv's scrapbook prior to the Marquesas journey, including drawings/messages by Thor Heyerdahl, Liv Torp-Heyerdahl, Erling Christophersen, Alf Wollebæk and Yngvar Hagen. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo.© Ill. 6. 'Journey map' for Heyerdahl's Marquesas journey, from Heyerdahl's November 1936 presentation of the journey at the Zoological Department of Oslo University. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo. © Ill. 7. Satirical drawing by Thor Heyerdahl from 1946 illustrating his idea of modernity. From Heyerdahl's Modern Man and Other Savages series. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo.© Ill. 8. Drawings by Thor Heyerdahl, 1935, 1937, 1946. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo.© Ill. 9. Heyerdahl and Liv 'returning to nature' on Fatu Hiva, 1937. From page 76, Tilbake til naturen (1974a). Ill. 10. Teriieroo a Teriierooiterai and his wife Faufau; the protestant sexton Tioti from Omoa village; Ioane Naheekua, Heyerdahl's and Liv's landlord on Fatu Hiva. Photographs by Thor Heyerdahl & Liv Torp-Heyerdahl, 1937. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo. © Ill. 11. Tei Tetua photographed next to his own grave. Photograph by Thor Heyerdahl & Liv Torp- Heyerdahl, 1937. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo. © Ill. 12. Tahina Momo, Tei Tetua's adoptive daughter; Tei Tetua's house in Ouia Valley. Photographs by Thor Heyerdahl & Liv Torp-Heyerdahl, 1937. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo.© Ill. 13. Perforated piece of a human skull, collected by Heyerdahl in a burial cave outside of Atuona village on Hiva Oa. Melander 2019a:no 210. Photograph by Victor Melander & Meghan Bill. © Ill. 14. Some of the villagers from Omoa. Photograph by Thor Heyerdahl & Liv Torp-Heyerdahl, 1937. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo. © Ill. 15. Liv Torp-Heyerdahl examining skulls on a burial platform on Fatu Hiva; the French Catholic missionary Victorin. Photographs by Thor Heyerdahl & Liv Torp-Heyerdahl, 1937. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo. © Ill. 16. Heyerdahl's and Liv's bamboo cabin on a paepae site in Omoa Valley. Photograph and drawing by Thor Heyerdahl & Liv Torp-Heyerdahl, 1937. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo. © Ill. 17. Heyerdahl and Liv hiding out in a cave (Tahoa beach site) on Fatu Hiva awaiting the schooner to Tahiti at the end of their journey. Photograph by Thor Heyerdahl & Liv Torp-Heyerdahl, 1937. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo.© Ill. 18. Examples of artefacts in the Brooklyn collection. Photographs by Victor Melander & Meghan Bill. © Ill. 19. Illustration in Heyerdahl's and Liv's scrapbook of the purchase of artefacts from the Kaimuko family in Atuona village, Hiva Oa; photograph of Heyerdahl modelling the artefacts he had purchased. Drawing by Thor Heyerdahl, 1937. Photograph by unknown, 1938. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo.© Ill. 20. Drawing and photograph of petroglyphs encountered in Omoa Valley. Drawing by Thor Heyerdahl, 1937. Photograph by Thor Heyerdahl & Liv Torp-Heyerdahl, 1937. Courtesy of the Kon- Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo.© Ill. 21. Two photographs of the Ipona me'ae site in Puamau Valley on Hiva Oa. Photographs by Thor Heyerdahl & Liv Torp-Heyerdahl, 1937. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo.© iii Ill. 22. Heyerdahl's exhibition at a local bookshop in Larvik in 1938. Unknown photographer. Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo. © Ill. 23. Drawings and map from Heyerdahl's 1938-1939 manuscript Hvem er Hvem av Polynesiere og Indianere?; example of race comparison in Heyerdahl's 1952 American Indians. Drawings courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo. ©. Photograph of page from American Indians in the Pacific (1952). Ill. 24. Map illustrating the settlement of the Pacific from Heyerdahl's 1938-1939 manuscript Hvem er Hvem av Polynesiere og Indianere? Courtesy of the Kon-Tiki Museum Archive, Oslo.© iv Abstract From the late 1930s to his death in 2002, the Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl (1914- 2002) relentlessly sought scientific acceptance for his controversial Kon-Tiki Theory. The theory separated the settlement of the Pacific into two different migrating races: the transatlantic culture bearers or white bearded men; and the originally Asiatic warrior race, the Maori-Polynesians. To date very little scholarly attention has been devoted to what influenced Heyerdahl to develop the intensely debated theory. Heyerdahl himself claimed that the theory came to him as an epiphany through encounters during his first journey to Polynesia in 1937. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the origin and development of Heyerdahl's theory by focusing on his 1937 journey to Polynesia. This will be done particularly by targeting three distinguishable tropes of ethnographic travel writing detectable in Heyerdahl's own narration of the theory's origin. These include: Heyerdahl's contrasting of the omniscient traveller and the armchair scientist; the connection he drew between a white race and advanced culture; and his emphasis on being there as the only means to extract knowledge. In Heyerdahl's writing the latter trope also includes a second level which stressed the need to be there not only physically but mentally by performing primitivism. A central aim of this thesis is also to deconstruct Heyerdahl's autobiography, to extract original chronologies and intentions masked by later improvements from secondary contexts and intentions. In addition to published sources, the thesis source material consists of archival material such as field-journals, letters and manuscripts.
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