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History of Science Society

ABSTRACT BOOK UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS | 23-27 JULY 2019 Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 1

"A Place for Inquiry": Leibniz and Christian Wolff against Lomonosov’s Mineral Science the attacks of French philosophes in Anna Graber the wake of the Great Lisbon Program in the History of Science, , and , University of Earthquake of 1755. This paper Minnesota concludes by situating Lomonosov While polymath and first Russian in a ‘mining Enlightenment’ that member of the St. Petersburg engrossed major thinkers, Academy of Sciences Mikhail bureaucrats, and mining Lomonosov’s research interests practitioners in Central and Northern were famously broad, he began and as well as Russia. ended his career as a mineral Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | scientist. After initial study and Global or Multilocational | 18th century work in mining science and "Atomic Spaghetti": Nuclear mineralogy, he dropped the subject, Energy and in Italy, returning to it only 15 years later 1950s-1970s with a radically new approach. This Francesco Cassata paper asks why Lomonosov went University of Genoa (Italy) back to the subject and why his The presentation will focus on the approach to the mineral realm mutagenesis program in agriculture changed. It argues that he returned implemented by the Italian Atomic to the subject in answer to the needs Energy Commission (CNRN- of the Russian court for native CNEN), starting from 1956, through mining experts, but also, and more the establishment of a specific significantly, because from 1757 to technological and experimental his death in 1765 Lomonosov found system: the so-called “gamma field”, in mineral science an opportunity to a piece of agricultural land with a engage in some of the major debates radioisotope of Cobalt-60 at the of the Enlightenment. Through his center. The Cobalt-60 would emit late mineralogical writings, constant radiation, primarily gamma Lomonosov debated the role of rays, which would bombard the religion in scientific inquiry, specimens planted in concentric outlined a vision of science in circles around the source, inducing service to the state, and defended the genetic mutations. The CNEN philosophical tradition of Gottfried gamma field went into operation in History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 2

May 1960 at the Casaccia in the developing Laboratory, about twenty miles countries. north of Rome, with a radiation Technology | Europe | 20th century, late | device made available by the US Atomic science, Mutation breeding, Gamma Government for the Atoms-for- field, FAO, IAEA Peace program. Among the many "Beginning of the Entomological research projects of the Casaccia Enterprise in ": Jiangsu Laboratory, the Provincial Bureau of Entomology program, strictly connected with the and Its Locust Control, 1922- industrial production of Italian pasta, 1931 was particularly relevant. The Yubin Shen Max Planck Institute for the History of extensive durum wheat mutation Science, breeding work resulted in fact in the Following the model of the Bureau obtention of eleven registered of Entomology of the varieties. In particular, “Creso” Department of Agriculture, Jiangsu became the leading Italian variety Provincial Bureau of Entomology with the highest percentage of was founded in 1922 by western- durum certified and distributed . trained Chinese entomologists with This presentation will analyze, first support from agricultural merchants, of all, how the American-Swedish the provincial government and experimental model of mutation American specialists. As the first breeding was translated into the Chinese research institute and Italian context, becoming governmental agency responsible for instrumental for the modernization pest control, Jiangsu Bureau played of Italian agriculture as well as for an important role in promoting the establishment of applied entomology in China. This within the local academic system; paper discusses origins and secondly, it will describe how the development of Jiangsu Bureau FAO/IAEA network of durum wheat within such local, national, and trials in the Mediterranean region transnational contexts during the contributed to the controversial 1920s and 1930s. What is more, by diffusion of mutation plant breeding focusing on Bureau entomologists’ locust control (in particular the case of adapting the Chinese traditional History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 3 practice of mobilizing ducks to Basaglia. Some points of the 1975 eliminate locusts), my paper also reform program, however, had examines how techniques of western already been actualised in the 1960s, applied entomology were notably some elements of introduced, practiced, modified, and community care. For example, the innovated to meet Chinese realities. considered fruitful relationship between and Biology | East Asia | 20th century, early | Entomology, China, scientific networks anthropology was to be tested on the grounds of community care. This "Despite the Asylum, Not Instead paper considers two of these early of It": Community Psychiatry in instances, later taken as models: the West (1960-1980) Zentralinstitut für seelische Chantal Marazia Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Gesundheit (Central Institute for Germany Mental Health) in Mannheim and Histories of the German psychiatric the community psychiatry set in reform usually identify the origin of place in Mönchengladbach (NRW). this process with the so-called The focus will be on their Psychiatrie-Enquete. The Enquete, epistemological setting and their published in 1975, consisted of a concrete solutions, such as day- and comprehensive report of the status night-clinics, sheltered housings and quo and concrete recommendations patient clubs. Finally, we will for a structural reorganization of the discuss how far at the time and at the West German psychiatric care direct aftermath of the Enquete the system: community orientation; international developments were patient-centred care; coordination of mobilised as models for the national all service institutions and providers; reform, or if the Germans tired of equal treatment and opportunities for affirming their own tradition. This the mentally and physically ill. The paper as been written by Chantal scholarship seems unanimous in Marazia and Heiner Fangeru, highlighting the importance of some Heinrich Heine Universität contemporaneous international Düsseldorf developments as an intellectual and Medicine and Health | Europe | 20th century, institutional blueprint for the late | psychiatry, mental illness, anti-psychiatry, German reform, especially the deinstitutionalization Italian initiative led by Franco History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 4

"Development" and Pugwash, simultaneously served to Disarmament: The Twin Track of weaken it. This paradox created new Pugwash in the Early 1970s challenges: the changing array of Alison Kraft global threats to peace meant Freelance writer Pugwash had to adapt to remain Arising from the 1955 Russell- relevant to state actors. Important Einstein Manifesto, the Pugwash here was a deepening engagement Conferences brought elite scientists with the North-South divide and the together across ideological divides problems of the ‘developing world’, to confront the dangers posed by although Pugwash remained vigilant nuclear weapons. Powered by ideas to the nuclear threat, including about scientific social responsibility within this region. This paper and claiming political neutrality, explores this transition from two Pugwash developed an approach to analytical perspectives: focusing on disarmament based on the shared the narratives of senior Pugwash language and methods of science. figures it assesses its effects within Meeting annually from 1957, the organization. Using as a Pugwash facilitated east-west case study, it examines the political communication and rapidly conflicts encountered by Pugwash in developed as a forum for Track II its work in the Global South in the diplomacy. The object of official 1970s. suspicion on both sides of the bloc divide, Pugwash nevertheless Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late established a global reach and carved out a distinctive niche within "Ideal Specimens": Butterfly the Cold War nuclear nexus. Its Nature Prints, Entomology, and work towards nuclear disarmament the Decorative Arts in Early 20th was recognised with the 1995 Nobel Century Japan Peace Prize. By the 1970s, the Kerstin Pannhorst Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin / Max changing geopolitical dynamics and Planck Institute for the History of Science increasingly global character of the This paper examines the materiality Cold War presented profound and functions of butterfly nature challenges for Pugwash leaders. The printing, so called lepidochromy, in onset of détente and arms limitation early 20th-­‐century Japan. This treaties, while welcomed by technique complicates the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 5 relationship between specimen and collections. As a mass-­‐ producible image as well as between and yet individualized form of entomology and the decorative arts, illustration, they also fit the but has to date remained on the contemporary market’s demand for margins of scholarly attention. In Japanese decorative arts and lepidochromy, the colorful scales authentic representations of nature. that form the patterns of butterfly Through these activities, the institute wings are transferred to paper or also expanded, as the paper argues, other materials, while the insect its definition of applied entomology. body is drawn in by hand, producing Biology | East Asia | 20th century, early | specimen/illustration hybrids. The Entomology, Japan, Decorative Arts, Nawa Entomological Institute in Commerce Gifu, a small semi-­public institution "Journalization" of Science otherwise focused on research into Publishing: Periodicity of Book agricultural pests and other aspects Formats at Springer, North- of applied entomology, patented a Holland, OUP, and Interscience, specific lepidochromy technique and 1950-1965 built a workshop to manufacture Alrun Schmidtke Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin large numbers of prints. These were used to make books and cards, While recent scholarship on the marketed to researchers and history of science publishing has educators as “ideal specimens”, as focused on scientific journals, self- well as decorative arts such as paper confessed ‘journal publishers’ only fans, silk kimono belts, or umbrellas. came into being in the latter half of The products, which mainly made the 20th century. This poses the use of butterflies collected in question how this shift towards colonial , were sold in Japan periodicals as core products was and Europe. The paper will show brought about: What other formats how the images were seen to serve were publishers invested in and how both epistemic and aesthetic did these formats relate to periodical purposes: As an easily mobilized publishing? Why and how did this and durable form of specimen, they change? This paper explores were produced for research and publishers' perspectives on scientific educational functions in a time of publication formats in the mid-20th exponentially growing insect century as mediated by publishing History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 6 adviser Paul Rosbaud (1896-1963), "Measuring Instruments" for who worked for several publishers Language History: Rhetoric and such as Springer in Germany, North- Reality of a Nineteenth-Century Latinist Holland in the Netherlands, Christian Flow Interscience in the U.S., Oxford Mississippi State University University Press and Pergamon Crowning the career of the Press in the UK in the 1950s and Latinist Eduard Wölfflin (1831- 60s. During this period, Rosbaud, a 1908) was his role in founding the trained physical chemist, was Thesaurus linguae Latinae, a involved in a plethora of publication massive lexicon that aimed to projects. This included the founding deliver an unprecedently complete of new journals, the publishing of history of the words it treated. The conference proceedings, textbook work, begun in the 1890s and still in series and handbook literature. Most progress today, is a standard of these formats held some promise research for philologists. For of periodicity to the publishers: Wölfflin it represented a Even if publications like textbooks breakthrough after decades and handbooks are not commonly developing and promoting his associated with periodical historical-lexicographical agenda, publishing, they could exhibit such often by analogy with the work of features from a sales and distribution investigators in other arenas. point of view. Drawing on rich Philologists, Wölfflin said at various sources from publishers' archives times, were to use a kind of and Rosbaud's lively correspondence "microscope," were to observe like with leading physicists as preserved foresters, were to develop "their own in their personal papers, this paper measuring methods and instruments" traces negotiations between like the researcher of nature. He scientists and publishers in regard to invoked meteorology, statistics, an ongoing ‘journalization’ of biology. Rhetoric only? Perhaps not. science publishing in the mid-20th A close look at Wölfflin's practices century. helps to clarify his comparanda and Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | suggests that he did indeed see Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | himself engaged, in some cases, in a science publishing, publishing formats, journalization parallel enterprise to those studying History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 7 natural phenomena. At a certain between instrument makers, level, philologists really did work musicians, and mathematicians. like forestry researchers. This paper From the late-1850s, discussions shows how. over the regulation of musical pitch revealed that while natural Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science and might "More French Than the French": provide acoustic knowledge, they John Herschel and Musical could exert little influence over in Nineteenth- music itself. For musical practice, Century and Britain standardization, that most essential Edward Gillin University of Cambridge of Victorian scientific concerns, remained firmly in the hands of Between 1858 and 1859, Emperor musical communities. Pitch was, in Napoleon III’s government effect, the measure of science’s determined a national pitch to which limits. While controversies over musicians should tune their standards for electricity, heat, and instruments. The following year, the time were resolved in the laboratory British Society of Arts attempted to and , a standard for emulate this standard. Amid tense music remained elusive. Despite Anglo-French relations, however, John Herschel’s campaign for a British audiences interpreted the standard C of 512 vibrations, which French pitch as a measure of the he claimed had mathematical country’s political autocracy. As a credentials, it was Britain’s musical result, British mathematicians elites who determined how the attempted to mobilise nature itself as nation’s music would be ordered. a resource in redefining what musical standard Britain should Physical Sciences | Europe | 19th century | adopt, but this raised profound Measurement, standards, sound, music, mathematics, Herschel, instrumentation, concerns over the cultural authority politics, Victorian of those with scientific credentials. Through the controversy of standardizing musical pitch during the 1850s, this paper explores how these ambiguities over cultural authority shaped disagreements History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 8

"Nations Can Publish or Perish"? and private communication, access Scientific Metrics and to scientific findings, and the role of Development the scientific literature in the global Alex Csiszar circulation of knowledge largely articulated by scholars based in the After World War II, as science United States. This paper juxtaposes became attached to the discourse of the claims of advocates such as international development, analyses Derek de Solla Price and Robert of the scientific literature became a Merton with early critics outside the key source for producing national USA such as Edmundo Fuenzalida comparisons of scientific and later Léa Velho whose work productivity. This paper will focus began to show that there was a on the rise of the Science Citation geopolitics to scientific authorship, Index and will suggest that the reading, and citation that uptake of this new tool was problematized their infrastructural connected as much to its role in accounts of the universality applications to producing measures of science. of scientific producitivy as to its use as a literature search tool. Today it is Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | clear that for measuring scientometrics, sociology of science, science are political as much as they development, global science, information are technical. By operationalizing technology, book history universalist concepts such as quality "Off Alone on My Tramps": and significance, they are means by Correspondence Networks of which to legitimate or marginalize Women Botanists in the U.S. particular national research Frontier West collectives. Historical accounts Tina Gianquitto usually imply that the rise of science Colorado School of Mines metrics and their application to This paper will explore the policy was a natural consequence of correspondence of women botanical new technologies for the automatic collectors in the U.S. Frontier West collection, manipulation, and and will discuss the hidden histories distribution of publishing data. But of women’s scientific work taking it also depended on contested ethical place in the nation’s mining, and sociological claims about public mountain, and border outposts. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 9

Letters exchanged both between of his 'Republican' that science had women in the West, and between for centuries been "continually at these women and their eastern, war" with religion. While historians generally male correspondents, have tended to locate the conflict demonstrates the range of thesis as the product of debates motivations, hazards, rewards, and much later in the nineteenth century, sacrifices that prompted women in this paper I show how a militant, such as Alice Eastwood (1859- scientifically-inflected irreligion was 1953), Sarah Plummer Lemmon a recurrent of radical (1836-1923), Mary Katharine agitation in Britain as early as the Brandegee (1844-1920), Rebecca 1820s and '30s. What marked Merritt Austin (1832-1919), and Carlilean radicalism out as novel Emily O. Pelton (c.1858-1945) to was his recruitment of science as the pursue across remote key vehicle for his proposed landscapes. This paper will programme for the popular investigate the degrees of candor overthrow of Old Corruption. As with which these women talked both well as science providing the to each other and to those outside intellectual ground for his materialist their close circles about issues we doctrines, scientific education would would now classify as sexual also, through new organisations like harassment, pay equity, and the Mechanics' Institutes, act as the professional advancement. means of liberation of the working- class mind. Carlile was joined in his Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | North America | 19th century | Botanical struggle by his 'moral wife' Eliza History, Gender, Women, Correspondence, Sharples (whose short-lived 'Isis' Material Culture, Sexual Harassment, Pay made her the first woman to edit a Equality, Professionalization, U.S. Frontier West radical paper in Britain), as well as a "Science is the Antichrist": cadre of itinerant lecturers, including Popular Science, Radicalism, and the 'infidel astronomy' of his friend Irreligion in Early Nineteenth- the Reverend Robert Taylor. Century Britain Meanwhile, new Zetetic Societies Eoin Carter University of Cambridge emerged as a freethinking rival to elite provincial literary and In 1820 the radical journalist philosophical societies. In other Richard Carlile declared in the pages words, Carlilean science offered an History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 10 active intellectual programme to the within conveyed fertility. In disaffected artisans of Britain. As the process, they explored the well as deserving attention in its nutritive properties of substances own right, greater awareness of this such as alum, quicklime, natron, radical counterprogramme is distilled water, blue vitriol, potash, essential in assessing the knowledge vitriolic acid, verdigris, copperas, politics of other, more familar and all manner of salts, and created modes of popular science in this mixtures of numerous, sometimes period. secretive substances often called “fructifying ,” among many Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 19th century | Politics of Science, other things, as liquid solutions in Science and Religion, Popular Science which to steep or use as pest control for crops. In this "The Easy Transmutableness of Water": The Alchemy of Seed presentation, I argue that these Steeps and "Fructifying Waters" reformers incorporated these in Seventeenth-Century English chymical substances normally Agriculture associated with alchemical Justin Niermeier-Dohoney laboratories and apothecaries into University of Chicago agriculture and aqua-culture. Their Johan Baptista van Helmont’s goals were manifold: they sought to famous willow tree experiment improve agricultural yields, increase purported to demonstrate that “164 the quantity of viable seeds and pounds of wood, bark, and roots had alleviate the risks of poor harvests, come up from water alone,” and develop marketable and suggesting the preeminence of water sometimes patentable recipes for as the foundation for botanical profit. In the process, they added to growth. This experiment has a long the growing body of knowledge afterlife among agricultural about the function of seed growth, reformers in seventeenth-century the lifecycle of plants, and the England, but rather than accept relationships between plants and water as the sole driver of the soil, water, air, and . They development of plants, many of also sought to answer two of the these reformers adopted various knottiest questions in —what alchemical techniques designed to determine what discrete substances History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 11 caused seed germination and could linked these two domains of activity this be controlled? reveal an underappreciated preoccupation with precious Chemistry | Europe | 17th century | alchemy, agriculture, plant science, environmental minerals in early modern history sciences.

"The Most Noble of All Earth and Environmental Sciences | Global or Commodities": Mineral Trade Multilocational | 17th century | trade, minerals, and the Earth Sciences in the commodities, cross-cultural exchange, Early Modern World gemstones Claire Conklin Sabel "To Study What Is Ours": University of Pennsylvania Scientific and Political Mineral commodities were an Representations of in the important topic of inquiry in early Lisbon Zoological , modern earth sciences that have 1862-1881 largely been overshadowed by Catarina Madruga CIUHCT, University of Lisbon debates over the age of the earth. Between 1862 and 1881, the director Besides fossils, many other minerals of the Zoological Section of the stimulated profound questions about Museu Nacional de Lisboa, José the earth’s material composition and Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823- provided evidence for theories of 1907), launched and consolidated a matter formation and the distribution research program to study national of valuable commodities. The trade supported by the addition of in precious stones between Europe new collections. The characteristic and offers one slice fauna of Portuguese land and seas through the seventeenth century’s should no longer be unknown in the global trade in minerals that rest of Europe neither included gunpowder, dyestuffs, and misrepresented in the existing many other materials destined for a national collections. The scope of wide range of artisanal and the national fauna considered industrial applications. This flashtalk metropolitan territories as well as will situate gemstones in imperial possessions and, according seventeenth century natural to Bocage, all of these geographical philosophy and commercial regions should be studied by “our networks across the Indian . I own” instead of foreign naturalists argue that the trade routes that History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 12 and explorers. Lacking the resources "We need to talk about Richard of larger , Bocage leaned Owen" on the individual participation of Daniela Sclavo Recently graduated MSc History and collaborators both at home and Philosophy of Science at University College distributed along the many distant of London outposts of the Portuguese empire. The historiography of Richard Owen The nationalistic tone set by Bocage has focused on certain aspects of his gradually yielded results and the character; from his difficult work with the new collections personality, rivalries, keenness on allowed for an active new museum power to his museum enterprise and which in turn enabled the his standing-point on transmutation. publication of tens of new species, However, an integral understanding with a particular emphasis on of him still lacks in the literature. Angolan vertebrate fauna. The More specifically, of his years in the descriptive taxonomic work in the Royal College of Surgeons (1827- Lisbon museum relied on local 1856) – a period that remains in the information, indigenous names, and shadow of . In this work, specimens gathered from Portuguese Moral Economy is used as an colonial officials and collectors on analytical tool to illustrate the non- the field. This paper considers this monetary resource management that particular form of taxonomic and Owen undertook in a specific social zoogeographical knowledge as a context in order to achieve his political field that substantiated the ambitions of institutionalising the national rhetoric of appropriation field of Comparative Anatomy and and justification in the construction being Britain´s most eminent of the Portuguese African empire. naturalist. Through the study of

Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Owen´s growth and expenditure of Global or Multilocational | 19th century | Natural socio-political, intellectual, and History Collections, Museum Studies, Material emotional capital, a more humane Culture, Scientific Expeditions in Africa, Science in the Portuguese Empire and neutral portrayal of this controversial figure is exposed. As a little-explored arena, the former is particularly discussed. Owen´s historiography has focused History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 13 particularly on his professional in 1944, on observing what she correspondence with men. However, believed was the first human egg Owen´s personal letters to his wife, ever fertilized in vitro. “Shaking like mother and sisters reveal a different a leaf,” she “felt like—who was the emotional expression. In that sense, first man to look at the Pacific— Owen´s emotional capital touches on Balboa?” Such a precious specimen how his intimate relationship with as this “beautiful two-celled egg” his family provided a space where called for an elaborate preservation he privately curated his other procedure—but in the process, capitals and how this had a direct Menkin lost the embryo for ever. impact on his professional She and her boss John Rock “came development. Together with an to think of it as the first miscarriage analysis of his socio-political and in vitro.” The talk will place this intellectual capitals, this paper offers distinctively gendered account of a synthetic approach where single discovery and loss alongside others behaviours are not over-interpreted, from the history of human but normalised. Therefore, it embryology since the eighteenth challenges the long-held vision of an century. It will analyse researchers’ overwhelmingly defensive and emotional relations to visual objects power-centred naturalist. they valorized as among the greatest treasures a scientist could own, and Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 19th century | Richard Owen, Moral stored in vaults and safes. I shall Economy, Social Capital, Political Capital, suggest that, while discovery Intellectual Capital, Emotional Capital, accounts of human origins tended to Professionalisation of Science invoke tropes of the sublime, tales of "When I Saw It, I Began to loss stress the difficulty of working Scream": Discovery and Loss in with tiny, fragile materials and the the Visual History of Human worth of what was saved. That could Embryology be either drawings or Nick Hopwood HPS, University of Cambridge photomicrographs of the mislaid object or replacement preparations. “When I saw it, I began to scream.” Yet specimens were lost not only Thus Miriam Menkin recalled her physically, but also through their reaction, at the Free Hospital for reclassification as abnormal or Women in Brookline, Massachusetts artefactual—many later specialists’ History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 14 opinion of Menkin’s. Knowledge of complexities of perspectival further analysis and future rendering and described mechanical recognition has selected and devices to aid in avoiding the coloured those stories of visual difficulties for those who were not encounters in which the apparently “willing to take the pains to open the spontaneous expression of emotion Compass, nor to take the Rule for to serves as a marker of authenticity. draw a line,” as Jean Du Breuil put it in 1642. Such devices were Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | North America | 20th century, early | Images, ingenious alternative responses to emotions, observation, discovery, loss, human the challenge of rendering two- embryology, in vitro fertilization dimensional objects on a three- "Whenever the Rules... Should dimensional surface and themselves Fail, and Grow Tedious": On the reached considerable levels of Limits of Perspectival complexity, but the extent to which Representation they were actually used by James Clifton practicing artists remains unclear. Sarah Campbell Blaffer Foundation This paper examines the tipping In one of the six perspectival point between perspectival theory projections in The Practice of and practice, focusing on renderings Painting and Perspective Made Easy of curved objects, especially musical (1756), Thomas Bardwell includes instruments, from Albrecht Dürer’s an ancient of an famous woodcut of two artists using elaborately curved pair of ram’s a device to depict a foreshortened horns. His long study of the rules of lute in his Underweysung der perspective and “puzzling after this Messung (1525) to the elaborate still mathematical Truth” lifes by Evaristo Baschenis and notwithstanding, Bardwell was Bartolomeo Bettera in the next unable to render the form of the century. horns mathematically and determined that “whenever the Rules Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | . . . should fail, and grow tedious, . . . I design immediately to settle the Affair at Sight of the Object.” Mathematicians who wrote on perspective acknowledged the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 15

“An Ethnographical Museum of Schlagintweit expeditions into their Living Specimens”: Retelling the colonial context by exploring how Social and Scientific Life of the their ambitious survey programme Schlagintweit Expeditions in Asia of physical geography, climatology, in the Mid-1850s soil science and ethnography Moritz Von Brescius University of Bern depended heavily on the The recurrent denial of indigenous mobilisation of the colonial agency and ambition in schemes of infrastructure of British India, European explorations strongly including its technical services, suggests the need to overcome the prisons, hospitals and imperial myth of western solitary travellers knowledge networks. The paper by taking a new and multi- closes by analysing how the German perspective look at the inner life of travellers sought to both expeditions. This paper analyses acknowledge the vital role of significant facets of the programme indigenous participation and launched by the three Schlagintweit instruction in their enterprise in brothers in and beyond the East published accounts, and the India Company (EIC) realm in brothers’ simultaneous attempt to South Asia. Their enterprise is maintain their own authority as significant not least for the vast supposed ‘leaders’ in front of quantity of materials and documents European audiences by portraying it accumulated and the ambiguous their South Asian companions as relationship it maintained reliable and calibrated but ultimately throughout with its main sponsor, inferior ‘instruments’ in the the EIC, and other agents and execution of their large-scale patrons of imperial and European mission. sciences. The mission offers rich Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | opportunities for the historical South Asia | 19th century | British India, examination of major themes in the Indigenous knowledges, field sciences, European colonialism, social structure of study of imperial knowledge, expeditions changing scientific practices and of transnational and cross-cultural engagement. Against the existing literature, I squarely place the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 16

A Global Rumor and the History how it shaped the research of these of Science: The Case of a Fake two doctors. To do this, I will Snakebite Prize That Connected examine their scientific works and Brazil, the French, and the British their correspondence with British Empires (1880-1914) and Indian authorities. In Matheus Alves Duarte Da Silva Phd student - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en conclusion, I will argue that, in Sciences Sociales despite of its fakeness, the prize Informed by the recent achievements connected people in Brazil with of bacteriology, doctors and others based in the French or British scientists started researches on the Empires and, because of that, this last decades of the 19th century event can shed some light on current aiming to find a therapeutic serum debates on the field of the history of against snakebites. Among then, one science, especially on its interactions can mention Albert Calmette, a with the global history approach. French doctor in duty in Indochina, Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | and Vital Brazil, a Brazilian doctor 19th century | Global history of science, based in São Paulo. Other than the Empires, Medicine similarity of their intellectual A Hero’s Counsel: Communist projects, they had another point in Climate Policy at the 1979 World common: both thought they could Climate Conference win a scientific prize established by Vladimir Jankovic the Government of India for the Centre for the History of Sience, Technology and Medicine, University of discovery of a cure against Manchester snakebites. Working on antidotes for The paper explores the intellectual more than 20 years, Calmette and and ideological underpinnings of Vital Brazil would indeed answer Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov's the general idea of the prize and pronouncements on the future of their contributions to the field are communist climate policies during recognized until today. However, his 1979 plenary at the World neither of them ever won this prize, Climate Conference (Geneva). and that happened for a simple Fedorov (1910-81), a Hero of the reason: this prize never existed, it Soviet Union and Stalin Prize was a rumor of global dimensions. winner, was a Russian geophysicist, In my presentation, I would like to polar explorer, academician and examine its origins and to discuss History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 17

Director of the Soviet climate change and climate change Hydrometeorological Service. He policy that includes voices that so led the Soviet delegation at the far have received less visibility Geneva conference during which he among historians of science. made a salient intervention in Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | contrasting communist and free- 20th century, late | EK Fedorov, Climate market approaches to climate change Change, Soviet Union policy. In his view, only socialist A Language for National societies based on intrinsic human Development: The Computer values could provide basis for a Literacy Program at Starehe policy that protected human dignity, Boy’s Centre and School, 1980- international peace and the 1990 environment. This position has Ray Thornton PhD Student, Princeton University origins in Fedorov’s 1972 Man and Nature, in which he presented a In 1980, Starehe School in Nairobi Marxist environmental perspective became the first Kenyan second- in agreement with the conclusions of level institution to introduce the Club of Rome’s Limits to computer education. From a small Growth. For his plenary at the pilot-scheme reliant on the Geneva World Climate Conference, University of Nairobi’s mainframe Fedorov additionally drew on Ervin computer, Starehe’s program Laszlo's Goals for Mankind expanded rapidly. Student (prepared for the Club of Rome in enthusiasm and an ambitious school 1977). Laszlo argued for ‘breaking leadership convinced international of inner limits’ and for ‘a world donors to provide mini-computers Solidarity Revolution,’ which and construct a computer laboratory. Fedorov thought was central to any Starehe soon became Kenya’s criticism of the Western hypocrisy strongest advocate for the adoption towards the environment and for his of computer technology, with visits own – and the Soviet – politics of from the President, Daniel Arap- climate change. In bringing to light Moi, and local and international this critical, if ultimately misguided business and NGO leaders. Indeed, position, this paper hopes to Kenya’s present status as a contribute to a more granular history technology hub in has of the pre-1980s thinking about often been attributed to Starehe’s History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 18 early experiment in promoting A Mantra for : Religion computer literacy. With Starehe’s and Animal Modernity in Early computer education program as its Modern Malaya central focus, this paper sheds light Faizah Zakaria Postdoctoral Researcher, Leiden University on three interlinked aspects of the This article examines the text and adoption of technology in Kenyan context of mantras used in history. Firstly, at the level of the shamanic modes of healing in early school, it explores the significance modern Malaya to elucidate an of technology education as a form of historical ethnography of the pedagogy, building on work in relationship between and gender and sexuality studies that elephants. It offers a methodological considers how computer intervention in terms of how such environments have been constructed sources can be read as well as a as masculine spaces. Secondly, it historiographical argument that considers the role of the school in complicates notions of animal shaping, and responding to, national modernity more broadly. How does debates around technology policy in reading the human-elephant a Kenya (at least at the government relationship through the lens of level) that was initially reluctant to religion open up new spaces for see the widespread adoption of seeing and sensing not just the computer technology. And finally, in Malaya’s environmental past but a school that was designed to also the ecological power of promote national development, it conversation with the spirit world? explores how computer literacy was Two key points are highlighted. cast as a means to rapid growth in an First, continuous anxieties over the era of economic stagnation. potential power of the elephant were Technology | Africa | 20th century, late | reflected in a pathological technology adoption, pedagogy, Kenya, characterization of untamed computer literacy elephants. The quasi-colonial relationship over captive animals that resulted from these anxieties disrupts the prevailing view that British imperialism in Malaya marked the beginning of modernity. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 19

Second, cross-cultural contact better way to start talking about the evidenced by linguistic meaning of time than via an sedimentation of these mantras - experience of time through music. mixing the Malay and Siamese Since music can make time concrete. languages - brings to view the role Tonight she will play and talk about of religious conversion in her first piece “Human time”: Which domesticating these anxieties treats “Inner life history” a through a performance of psychiatric concept of the first half anthropocentric power. of the 20th century. She invites you to listen along and investigate with Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Southeast Asia | Cultural and cross-cultural her how music can help to describe contexts, including colonialism in general past ideas about the psychic forms, possibilities and limitations time can A Musical Story of Time ♬ take. And this way inform the Susanna Bloem question: What is the relationship We struggle with time! Popular lines between time-experience and a like: “do things in your own time”, meaningful life? “time heals all wounds”, “live in the here and now”, suggest that time is Tools for Historians of Science important to the way we live our A Note on Tone: Carl Stumpf’s lives in the 21st century. Tone Psychology and the Violin Simultaneously, these wisdoms have Julia Kursell a history. Without knowledge of this University of Amsterdam past such statements turn into empty This paper tackles philosopher Carl and meaningless clichés, not Stumpf’s contributions to founding applicable in life and not usable in the discipline of musicology from debate. Therefore: we have to knów the vantage point of his what time does to us and, vice versa, musicianship. In an autobiographical what we do to time. Susanna essay of 1924, the philosopher and Bloem’s project, entitled ‘Time and experimental psychologist wrote that person, now?!’, aims to uncover he had considered becoming a ideas about time-experience from professional violin player before the modern history of psychiatry and taking up the study of philosophy. does that via research ánd Against this background, the paper composition. After all: there is no examines some of the writing History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 20 strategies that Stumpf applied in his was a watershed event since it quest to capture the features of popularized a distinctively novel musical sound. It focuses on vision of Western science. As Stumpf’s on the term "tone" as he indicated by the Chinese title, used it in the early days of the Tianyanlun addressed the key journal Vierteljahrsschrift für concerns of Chinese literati, Musikwissenschaft (founded in showing that the Chinese have failed 1885)—that is, the period between to comprehend the “Way of Heaven the publication of the two volumes (Tian),” namely, competition. In of his magnum opus Tonpsychologie order to connect science with Tian, (1883–90). the “cosmic foundation of morality,” Yan Fu strategically downplayed the Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 20th century, early | History of humanities, Western notion of “nature” psychology, musical instruments throughout his book. When the May- 4th intellectuals in the 1910s A Science without Nature in China: Heaven (Tian), Morality, endeavored to replace Yan Fu’s and Darwinian Competition from “science without nature” with a 1890 to 1923 more radical, modernist vision of Sean Hsiang-Lin Lei science, they strove to “naturalize” Institute of Modern History, Academia the notion of Tian. Following their Sinica, TAIWAN and Institute of Science, Technology and Society, Yangming lead, historians thereafter have University. dismissed Tianyanlun as not truly a An intriguing, but little noticed, work of “natural” science but merely puzzle exists in the historiography of “social” Darwinism. By way of science in modern China: While situating this foundational text/event Tianyanlun (On Heavenly in the context of science, this paper ), the Chinese translation shows how the history of science of Thomas Huxley’s Evolution and can offer insightful and fresh Ethics, is widely celebrated as THE perspectives on issues crucial to most influential book in modern modern Chinese cultural and Chinese intellectual history, it political history, such as the received little credit in the history of emergence of “the natural” and “the science. Taking this puzzle as a clue, social” (as actors’ categories), the this paper argues that the publication transformation of Tian, and the of Tianyanlun by Yan Fu in 1898 History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 21 contentious relationship between material evidence for the description science and morality. of an unknown territory, as well as promote local science. In this paper I Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | East Asia | Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, argue that Alzate’s mapping including colonialism in general | Science in practices (based on the connection China, Tian (Heaven), Ethics, Yan Fu, between practices for determining Darwinism, Competition, Moral Authority of Nature longitude and the description of the Mexican territory through the A Selenography in New Spain: making of natural collections) do not Colonial Strategies for Mapping just bring to the discussion another Local Knowledge case of colonial appropriation of Nydia Pineda De Avila Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México visual and material strategies for In 1770, a Mexican criollo naturalist establishing local authority in and antiquary, Jose Antonio Alzate, international contexts: this instance published the first selenography in also brings attention to the the Americas: this map of the moon relationship between naturalism and was a small engraving inserted at the astronomy in late eighteenth-century end of a pamphlet entitled Eclypse debates about temperament and race. de Luna, dedicated to Charles III of Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science Spain. The print was a copy of a | Latin America | 18th century | lunar map, widely circulated lunar image Mexico, colonialism popularised in the annual A Shared Enterprise of ephemerides La Connoissance du Knowledge: Ottoman and Temps (promoted by the French European Scholars on Académie des Science) and it was Experience and Revising Knowledge intended to illustrate an astronomical Duygu Yildirim observation that would correct the PhD Candidate, Stanford University position of the Mexican Meridian in In the seventeenth century, a a world map. This work was sent to particular sort of early modern Paris alongside natural and scholarship arose that privileged geological specimens, maps of experience in integrating foreign Mexico and other written reports. In sources of knowledge both in this way, astronomical observations European and Ottoman contexts. were meant to locate or relocate These early modern scholars History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 22 expounded the idea that a certain selectively chose materials truth can be reached through conducive to their approach and conversations among individuals intent. In a paradoxical way, shared across religions, only if each person scholarly methods in experience was engaged in the shared enterprise structured cross-cultural scholarly of trying to understand nature interactions on the eve of modernity. through experience. This paper Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | explores the working methods that Near and Middle East | 17th century | these Ottoman and European Experience, Ottoman, , networks, scholars adopted for a more universal knowledge, , medicine, cross-cultural, knowledge exchange informed scholarship on both Islamic and Western civilizations. I A Standardized Vernacular or a trace how the shared preoccupation Vernacular Standard? The Position of Swahili in the Early with revising knowledge made Twentieth Century fruitful scholarly communication Morgan Robinson possible on both sides. In revising Mississippi State University scholarship on natural history and This paper explores a 1925 meeting medicine, naturalists and in Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika, incorporated expertise of scholars of during which the British colonial Oriental languages and historians as administrations of eastern Africa well. This select group of scholars agreed upon the dialectical basis for found themselves engaged with what Standard Swahili. If examined from it means to seek knowledge that the standpoint of the 1920s, this could rise above the specificity of decision seems a typical story of time and place, that would truly imperial appropriation and become universal by incorporating imposition, a moment in which the elements of foreign knowledge into colonizer decided what language a new kind of early modern was ‘best’ for the colonized. By encyclopedia. While cultural placing this decision in the context empathy was at stake in structuring of the longer social and intellectual this community, knowledge history of Standard Swahili, exchange became possible only however, we can see that it is just when European and Ottoman one pivot of many between scholars used similar scholarly ‘vernacular’ and ‘official’ methods in their own works. They History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 23 knowledge production—a process A Variety of Futurologists: that had taken place over the course "Feminist" Speculative Fictions of many decades, and that would in the Wake of the Pill continue for many decades to come. Jiemin Tina Wei Harvard University, History of Science Building upon the idea of ‘linguistic Clustering around the introduction ecosystems,’ the paper brings to the and proliferation of the birth control fore the host of interlocutors pill in 1960 U.S., I present a cultural involved in the lead-up to 1925 and history of this invention’s enduring its reverberations across the region. consequences for the liberatory Exploring this single shift between imagination through an intertextual 'vernacular’ and 'official’ knowledge conversation between an unexpected production sets us up to understand trio: science fiction novelist Ursula how quickly proponents of the latter Le Guin, radical feminist Shulamith (in this case, the British colonial Firestone, and the Pill co-inventor regime) lost control of the process. Carl Djerassi. This talk explores Over the course of just two decades, three of their experiments—Le Standard Swahili, once a tool of Guin’s 1969 novel Left Hand of colonial rule, became the language Darkness, Firestone’s 1970 of Tanganyikan nationalism and manifesto Dialectic of Sex, and independence. Even more Djerassi’s 1998 play An Immaculate importantly, the paper demonstrates Misconception—which employ how ‘vernacular’ and ‘official’ speculative literary techniques to knowledge production often work in interrogate the naturalness and tandem, arguing that they can be immutability of female sex, and to mutually constitutive. envision a radical future vis-à-vis Social Sciences | Africa | 20th century, early | gender, reproduction, and linguistic ecosystem, linguistics, Standard technology. What emerges is a Swahili, East Africa, vernacular knowledge, official knowledge distinct dialogue about a science- and technology-assisted dismantling and unmaking of the fundamental constituents and functions of biological sex. In their own way, they each feature a radical undoing and refashioning of biology, helping History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 24 their readers dream of a world in networks have hardly been which women’s biological examined. This paper aims to reproductive function is not a given, promote a fuller understanding of presenting an alternative tech- scientific communities by analysing utopian feminism that runs counter the intricate connections between to much of the modern Western gender, class, and imperialism feminist tradition—finding a path to through a reconstruction of four liberation via biologistic thinking. In British female entomologists’ this story about the cultural networks. Margaret Elizabeth aftereffects of oral contraceptive Fountaine (1862-1940), Emily Mary technology, we see an instance of a Bowdler Sharpe (186?-192?), Mary larger story about the interaction de la Beche Nicholl (1839-1922), between technology, speculation, and Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1828- and freedom. Technology and 1901) all developed their own imagination can work iteratively, in networks for different purposes. tandem, in pursuit of social progress. Fountaine and Nicholl used colonial In this case, the introduction of a connections to travel and collect new technology is the very thing lepidoptera in exotic places. which opens up an imaginary space Ormerod used her network to obtain for fantasies about future liberatory information on insects which were technologies. harmful to agriculture and to found the new scientific discipline of Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | North America | 20th century, late | Feminist economic entomology in Britain. political thought, reproductive biology, Sharpe meanwhile, became a well- speculative future-making known cataloguer and describer of A Web of One’s Own: Female new species, and constructed a Entomologists' Scientific network in which she mediated Networks in Late 19th Century between buyers, sellers, and the and Early 20th Century Britain . In this paper I will L. Joanne Green look at the strategies women University of Cambridge employed to develop their networks, While historians have shown the the purposes to which they used importance of networks in these networks, how they engaged in nineteenth and early twentieth the entomological community, and century European science, women’s their position within its hierarchy. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 25

By examining their networks I will mainly used for demonstration in argue that empire, gender, and class lectures, whereas under Tait a new played an important role in the emphasis was put on practical work hierarchies of scientific communities undertaken by the students in Britain at the time, much more themselves, and that under than professionalisation. MacGregor collection items were regularly loaned to researchers of Biology | Global or Multilocational | 19th century | Networks, Gender, empire, class, entomology, other institutions. These three uses, amateurs and professionals demonstration, practice and research, will be illustrated by Access to and Uses of a Natural Philosophy University Collection following the path of a selection of in the 19th Century historic objects. About 350 of those Laura Volkmer objects in part of the Natural University of & National Philosophy Collection of the Museums Scotland survive and The Natural Philosophy Department are now held at National Museums of the University of Edinburgh in the Scotland. Alongside the instruments 19th century is mostly associated came a treasure trove of documents with their famous professors, known that provide an insight on who could for their inventions or their method access and use the instruments of teaching, in which they used a belonging to the Class of Natural wide range of instruments. In this Philosophy. talk, I will explore who in addition of the teaching staff had access to Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | scientific objects, school teaching culture, the instruments of the Natural material culture, university collection Philosophy Class during the 19th and early 20th centuries and what Air as Resource: Thinking about Air-Powered Transport in the these instruments were used for. Nineteenth Century During the surveyed time period the Laura Meneghello professors J.D. Forbes, P.G. Tait, Faculty member, Department of History, and J.G. MacGregor consecutively University of Siegen held the Chair of Natural Philosophy In the nineteenth century, air started and guarded the department’s to be considered not just as an collection. It appears that during element, but as a techno-scientific Forbes tenure the objects were resource. The laws of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 26 thermodynamics provided an infrastructure of pneumatic mail instrument to exploit air power tubes an allegedly ancient Greek (specifically, pressured air), and tradition was invented. I would like scientists and engineers thought to explore these aspects from the about using it, among others, for the perspective of a cultural history of transport of mail, goods, and science and technology, on the basis persons. The product of such techno- of published and unpublished. scientific plans (some of which were Technology | Europe | 19th century | realized, while others remained Pneumatics, Cultural , utopian) were pneumatic tubes, Technology transfer which have been and partly still are al-ʿĀmirī on Nature and the Arts an important element in Nicholas Aubin communication and transport Humboldt-University Berlin infrastructure. The aim of my paper This paper explores the view of is to analyze the meaning attributed Nature expounded by the tenth- to air power and its infrastructure century Muslim philosopher Abū al- (pneumatic tubes) in the nineteenth Ḥasan al-ʿĀmirī (d. 992). al- and early twentieth century, while at ʿĀmirī’s understanding of Nature— the same time focusing on the concerning both its identity and its production of scientific and activity—is a hybridization of technical knowledge on air-powered Aristotelian natural philosophy and transport and its socio-political Neoplatonic metaphysics. This entanglements. For instance, background understanding informs between 1865 and 1871 the Siemens his modal account of the beings and brothers corresponded with each events which occur in the natural, other about the possibilities of i.e. sublunar world. al-ʿĀmirī’s pneumatic mail tubes and how to natural world is characterized by foster their installation: they called ‘natural possibility,’ an imperfect the new science “Pneumatik” and regularity which falls short of the their correspondence is an example perfection and necessity of the of knowledge circulation and heavens. al-ʿĀmirī presents a techno-scientific transfer between complicated network of Berlin and London. Visually, air was relationships between the arts and represented as a goddess (as was Nature, and between (individual) electricity), and for the new History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 27 nature and the soul. al-ʿĀmirī speaks Albums of Emotion: of the arts as assisting Nature in its Astronomical Images activity, as in the cases of Omar Nasim University of Regensburg agriculture and medicine. He also speaks of the influence of Nature on Upon seeing Lord Rosse’s rendition the arts, by engendering ‘natural’ of a in 1845, John F. W. dispositions in the artist. Elsewhere Herschel declared to a large al-ʿĀmirī develops a view of soul audience that “he could not explain and nature in the individual, to the section the strong feelings and according to which the soul of an emotion with which he saw this old especially spiritual individual will and familiar acquaintance in the overpower the base nature within very new dress.” Previously, when him, thus alleviating him of medical at his own telescope, Herschel had care altogether. I examine how his acquired strong feelings and become philosophical reflection on this point friendly with the celestial object is connected to the Greco- M51, one that his own Father had medical tradition, its sources and formerly observed and drawn. practices. In particular, I consider Behind these palpable emotions and the context of his view of ‘psycho- legacies were layers of labor that therapeusis’ by comparing it to sometimes, as Herschel also popular Arabic medical accounts reported, caused tremendous from the period, and contrast it with amounts of “despair” and a medical work by Abū Sahl al- “frustration.” Indeed, the Masīḥī (d. after 1025) which visualization of objects and the emphasizes the dependence of means of acquiring them (e.g. psychological states on the body. telescopes) came with memories and experiences, uplifting and Medicine and Health | Near and Middle East | discouraging. In each case, what was Medieval | Arabic Philosophy, , Neoplatonism, Nature, soul, the arts visualized contained complex emotions, much like a family album. This presentation will contextualize these emotionally packed astronomical images—usually found in catalogues of scientific objects of the nineteenth century—into a History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 28 broader history of collecting in the young orangutan are peculiar in the nineteenth-century, including family context of hunting tradition. Read on albums and memorabilia. By doing the backdrop of imperial hunting, so, we come to see that scientific the encounter between the naturalist images were—besides much else— and the orangutan is an anomalous, a emotional badges of work and momentary breach of the hunters’ legacy. agenda. However, when re- contextualized in the history of Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 19th century | Images, emotions, animal experimentation, Wallace’s research objects, astronomy, observation, treatment of the orangutan joined family albums, work, legacy other incidences in which scientists Alfred Wallace’s Baby observed their pet animals, Orangutan: A Game, a Pet, a occasionally even subjected them to Specimen experiments. Drawing from historian Shira Shmuely of science Donna Haraway’s Tel Aviv University Visions: Gender, Race, and British naturalist Alfred Russell Nature in the World of Modern Wallace was a freelance collector. Science (1990), I’ll argue that the During his expedition to the Malay encounter between Wallace and the Archipelago he had collected baby orangutan is of special 125,000 specimens, mostly insects analytical value as it is situated at and birds, thousands of them the juncture of hunting narratives, previously unfamiliar to European per ownership, colonial naturalists. Wallace dried, labeled, bioprospecting and laboratory preserved and packed the specimens culture. The entrance of the baby and periodically shipped them to his orangutan into Wallace’s home London agent for sale. In the provides an early example for the morning of 16 May 1855 Wallace future complex attitudes towards picked up a young orangutan from a in research, intertwining swamp in the island of Borneo, ideas about family life, care, use and Southeast Asia. He carried the little abuse. creature home, and for a while lived with the orangutan in his “bachelor Biology | Global or Multilocational | 19th century | natural history, bioprospecting, Alfred Russell establishment.” The relations Wallace, experimentation, pet keeping Wallace had cultivated with the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 29

All the Gold in the World: harnessed long-term processes to Colonial Extraction, Geology, and force policy decisions in the present. Mining Statistics, c.1830-1890 Sebastian Felten Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | University of Vienna 19th century | geology, statistics, ressources Large-scale exploitation of new gold Alternative Knowledge, ore in Russia, , Alternative Agriculture: Science and from the 1830s for Life on a Damaged onwards shifted the relative prices of Bradley Jones Washington University silver and gold, disturbed monetary systems around world, and fanned In the 20th century, agrarian change interest both in retrospective was dominated by the industrial statistics and prospective geology. ideal, in which both and This paper uses German philologist were made Modern— Adolph Soetbeer's publication rational, efficient, technologically- Precious Metal Production and the sophisticated—spurred by ideologies Value Relation of Gold and Silver of productivism and progress. These from the Discovery of America to transformations were buttressed by a the Present (1879) as an entry point constellation of collaboration into the entangled history of between research scientists, monetary policy, colonial extraction, extension agents, policy makers, and disciplined geology, and "world" agricultural corporations. As a statistics of metal production. Like result, the predominant institutions the early modern government of knowledge production were officials and entrepreneurs that he “captured,” orienting research used as his source for data, Soetbeer problems and technological manipulated scales for visual impact solutions towards and (in illustrations) and for rhetorical large interests (Buttel 2005, persuasion (in discourse). Contrasts Fitzgerald 2003, Kloppenburg between long processes 1988). This also led to the (metallogenesis, colonialism, state- "academicization of agriculture" in building) and explosive events which abstract scientific knowledge (discoveries, inventions, wars) flows top-down from specialists to structured the past and the future and farmers increasingly dependent on expert authority (Cleveland and History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 30

Soleri 2002, 2007). While the 21st An Unlikely Encounter: Arabic century brings with it novel Astrology, Seismology, and academy/ relations and new Vulcanology at the Dawn of the Enlightenment formations of biocapital (Jasanoff Monica Azzolini 2005, Helmreich 2008), it also sees University of Bologna the emergence of alternative The seventeenth century was an agricultural practices supported by intense period of study of volcanoes alternative ways of knowing. and earthquakes. Major European Situating these recent changes thinkers such as Johannes Kepler, within their historical context, this Athanasius Kircher, and René paper focuses on an alternative Descartes all had something to say mode of agricultural production about the causes of volcanic known as biodynamics and eruptions and earthquakes. While examines its foundation in Goethean none of their theories proved science. I argue that this model of completely right, the fact that an working with and knowing nature astronomer, a Jesuit polymath, and a promises to cultivate a more holistic philosopher contributed to the understanding of of people debate is indicative of its and plants, but that such approaches significance for seventeenth-century are marginalized by dominant intellectuals. While different reductionist knowledge regimes. At physical and causal explanations the intersection of feminist science about the formation of and the studies and the anthropology of quaking of the earth were proposed, science and technology, this paper one is often dismissed by historians shares stories in service of an of geology, namely astrological- emerging “successor science” astronomical causation. This paper (Harding 1986) with deep historical will examine a series of works roots. written by Italian and French authors Technology | Global or Multilocational | 21st around the time of the 1631 eruption century | Goethean Science, Agriculture, of Vesuvius and soon after the 1703 Biodynamics, Alternative Ways of Knowing earthquake in central and to illustrate how, in this period, the Arabic theory of great conjunctions and the study of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 31 eclipses, were taken into serious Enlightenment, anachronizing consideration by a number of became one of the preferred tactics intellectuals as a possible cause of for neutralizing the threat of these earthly phenomena. Despite astrology, and remains so today. In the alleged demise of astrology in this paper, I would like to discuss the seventeenth century, this paper the Enlightenment trend of will argue that astro-meteorology anachronizing astrology from three remained a well respected and angles. First, I would like to present convincing scientific discipline, and it as an instance of ‘philosophic that the Arabic authors who prophecy’ (a neologism recently underpinned this discipline remained coined by historian of philosophy frequently quoted authorities in this Eric Schliesser). Second, I would field. like to trace connections between the technique of anachronizing Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 17th century | History of Astrology, astrology on the one hand, and History of the Earth Sciences conceptions of the manufacturability of human culture on the other. Third, Anachronizing Astrology: Philosophic Prophecy in the I would like to trace the connections Enlightenment between this technique and (self- Steven Vanden Broecke )censorship in print culture. Ghent University Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Beginning in the 1660s, but Europe | 17th century | History of Astrology especially after 1680, critics of astrology began to make historical Anatomies of the Mind in Enlightenment Britain prophecies of their own. According Tamás Demeter to this prophecy, one would soon Hungarian Academy of Sciences encounter astrological beliefs only in Anatomy is a widespread metaphor the past, and reason would soon, among eighteenth-century British once for all, reconquer the popular authors. Besides its proper meaning mind from superstition. Pierre in medical contexts, ‘anatomy’ is Bayle, in his famous Pensées frequently put into phrases such as diverses sur la comète (1683), was ‘anatomy of nature’, ‘of the mind’, one of the earliest voices that issued ‘of human nature’, or ‘of the light’. such prophecies, but he was hardly The common core of these different the last. Throughout the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 32 uses refers to some methodized reflect attitudes towards religious study of the realm or phenomenon to values ranging form providential which it is attached. In the present naturalism to methodological paper I try to reconstruct the atheism. meanings attached to ‘anatomy’ in Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | moral contexts, i.e. in the context of Anatomy, , History of the study of the mind and human , Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton nature. As this anatomical enterprise Animal Fables meant different things to various key Cathy Gere actors from Locke to Reid, I will try University of California, San Diego to offer a typology by showing that Aesop’s fables, a corpus of animal various projects can be characterized tales from , take the as predominantly descriptive form of morality tales in which non- anatomies aiming at the delineation humans embody all-too-human of the mind’s part (as in e.g. Locke’s weaknesses such as vanity, sloth, case), and as predominantly credulity and selfishness. One of the functional anatomies aiming at the translators of the fables, the Anglo- excavation of explanatory principles Dutch physician Bernard of the mind’s functioning (as e.g. in Mandeville, would later write an Hume’s case). I will explore the Aesopian morality tale of his own: features of various attempts, thereby The Fable of the Bees. The work – a 1) locating them on the long satirical poem about the methodological map of eighteenth- hypocrisy of commercial society – century natural and moral inquiry shot him to literary fame when it with a sensitivity to how they are was denounced as immoral by the related to dominant methodological Middlesex Grand Jury in 1723. influences springing from Baconian Arguing that Mandeville’s work and Newtonian legacies; 2) anticipates many of the themes of reconstructing how conceptual evolutionary psychology, this paper connections, or the lack thereof, suggests that he was the founder of a between anatomies of the mind and literary genre that came into its own anatomy proper is reflected in in the work of Charles and various stances taken on the mind- his followers. It goes on to examine body problem in this context; 3) and some of the animal fables of science exploring how anatomies of mind History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 33

– from ants taking slaves, to rats patterns? In matches unfettered by pressing pleasure levers, to chimps female reluctance. For Symons the looking in the – using frequency of homosexual encounters Mandeville’s literary achievement to was the best yardstick by which to ask why and how the stories of non- measure normative heterosexual human natures come so indelibly to desire. His account reinforced stand in for aspects of the human gendered stereotypes already condition. inscribed in sociobiology: males possessed a greater sex drive than Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 18th century | Animals, fables, females, derived from the Mandeville, psychology, literature evolutionary importance of male sexual pleasure. Critical of this Animals as Evolutionary Models of Human Sexuality in the Late argument, Sarah Blaffer Hrdy 20th Century pushed back by suggesting the Erika Milam variety of female-female sexual Princeton University encounters in primates provided How evolutionary biologists have robust evidence of sexual drive in all defined animal courtship has had females. This paper explores these profound consequences for their debates and subsequent understanding of how Charles transformations in late-20th-century Darwin’s theory of sexual selection evolutionary accounts of the match. might operate among humans. One What began as a means of of the most remarkable applications naturalizing heterosexual courtship of evolutionary logic to human norms would eventually transform behavior came from Donald into a potential defense of gay rights Symons’ Evolution of Sexuality, as biologists documented numerous published in 1979. If male and examples of same-sex behavior in female heterosexual reproductive animals. As a result, the logic of strategies fundamentally differed, using any one animal as a model of then Symons reasoned that every human courtship gave way to seeing sexual encounter between a man and human sexuality as reflected in the a woman represented a compromise between their dueling desires and agendas. How best, then, to understand true male behavioral History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 34 wide diversity of sexualities found alcohol. In this paper, I show how in the animal kingdom as a whole. the growing discipline of anthropology’s acceptance of the Biology | North America | 20th century, late | gender & sexuality, , “Peyote Religion” was linked to a animals, mating, courtship, gay rights broader re-evaluation of spiritual syncretism and its place in the Anthropology, Peyote-Eaters, and the Shifting Morals of anthropology of religion. Intoxication (1880-1919) Specifically, I argue that Adam Johnson ethnographic fieldworkers such as University of Michigan James Mooney recast Anthropologists studying American understandings of indigenous Indians groups in the 1880s and spiritual “purity” by studying the 1890s occasionally remarked on consciousness-altering effects of community sects dedicated to the peyote among their Native hosts. consumption of peyote (Lophophora Mooney’s advocacy of peyote- williamsii) for spiritual purposes. eating culminated in his support for These “peyote cults,” which spread the practice’s formalization in the from Mexico into the central US in Native American Church (1919)— the late nineteenth century, were ratified, ironically, on the eve of first seen negatively, as Prohibition—which legally anthropologists worried the protected peyote use for church hallucinogenic drug would cause members while also ensuring (from significant cultural disruption, akin the perspective of anthropologists) to the effects of alcohol. This paper greater social stability in dry Indian evaluates the developing picture of communities. peyote cults in Native American Social Sciences | North America | 20th century, communities from the perspective of early | anthropological fieldwork, indigenous visiting ethnographers, tracing the knowledge systems, intoxicants evolving justification for peyote use 's Rivals: Early that practitioners conveyed to Categorialism in Ancient Greek inquiring anthropologists. Over Philosophy time, some anthropologists came to Andrew Hull see peyote use as actually beneficial Northwestern University to stabilizing Native communities Aristotle's Categories is one of the they studied, as a replacement for most influential and heavily History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 35 commented on texts to survive from too epistemically demanding). antiquity. It is so influential, and Despite some shortcomings, presents such a neat contrast to however, I will argue that Plato's Theory of Forms, that he is Speusippus and Early Academics often taken as virtually inventing were establishing their own unique categorialism as a tradition single- taxonomy of the world, revamping handedly. Yet this is far too neat a Plato's method of division to present picture as his contemporaries a powerful alternative that avoids Hermodorus (Simp. Phys. 247,33- some of the shortcomings of 248,20), Xenocrates (Fr. 12 Lang), Aristotle and . and Speusippus (Simp. Cat. 38,19- Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | 24; SE Adv. Math. vii 145-146) are Europe | Ancient Greek and Roman all attested as having posited their own categorial schemes. Late Artificial Evolution: Åke Gustafsson and the Classical Greek philosophy presents Development of Mutation us with an abundance of attempts to Breeding "carve nature at its joints," but I will Anna Tunlid be focusing on Speusippus' Lund University, Sweden categorialism as it is the most In the late 1920s, Åke Gustafsson attested and is likely the one and Herman Nilsson-Ehle started Aristotle was most concerned with experiments of induced mutations at given his comments at Posterior the Svalöf Plant Breeding Station in Analytics II 13. 97a6-11 and in Parts Sweden. Already in the mid-1930s, of Animals I.2-3. I will examine the first viable mutations appeared, Speusippus' "categorial holism" in and in 1940 an extended research this paper, particularly as he applies program was set up. Gustafsson it in the surviving fragments of his devoted much of his scientific career scientific works Likes and to mutation research. With funding Definitions. I will examine how granted by the Swedish government, divisions of plant species in Likes he established a large national depart from Aristotle's own criteria research group with the aim to for definitions in the Topics while investigate theoretical and applied also addressing some of the potential aspects of induced mutations. problems of Speusippus' approach During the 1960s, he became (particularly that objection that it is History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 36 increasingly involved in the Gustafsson’s engagement in the FAO/IAEA Joint Division. In FAO/IAEA activities. opposition to many contemporary Technology | Europe | 20th century, late | geneticists and plant breeders, Atomic science, Mutation breeding, Åke Gustafsson never doubted the value Gustafsson, Sociotechnical imaginaries, FAO, of induced mutations for plant IAEA breeding, which according to him Artisan Entomologists: Stories dealt with the artificial evolution of from the Porcelain crop species by changing and Manufactories of Europe accommodating them to human Gabriella Szalay needs and demands. He was dubbed Renke B. and Pamela M. Thye Fellow in the Busch-Reisinger Museum/ Harvard Art the “father of mutation breeding”. In Museums this presentation, I will outline In the eighteenth century, European Gustafsson’s research on induced porcelain became a critical site for mutations by using Sheila Jasanoff’s the study of insects. Its pristine, concept sociotechnical imaginaries. I white body made it ideally suited for will argue that Gustafsson’s view on capturing the incandescent colors of induced mutation was part of a the rapidly growing number of both sociotechnical imaginary in Sweden “local” and “exotic” species. that emphasized the close links Meanwhile the smooth, rounded between basic research and its forms of most porcelain wares (i.e. practical applications and the value cups, saucers, tea- and coffeepots) of science for the development of allowed for the easy illustration of society and the welfare state. This the different stages in the lifecycle imaginary promoted the of insects. The stories that have been advancement of science-driven plant told about these illustrations have breeding technologies to improve been largely ones of reproduction, as crops, increase productivity and scholars have searched for the achieve national food security. graphic sources of the images in During the 1960s, the sociotechnical question. Their efforts reveal that imaginary of plant breeding was painters at manufactories like the extended beyond the national one at Meissen—the first to produce borders to include the developing “true” or hard-paste porcelain in countries, which further stimulated Europe—were aware of the work of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 37 earlier interpreters of the insect ancient elephants that had been world, such as Jacob Hoefnagel and washed to North America by the Maria Sibylla Merian. They do not, Deluge; Buffon and Daubenton also however, account for why entire concluded that these were elephant table services were decorated with bones. In the 1760s, some of these insects, as is the case with the “bee bones came to London, and to the pattern” service made at the Meissen attention of the anatomist William manufactory beginning in the 1740s. Hunter (1718-1783). Hunter drew on Nor do they explain why by the a wide circle of acquaintances, middle of the nineteenth century including collectors, naturalists, many porcelain painters were listed fellow anatomists, and craftsmen in in the relevant sources as ivory, and determined that the bones entomologists (Entomologen). As I were not from elephants but from will argue, the making of porcelain another larger elephant-like animal and the study of insects became that was now extinct. His increasingly intertwined over the conclusions, published in the course of the eighteenth century, as Philosophical Transactions in 1768, princely and private cabinets were were among the first to acknowledge opened to painters and modelers in the fact of extinction. the hopes of inspiring them in their Medicine and Health | North America | 18th designs. By such means the first century | Anatomy, palaeontology, comparative communities of “artisan anatomy, collection of bones and skeletons, entomologists” took flight. Republic of Letters

Biology | Global or Multilocational | 18th century Assembling Cyclones: The | Art, Entomology, Transfer, Images, Collections Matter of the Weather in Colonial Mauritius Artisans of the (Prehistoric) Martin Mahony Body: Anatomy, Craft, and the University of East Anglia American Incognitum Positioned on key maritime trading Anita Guerrini routes, ravaged frequently by Oregon State University cyclones, and visited periodically by Between the 1730s and the 1760s, a devastating droughts, weather and number of large bones were found in climate were key concerns of the Ohio River valley. They were colonial Mauritius. Focusing on the widely believed to be the remains of period 1850 to 1920, this paper History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 38 examines how tropical cyclones jamming telegraph lines, and were reckoned with by colonial rendering sites of weather administrators and scientists. It observation uninhabitable. The contends that making sense of and paper argues for the inseparability of predicting the behaviour of such the material and the epistemic in storms was always more than an Mauritian meteorology, and epistemic problem. It was also a questions what that means for our challenge of piecing together a handling of the ‘local’ in history of socio-material assemblage of science. observation, constituted by passing Earth and Environmental Sciences | Africa | ships, with their log books and 19th century | Cyclones, log books, data weather-watchers, by reliable visualisation, printing, observations instruments and trustworthy, healthy Astrology and : Earthly and static observers onshore, and by Symbols and Celestial Signs means of circulating the assembled Stefan Zieme knowledge such that its lesson could Humboldt-University Berlin be absorbed by both local mariners In the beginning of the sixteenth and distant savants. Drawing on century, the interpretation of comets recent work revisiting the place of acquired a peculiar dichotomous materiality in histories of scientific notion. As phenomena that knowledge-making, this paper originated in earthly realms, foregrounds the material politics of according to Aristotelian belief, meteorology in what might comets were increasingly interpreted otherwise be a rather triumphalist according to their accompanying narrative of scientific progress. It celestial configurations. The examines first the role of data apparition of a in 1506 visualisation and printing practices heralded the emergence of a novel in both aiding and retarding the genre of astrological development of cyclonic theory. prognostications related to cometary Secondly, the paper shows how, as interpretation. The set of subsequent new theories of cyclone behaviour astrological cometary pamphlets, the offered the possibility of first printed in movable type, anticipation, the tropical climate enjoyed high popularity and wide itself began to intervene in the circulation. Prognosticators followed apparatus of prediction, felling and History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 39 an Islamic tradition and enhanced Amsterdam. Ruysch’s house cometary interpretation with museum attracted international astrological reasoning. How could attention, and became an important their astrological interpretation space for the creation and relate events across the earthly and dissemination of scientific and celestial sphere? The subsequent, anatomical knowledge. To date, a different cometary apparitions of the significant body of scholarship ongoing sixteenth century entailed a exists on Ruysch’s life and work: growing effort among astrological Ruysch’s specimens have been prognosticators to overcome this analyzed from medical, artistic, and apparent gap between distant even commercial perspectives. Aristotelian spheres by an intricate However, the objects in his causal structure. This talk explores collection have often assumed center the ontological amendment of stage; Ruysch’s house-museum as a cometary interpretations in the space has received little attention. sixteenth century based on Islamic This paper seeks to place Ruysch’s tradition, and analyzes the objects in context: it excavates the prognosticator’s endeavor to space they occupied, as it was establish a causal structure that socially and physically constructed. allowed comets to be absorbed into To do so it draws on two previously the broader astrological corpus. understudied sources. First, it conducts a detailed analysis of the Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | Renaissance | History of Renaissance visitors recorded in Ruysch’s guest Astrology books. This source reveals an intimate social environment which At Home in the Museum: the Collection of revolved around personal Isabel Van Paasschen relationships. Secondly, Ruysch’s Yale University estate inventory allows for the The Dutch anatomist Dr. Frederik detailed reconstruction of each room Ruysch is best known for his artfully in the house. A virtual tour of embalmed anatomical specimens. Ruysch’s home reveals that the Between roughly 1689 and 1731, collection was deeply embedded in Ruysch displayed this collection family life; learning spaces and inside his family home in living spaces were indistinguishable. Thus, while museums are thought to History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 40 have become increasingly public in responses to microscopic the 18th century, Ruysch’s house observation: on the one hand, the offers a compelling example of a emotional attachment to intimately museum that was in fact private, and known objects observed over a long highly domestic. By recovering the period of time and, on the other, the domestic context of Ruysch’s excitement over new observations, collection, this paper further combined with the effort of emphasizes the household as a documenting the extraordinary crucial site for the transmission and evidence and the possibility of its creation of knowledge. loss. More generally, the paper will consider how the reliance on visual Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century evidence represented the strength Beautiful or Dull? Studying but also the weakness of Chromosomes under the chromosome research, especially in Microscope the eyes of molecular biologists who Soraya De Chadarevian spurned images in favor of University of California Los Angeles mathematical analysis and causal To study chromosomes under the explanations. microscope they need to be spread and flattened, fixed and stained. In Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | North America | 20th century, late | Images, short, they are highly manipulated emotions, research objects, observation, dead objects in an artificial milieu. chromosomes, microscopy Yet in practitioners’ eyes, Behavior (Un)Archived: Research chromosomes have become Films in East German “hypnotically beautiful objects” Bioacoustics (Hsu 1979) to which researchers Sophia Gräfe have remained deeply committed. Philipps-Universität Marburg What makes their observation so This case study examines the fascinating and how has this intersections of research film and fascination shaped the development historical concepts of behavior. of the field? Drawing on the Based on the example of early East descriptions of chromosome German bioacoustics it combines researchers from the mid-1950s to approaches from media philosophy the early 21st century, the paper will and the history of science to discuss distinguish two kinds of emotional the relevance of film documents for History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 41 an historical reconstruction of discuss the historiographic relevance research practices, epistemic of research films for a reconstruction structures and political programs. of the epistemology as well as the When East German biologist aisthesis of historical research Guenter Tembrock (1918–2011) settings. entered the field of behavioral Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 20th studies in 1948, research on the century, late | , Cold War, research film, biological conditions of human archive studies behavior was a contested field. In Benchmarking the Self: the East as well as in the West, François-Marc-Louis Naville and political visions for post-war His Moral Tables societies centered around social vs. Harro Maas biological concepts of human University of Lausanne behavior. Based on the observation This paper examines the self- of domesticated foxes in his modest measurement and self-tracking lab in East-Berlin between 1948 and practices of one individual, 1968, Tembrock developed a new François-Marc-Antoine Naville, a approach to behavioral studies. In turn of the eighteenth century contrast to his predecessors he didn’t Genevan pastor and pedagogical merely observe individual animals. innovator, who extensively used Rather he was interested in self-measuring instruments to communication through movement choose a destiny in life and improve and, particularly, sounds. This his moral character. I situate his formed the core of an of practices within emerging regimes reciprocal resonances. Surprisingly of time measurement, ranging from his research methods didn’t only Benjamin Franklin’s tools of moral include tape recordings. From 1951 calculation via Marc-Antoine on 16 mm-film recordings played a Jullien’s moral thermometer, to central role in his studies of bio- Benthamite systems of moral acoustic behavior. But other than the control. I provide a detailed sound recordings, only little was examination of how Naville used done to preserve them until today. and adapted these tools to his own, This paper seeks to present the strongly religious purposes. My archival situation of GDR-research contribution thus sheds lights on films today. Furthermore it will how technologies of quantification History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 42 molded notions of autonomy, coalesced around the field of ART, personal responsibility and and joined the public in these citizenship within an emerging practices of speculation and debate utilitarian context that aimed to through their professional work and regulate, control, and optimize popular communication. human behavior. Researchers and practitioners readily engaged questions of how and by Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 19th century | self-measurement, whom these technologies would be moral thermometer, moral algebra, moral used – and for what purposes – amid improvement, utilitarianism, deontology, their contested efficacy and ethical Benjamin Franklin, Marc-Antoine Jullien, François-Marc-Louis Naville status. Through their published research, public advocacy and Between "Ethics and Embryos": popular memoirs, infertility Reading Assisted Reproductive treatment pioneers, including Sir Technology as Material Fiction Robert Edwards, and Drs. Howard Angela Yu University of Oxford and Georgeanna Jones, actively From its inception, assisted shaped the material and discursive reproductive technology (ART) – contours of assisted reproduction. ranging from artificial insemination This paper explores how research in and to surrogacy ART emerged with and through and egg freezing – invoked public scientific speculation about the questions of the world to come. This future of society in the United States constellation of emerging and during the late technologies was simultaneously 20th century. It further argues that credited with the disruption of the ART occupied the position of a sanctity of heterosexual marriage, ‘material fiction’ whereby narratives technological control of women’s of anticipated and unsettling futures bodies, the promotion of eugenic became essential to address the fantasies, and the impending practical limitations of reproductive creation of a separatist feminist technologies themselves. ART society. Following the first researchers and practitioners spoke successful birth by in vitro to the popular fictions of their time, fertilisation in 1978, a growing providing insight into the scientific and medical community History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 43 intersection between biomedical be left out or miss out on an research and rhetoric. appropriate match.” This paper unpacks the political stakes, Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 20th century, late | Assisted informational processes, and reproductive technology, reproduction, science mathematical techniques of communication, futures, rhetoric Fourier’s “calculus of passions,” to Between Harmony and E- argue that so-called “utopian” Harmony: Sexual Minima and socialism in part pioneered the Utopian Matching in Fourier’s discourses and practices of "Calculus of Passions" “matching” behind contemporary Hansun Hsiung data-driven approaches to finding Max Planck Institute for the History of Science / Durham University “matches.” As a self-styled Newton of the social world, Fourier In his manuscript of 1818 entitled championed the need to discover “System of radical sympathies and laws of “passionate attraction” antipathies,” Charles Fourier analogous to universal gravitation. claimed to have devised “the art...of As an early critic of industrial finding all those persons with whom capitalism, Fourier proposed that one is in complete sympathy, and of “free love” required scientific surrounding oneself with them management, lest it degenerate into instantly and constantly.” Unfolding an unequal free market of love. across 117 pages the “algebraic Technologies of matching, in this formulas” that would allow for this sense, went hand-in-hand with his “matching [assortiment] of problematic demand for the right to characters,” Fourier argued that a a “sexual minimum” alongside “calculus of passions” was key to universal basic income, and his faith the management of relations in his that this minimum, through proper phalanstères -- communities dubbed practices of information collection simply “Harmony” by Fourier, and and analysis, was an achievable envisioned as a socialist solution to reality. the woes of capitalist “civilization.” Whereas, in “civilization,” persons Mathematics | Europe | 19th century | gender & “often spend years in a city without sexuality, instruments & measuremnts, political thought, utopianism, social science, 19th encountering sympathetic partners in century love,” in “Harmony,” “no one would History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 44

Between Order and Chaos: interventions into social relations, its Telegraphy and the Stresses of interference with the channels of Everyday Life geopolitical communication, and its Jean-Michel Johnston capacity to throw financial markets University of Oxford into turmoil with a dose of The unprecedented speed of unexpected news. This paper telegraphic communication was the examines the hopes and source of considerable excitement disappointments experienced by across Europe during the nineteenth users of the telegraph across century. The technology, it was Germany, from politicians to often held, heralded a new age of businessmen, agriculturalists, and instantaneous interpersonal even ordinary villagers, as they communication, which would turned to the technology to help simplify the conduct of business, them manage the vagaries of politics, and even everyday life. everyday life. Looking back upon the period, we might be tempted to describe the Technology | Europe | 19th century | Technology, telegraphy revolutionary impact of the electric telegraph in a similar way, Between Signal and Symbol: recognising its contribution to the Sound, Speech, and the Data of global standardisation of time, to the Language streamlining of international Xiaochang Li Stanford University diplomacy, to the organisation of the global securities market, and even to In 1969, J. R. Pierce, executive the elaboration of reliable weather director at AT&T Bell Laboratories, forecasts—the historian James called for a suspension of all speech Beniger went so far as to call it a recognition research, condemning modern ‘control revolution’. The the field as an “artful deceit” telegraph was a double-edged perpetrated by “untrustworthy sword, however, and many engineers.” Automatic speech contemporaries were in fact recognition, he insisted, could not be concerned that the speed of solved through engineering, and communication would upset the would be possible only once well-established structures of computers incorporated linguistic everyday life, with its ceaseless expertise comparable to a native History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 45 speaker. Just two years later, IBM became critical in shaping the launched its Continuous Speech conceptual, economic, and technical Recognition research group, which terrain that gave rise to data-driven developed a data-centric approach analytics and machine learning as that became standard not only in privileged and pervasive forms of speech recognition and natural computational knowledge. language processing, but across “big Tools for Historians of Science | North America data” and machine learning | 20th century, late | History of technology, applications for everything from linguistics, sound, speech, computation financial modeling to Between the Lab, Field, and bioinformatics. Frederick Jelinek, Garden: Experimental the IBM group’s director, Psychology and Ethnology ca. infamously attributed their success 1900 to firing all the linguists. This talk Cameron Brinitzer looks at the history of speech History & Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania recognition research as it was In the late-nineteenth and early- refashioned from a problem of twentieth centuries, a simulating language to one of methodological controversy sorting data. Starting in the 1970s, emerged around the scientific speech recognition research shifted problem of understanding human from efforts to study and simulate color vision in evolutionary terms. the processes of speech production While the first experimental and linguistic understanding to what psychology laboratories were being researchers characterized as a constructed across “purely statistical” approach, and North America to subtend a organized around the technical and natural science of mind, zoologists commercial demands of digital and ethnologists were computing. I examine how the simultaneously researching color problem of automatic speech vision among populations outside recognition, laden with the technical Europe. In the early-twentieth challenges and institutional legacies century, the “colour-sense of acoustic engineering, helped controversy” crystalized among bring language under the purview of experimentalists seeking an data processing—and how, in the understanding of human color vision process, speech recognition research History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 46 in ontogenetic and phylogenetic vision. Finally, attending to the terms. To build a natural science of material cultures of human sciences mind capable of accounting for circa 1900 calls into question neat visual perception and attendant divisions between laboratory and forms of cognition, these field sciences. experimentalists moved between Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | psychological laboratories, Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early anthropological expeditions and field sites, and experimental Biodiversity on Display: Museological and Scientific apparatus which some built in their Practices in Natural History own homes and gardens. This paper Museums Exhibitions shows that an overlooked product of Mariana Soler the colour-sense controversy was the IHC - CEHFCi - University of Évora methodological specification of Exhibitions are social constructions “looking-time” (a combination of in which information and archives direction and duration of optic are selected by professionally fixation) as a scientific measure of diverse teams, whose work may be perception and cognition. At the turn influenced by institutional and of the century, these financial contingencies. In natural experimentalists argued that history museums, expography has measures of looking-time provided drastically changed during the last access to the nonverbal minds of two centuries. Scientific and human infants, while also museological practices are authorizing research among fundamental factors influencing linguistically-diverse peoples. While these changes. The increasing looking-time is often thought to circulation of objects, bibliographies have been operationalized during the and professionals among European 1950s, attention to the material stuff and American museums may also of psychological experimentation have influenced exhibitions design. around the turn of the twentieth Inasmuch as the history of century reveals a sustained museography in relation to its own methodological controversy circulation in natural history surrounding the utility of looking- museums is still incipient, this thesis time as an experimental measure in proposes to identify ways of display research concerned with color History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 47 that represent museological and on science representation in scientific practices in Brazilian and museological institutions. Portuguese natural history museums, Biology | Global or Multilocational | 21st century by analyzing five contemporaneous | exhibitions; circulation; natural history exhibitions in which "biodiversity" museums; expography is a central concept. After reviewing Birthing Machines and the Turn the literature on history of science to Physiology in Twentieth and museology, we constructed a Century matrix with indicators which Martina Schlünder allowed us to recognize different Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin expographic patterns, from the nineteenth century until nowadays. Since the eighteenth century, We identified overlapping of ways childbirth in Western medicine has of display, once in the same been understood as a mechanical exhibition there were different types procedure consisting of a regular of representations of scientific sequence of foetal movements practices and concepts. Our through the mother’s womb. At the preliminary results show that even beginning of the twentieth century, exhibitions designed after 2010 still the reasons for these movements have specimens displayed according were not yet understood. What kind to design patterns typical of the of mechanical and expulsive forces previous centuries. Although we were at work in the birthing process? noticed the importance of At the turn of the twentieth century, researchers and their practices in the German obstetrician Hugo Sellheim conception of exhibitions, different (1871–1936) embarked upon a patterns in the same space and research project to answer this narrative indicated the existence of question by exploring the laws of other factors affecting the ways of birth mechanics. For his display. Identifying the origin of experimental studies, he designed these factors will allow us to new research tools, so-called establish a panorama of influences “birthing machines”. In contrast to older obstetrical machines, these “machines” performed the birth process not along anatomical lines but, rather, simulated it from a History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 48 strictly functional-mechanical Bloated Bellies and Bleeding perspective. The paper argues that Thyroids: Needling at Gendered studying these machines offers an Bodies in Acupuncture Anesthesia (1950-1970) excellent lens to examine the Lan Li epistemic shifts that obstetrics Acupuncture analgesia seemed underwent in the early twentieth relatively straightforward. The century, when it moved from an patient lay awake as a practitioner anatomical to a physiological needled selected sites on the body to paradigm, leaving the focus on the induce numbness for . pelvis-skull ratio behind, instead Numerous reports emerging from studying the impact of mechanical China in the 1970s featured women laws on soft tissues and its and men resting on operating tables, flexibility. Sellheim aimed at smiling into the camera, surrounded establishing a norm, a standard by doctors who attended to the procedure of delivery based on excised region—the esophagus, experimental, scientific knowledge brain, belly, heart, or lungs. Readers that also captured all of its possible were as amazed as they were deviations, turning treatments from skeptical. To one critic, acupuncture improvised and experience-based analgesia worked, but it only worked interventions into standards based on on Communist Chinese bodies. scientific norms. I analyze Beyond the ontological debates that Sellheim’s experimental system surrounded how needling actually from a material-semiotics worked, was the curious ways in perspective to show how these which the patient and practitioner objects and epistemic shifts more both participated in a choreography generally were always entangled in of knowledge production. Needling- practices imbued with gender and induced numbness allowed the class politics. patient to lie awake during the Medicine and Health | Europe | 20th century, operation. She could ask questions, early | instruments, obstetrics, body, birthing drink tea, eat fruit as nurses reached machines, Germany into her body to remove an ovarian cyst. This paper argues that the choreographed epistemology of the operating room, or “improvised History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 49 medicine” as Julie Livingston would Botany and the Science of put it, re-constituted dualities that History I (ca. 1800-1900) defined expertise, indigenous Fabian Kraemer Assistant Professor for the History of knowledge, and gender. Between the Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Univestität patient and practitioner, zhongyi München, Germany (“Chinese” medicine) and xiyi The boundaries between the (“Western” medicine), and feminine humanities and the sciences have and masculine bodies were the traditionally been seen as solid and multiple effects of needling that more or less impenetrable; however, challenged assumptions about how in view of the closely entangled responses to pain changed over time. developments of the history of (non- Those who tested the effects of human) nature and the history of needling-induced numbness in (human) culture they may not be as Singapore, Hong Kong, Michigan, unproblematic as first thought. This Berlin, and Shanghai hoped that its paper, together with the following universalizing effects could reflect (by Nickelsen), traces this debate the universal properties of with a focus on the tradition of needling—that it could temper the writing the history of culture and idiosyncratic nature of the body and civilization in the nineteenth collapse conceptual differences. By century. For the most part of the drawing on literature in transnational century, cultural history centered on feminism and postcolonial STS, this the texts and objects studied by paper offers a cultural history of historians, philologists, and neuroscience through the queering archaeologists. However, botanists effects of needling in the operating were increasingly eager to bring room. their knowledge of seeds and plants

Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | into the discussion and to claim a 20th century, late | numbness, acupuncture place for these objects as key analgesia, transnational feminism, pain sources in the study of cultural history. They thus called into question the historical disciplines’ exclusive authority over human history. Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century debates on History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 50

“cultural history” were a hotbed of importantly, botanists pointed to the discussion on the epistemic value of fact that the history of human culture different types of sources and the was intimately connected to the disciplines that were best equipped history of “agriculture” and the to interpret them. The paper cultivation of plants. The beginning examines in particular the attempts of culture in the sense of civilization made by a group of Berlin-based was commonly linked to the botanists around Georg transition from hunter-gatherer Schweinfurth (1836–1925). When societies to agriculture. The history this group claimed, in 1906, to have of cultivated plants, such as wheat, found the progenitor of cultivated hence, was at the center of cultural wheat (Urweizen) in Palestine, history in this broader sense (which Schweinfurth declared this the most historians of science have so far important discovery of his lifetime. I ignored). This history was then argue that this cannot be understood mostly written based on philological without recourse to of the period’s methods; but this, botanists claimed, burgeoning discourse on the origins was insufficient. One had to study of human civilization. the actual object sources not only their names. The botanical study of Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 19th century | , history plant geography, including the of cultural history, history of civilization, the two migration of plants over time and the cultures search for their sites of origin – as in Botany and the Science of the case of the Urweizen – , was History II (ca. 1800-1900) therefore of utmost importance to Kärin Nickelsen the history of human culture, so the LMU Munich, History of Science argument went. The paper shows In close alignment to the preceding how, drawing on this tradition, paper of the panel (Krämer), this botanists were eventually able to paper explores the entanglement of claim that without botanical nineteenth-century natural and expertise the study of cultural cultural histories further. history was incomplete. Moreover, Specifically, it traces how and why Schweinfurth even called for a nineteenth-century botanists claimed radically altered understanding of a role for themselves in the writing “culture” that was no longer of cultural history. Most exclusively focused on written History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 51 scholarship but acknowledged the the heterogeneity of Amadio’s growing importance of the sciences. illustrations. The herbal acts as a bricoleur, putting established Biology | Europe | 19th century | , history of botany, history of cultural artistic, literary, and medical history, history of civilization, the two cultures, systems into play with emerging plant geography forms of experiential knowledge. In Bricolage and the "Modern form and content, the book creates a Order" of the Codex generative space for the construction Roccabonella and testing of new knowledge, what Sarah Kyle Roccabonella calls a “specific University of Central Oklahoma foundation” for the development of Around 1445 the artist Andrea new fields of botanical and medical Amadio translated the plant imagery inquiry in the early modern era. of a luxury herbal manuscript into a more extensive, stylistically-diverse Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | Medieval | herbal, pharmacopoeia, illustrative cycle. This new plant drugs manuscript contains the pharmacopeia of Venetian physician Broken World Botany: Slavery and Natural Knowledge in the Nicolò Roccabonella (1386–1457), West African Slave Trading which distils traditional medical Zones texts and compiles lexica of plant Carolyn Roberts names (Bibl. Marciana, Lat. VI, 59 History of Science and Medicine, Yale [=2548]). The textual and visual University information constitutes his efforts to Literature on the circulation of place the knowledge of plant drugs, natural knowledge in the Atlantic as Roccabonella says, into “some world offers rich discussions more modern order”. In its regarding the significance of non- improvised assemblage of traditions European peoples in the and sources, this “order” can appear development of colonial and disordered. However, the apparent metropolitan science and medicine. randomness of Roccabonella’s text, The Americas has been a while drawing on humanist methods foundational geography in this of note-taking and knowledge- scholarship. Historians have shown building, encourages a new kind of the intense epistemological struggles reading practice – one reinforced by that ensued between Amerindians, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 52

Africans, creoles, and Europeans enslaved boys who grew physic who lived, labored, and died gardens at slave factories. This paper together. However, one region that problematizes early modern science was pivotal in Atlantic knowledge and medicine by examining networks remains largely absent — knowledge-making in a profoundly West Africa. This paper illustrates broken West African world. how the West African slave trading Biology | Africa | Cultural and cross-cultural zones functioned as unique spaces in contexts, including colonialism in general | Atlantic itineraries of science and Botany, slave trade, Atlantic world, West Africa, medicine. Frequently crumbling medicine, science fortresses like Cape Coast Castle on Building Nature’s Archive: The the Gold Coast were transient, Management of Paper and biocontact zones laced with Specimens in the Berlin violence, dehumanization, and Zoological Museum disease. There were few long-term Anne Greenwood Mackinney Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin European residents; professional In the first years of its existence naturalists made only rare between 1810 and 1815, the Royal appearances; and bare-life existence Zoological Museum in Berlin often subsumed all else. As such, I processed just over 60 new animal argue that gathering natural specimens into its collection. In the knowledge was characterized by an few years following, this modest eclectic empiricism that had limited number of incoming specimens had institutional support and scarce exploded into the thousands, such resources. Using fragmentary that the museum’s shelves were evidence culled from travel already running out of room by narratives, correspondence, and 1818. New paper technologies merchants accounting records, I needed to be developed to oversee argue that slave traders often and control the flow of material into, functioned as scientific scavengers, within, and back out of the seeking to consume West African collection institution. As the natural knowledge wherever such museum’s growth rate continued to might exist – whether in the accelerate, it soon became not only a malnourished bodies of enslaved problem of managing specimens, but people who had been trafficked also one of managing the hundreds of miles, or among History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 53

“constantly growing mass of paper,” Stories of Science,” this paper will as museum director Martin Hinrich discuss the intersection of audience, Lichtenstein lamented in 1819. This concepts of failure, and visions of talk will analyze both the lists, the future as represented in the catalogs and inventories designed to cultural history of the Space Age. trace the movements of specimens Mythic visions of a future in outer as well as the archival infrastructure space were central in Space Age that Lichtenstein erected to maintain imagination and deeply engaged these very paper tools. Moreover, I public audiences, particularly will contextualize the museum through material culture and science director’s attempts to keep track of fiction. Burgeoning 20th-century both the institution’s objects and its technologies allowed people to papers within broader shifts in contemplate humanity’s place in the ’s state bureaucracy and cosmos in a more imaginative and archival landscape. By focusing on technological way than ever before. the transformation of recordkeeping Part of that philosophical-cultural practices in the museum’s early exercise involved pondering the decades, the talk ultimately distant future of humanity, one that illuminates how these paper tools was often imagined as unfolding and the archive in which they were beyond the confines of planet Earth. stored shaped—and still shape—the But what happens when public kinds of knowledge that can be interest in lunar landings dwindles to created from collected specimens. the point of NASA canceling the Apollo program early? And how do Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 19th century | archives, natural history we reconcile the excessive museums, record-keeping consumerism that delivered Space Age ideals with the environmental Can Space Age Cultural History Help Save the Future consequences of manufacturing and Peter Kleeman waste? Now, over ninety-years since UMass Amherst / Space Age Museum / the dawn of the Space Age, we can Smithsonian National Air and Space look back at the dreams of the era Museum and reflect on how they have both How can we envision our Trek served society, and failed us. future in space? Contributing to the Disenchanted by failure to quickly conference theme of “Telling the realize utopian dreams off-world, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 54 photos shot looking back from the light on the role of slavery in the Moon reveal our fragile “Spaceship economic and political strategies of Earth” floating in the void. Forced to early modern Italian states. reflect upon our planetary failures, However, little is known about the particularly regarding ecological health-related practices and the challenges, what can we learn from processes of knowledge-making that past mythic visions of the future to were incidental to the presence of better tell stories of science that enslaved communities in the Italian empower audiences today? territories. This paper explores how such practices and processes Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science | North America | 20th century, late participated in shaping the early modern world of healing and Captive Healthscapes: Slavery, medical and natural knowledge. On Medicine, and Natural Inquiry in the one hand, it considers how Early Modern Italy physicians and natural inquirers Lucia Dacome University of Toronto, Institute for the were involved in maintaining and History and Philosophy of Science and supporting the institution of slavery Technology and relied on enslaved bodies to This paper explores the construct knowledge, authority, and entanglement of slavery, medicine reputation. On the other hand, it and natural inquiry in early modern examines how Ottoman captives Italy. It focuses on the healing acted themselves as healers who spaces and practices that developed provided for different constituencies, alongside the creation of a Bagno, a including the residents of the cities purpose built edifice that housed a in which they were held in captivity. large community of up to 3,000 By interrogating the health and (mostly Ottoman) slaves in the knowledge practices associated with Tuscan port city of Livorno. In the the Bagno in Livorno, this paper will , the presence of shed new light on the forms of slaves in the Italian peninsula was encounter and conflict informing largely related to the struggle early modern healthscapes. between Ottoman and European powers for the control of Medicine and Health | Europe | Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, including colonialism in Mediterranean territories. In recent general | Health, Slavery, Medicine, Natural years, scholars have started to shed Inquiry, Italy, Mediterranean History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 55

Changing Minds: Feminist learned how to bring the changing Methods in Anthropology minds of indigenous subjects into Barbara Pohl the cultural foreground, thereby Yale University capturing the development of human During the late nineteenth and early personalities. This interpretive skill, twentieth centuries, Anglo- I argue, emerged from her American anthropologists conducted encounters with several "men- field expeditions to disparate women" and Zuni women regions. Some of these conducting domestic labor. Parsons, anthropologists contributed to the while writing about these social reform efforts of a trans- experiences, denaturalized gendered Atlantic community of Progressive norms circulating within Pueblo experts. Within this highly culture. She then turned these populated landscape, a small field of observations back onto her own feminist anthropologists emerged culture, leading her to with a distinctive set of ethnographic generalizations about the dynamics methods. My paper will trace the of power and mind. This conceptual empirical practices of one such practice -- what Sarah Richardson figure: Elsie Clews Parsons. Parsons might term a "gender-critical" formed queer kinships with a method -- sustained her identity as a disparate group of cultural feminist anthropologist. My anthropologists who straddled the exploration of Parsons places socialist-pacifist salons of feminist science studies into Greenwich Village, the settlement historical relief. houses of Chicago, the academic departments of Columbia and U.C. Social Sciences | North America | 20th century, early | gender, history of human science, Berkeley, and the artist colonies of feminist science studies Sante Fe. With ample personal connections and financial means, Parsons conducted fieldwork with the Pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona. In 1918, after revitalizing the cultural anthropology program of Franz Boas, she began to experiment with ethnographic writing. She History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 56

Charting an Environmental seascape as an environmental Frontier: The Hydrographic frontier, exploring the geographical Expeditions of Colonial Spanish images generated by these local America to the Western expeditions that depicted Western Patagonian Channels (1760s- 1790s) Patagonia as a dangerous and Natalia Gándara Chacana untamed nature. Secondly, it will University College London address the way in which the As the European empires expanded expeditions sent from Lima and to the Pacific region in the 18th Santiago generated a corpus of local century, the passages that linked the knowledge, highlighting the role of Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean Spanish pilots based in South began to play a more significant role America and the expertise of local in the connection and navigation of sailors in the production of the . In spite of it being hydrographic and geographic perceived as a remote and a knowledge of the Patagonian dangerous environment, the southern environment. By studying such passages such as the Patagonian cases, this paper challenges the more channels attracted the attention of traditional perspectives that depict several scientific expeditions the region as a mere consumer of conducted by the British and metropolitan knowledge, as it Spanish Empires. Recently, explores the ways in which the historiography has addressed the Patagonian environment influenced Spanish metropolitan expeditions the scientific practices of the that transformed this remote explorers. waterscape into a scientific Earth and Environmental Sciences | Latin laboratory by fathoming and America | 18th century | Patagonia, colonial, charting this seascape. Building on exploration, scientific practice, maritime, environment, geography, local knowledge this, the paper will focus on the scientific expeditions sent by the Chemical Bonding: Ritual and colonial authorities in Spanish Community-Formation at America, emphasising their role and Chemistry Conferences, 1921-22 contribution to the knowledge of the Geert Somsen Maastricht University region. The paper will explore two ideas. Firstly, it will address this In 1921 and 1922 the Utrecht-based chemist Ernst Cohen organized two History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 57 informal international conferences. radicals” and “bonding through Their aim was to break the boycott light”, for the social aims of the of scientists from the former Central conferences? These rituals have to Powers that was the official policy be situated not only against the of the new international scientific background of the war and its rifts, organizations established in the but also in the light of an elite wake of the First World War. Like culture of academic scientists faced many scientists from formerly with their increasingly important, neutral countries, Cohen rejected and problematic, industrial that policy and tried to reunite his connections. German and Austrian colleagues Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | with their French, Belgian, British, Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | Russian, and American counterparts. Chemistry, boycott, , conference The two Utrecht meetings were culture meant as an “experiment” at such Children as Scientists: Ontogeny reintegration. In this paper I examine and the Social Construction of not so much the success of this Cognition attempt, but primarily how it was Jamie Cohen-Cole done. By what means did Cohen et George Washington University al. try to re-establish a broken This paper examines how community? Precisely because this psychologists treating children as was the only objective of the two though they are little scientists helps meetings, and their subject-matter explain the fate of recapitulationism was relatively unimportant, they in the human sciences. Thinkers in offer a window on the mechanisms the 19th and 20th centuries from of community-formation at , Herbert Spencer, conferences. What was articulated, and to G. Stanley for example, at the speeches and Hall, John Dewey, and Jean Piaget toasts? What was the function of the advanced the idea that cognitive excursions and banquets with development in individuals repeats courses named after famous the long-term development of chemists? What was the role of civilizations. However, after World spouses in the meetings? And what War II Americans who treated was the meaning of the various children as scientists largely papers, on subjects like “free eschewed linear evolutionary History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 58 models of mind. This paper explains study, the child, was a social, how this transformation of historical construction. psychology depended on two Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science sources. The first was an extension | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late of pre-existing efforts within the new field of cognitive psychology to Citizen, Science, and Citizen Science understand adult humans as Fa-Ti Fan scientists. The second was what State University of New York at might now seem an inversion of Binghamton intellectual hierarchies: scientists The term “citizen science” has learned from humanists about become very popular among children and about how thinking scholars as well as the general works. Psychologists found in case public. The rapid expansion of studies written by post-positivist citizen science, as a notion and a historians and philosophers models practice, has spawned a plethora of of conceptual change that seemed to meanings. One of the most common explain what happens to children as usages today refers to voluntary lay they age. These lessons also meant participation in the production of that psychologists would abandon scientific knowledge, often in the the view that both the history of form of “crowd sourcing” on an science and childhood involves a Internet platform such as single pattern of linear progress. Zooniverse. So here lies the issue: Indeed, rather than asserting that the the notion of citizen science is both ontogenesis of individual cognitive very diffuse and very specific. To development parallels the address that issue, this paper tries to phylogenesis of science, do two things. First, it argues that it developmental psychologists came is necessary to situate what is called to argue that children are better at “citizen science” in the relevant science than adults. Following historical currents/contexts. “Citizen historians also led psychologists to science” draws on and derives from assert that not only their own various historical traditions of discipline, but their very object of knowledge production. It has not come from nowhere. With a historical perspective, we will be History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 59 able to see the genealogy of citizen practically ceased to exist during science and the limits of a presentist, World War II, its ideas were ahistorical definition of citizen clandestinely revived and developed science. And, second, this paper during the rule of the Communist suggests that a fruitful – and Party of Czechoslovakia (1948- politically relevant – way to 1989). Just after WWII, digital understand citizen science is through computers were entering the scene, the concept of citizenship. The promising to provide researchers of existing literature has focused more all branches with a powerful tool. on the “science” rather than the Linguists, like other researchers, “citizen” part of citizen science were not entirely united as to their (while admitting that they are hopes in the new technology. In the mutually constituted). It tends to Soviet bloc, the visions of using the take for granted the computer were also influenced by political/communal framework in the ideological pertinence of such which such scientific activities are use. While the use of computers by designed and conducted. This paper mathematicians, astronomers, proposes a new perspective that will physicists, and engineers was allow us to better interpret various undisputed, using computers to aid modes of citizen science in different linguists was not supported in the times and societies. early 1950s. Expelled from the Faculty of Arts for their wishes to do Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | Cultural and cross- linguistics on computers, the Circle cultural contexts, including colonialism in found refuge at the Faculty of general Mathematics and Physics. While Clandestine Revival of Prague initially the linguists took their new Linguistic Circle in Prague, 1945- location only as a substitute to the 1968 desired one, they gradually won Helena Durnova their position among linguists Masaryk University, Brno abroad and after 1989, revived the In the decade preceding World War original name. The presentation will II, the so-called Prague Linguistic focus on the effects of this forced Circle (Prague linguistic school) institutional position of linguists developed the ideas of Ferdinand de close to the departments of Saussure. While the original circle mathematics and computer science History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 60 and will analyse the development of approaches to observing terrestrial computer-based linguistics in this and marine animals in the field. context. Whereas he tended to classify aquatic creatures according to their Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 20th century, late | Prague linguistic physical characteristics, in the case circle, machine translation of birds and quadrupeds he took into account the sounds they made, their Classification and Gentlemanly Capital: Thomas Pennant and social attributes, and preferred British Zoology, 1766-1812 environment. This classificatory Edwin Rose divide shaped the physical makeup University of Cambridge of the book, which Pennant One of the most successful natural distributed to ‘every country history publications of late gentlemen’, utilizing commercial eighteenth-century Britain was publishing markets. However, British Zoology, authored by the Pennant was careful to adhere to Welsh naturalist, Thomas Pennant gentlemanly etiquette, ensuring that (1726–98). This book, that met four he never directly profited from his major editions between 1766 and publications, showing how natural 1812, was produced in a range of history collecting and debates different formats and contains regarding classificatory practices numerous copper-plate images based were intertwined with the late on specimens from Pennant’s natural eighteenth-century commercial history collection. Pennant used two publishing industry. main systems of classification in Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | British Zoology. The first, which he Global or Multilocational | 18th century used for quadrupeds and birds, was that devised by John Ray in the late Classifying Animals: Aristotelian Zoology in Thirteenth-Century seventeenth century. The second, Latin Scholasticism which he used for aquatic Dominic Nicolas Dold organisms, such as fish and shells, Max Planck Institute for the History of was the system developed by Science (Berlin) Linnaeus from the 1730s. Pennant’s How are animals to be classified? decision to use these alternate What gives unity to an animal classificatory systems was species? What are the criteria for influenced by his different animals to be part of the same History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 61 species? Variants of such problems to relate to natural philosophy and to are as intriguing to contemporary medicine. philosophers as they were to Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Scholastic scholars after Michael Europe | Medieval Scot translated three of Aristotle’s works on animals (History of Climate Science By and For Citizens Animals, Parts of Animals and Deborah Coen Generation of Animals) from Arabic Yale University into Latin at the beginning of the It is widely recognized that thirteenth century. The first extant achieving sustainability in the commentary (1240s) on this twenty-first century will require a compilation, entitled De animalibus, reorientation of scientific research was written by Peter of Spain, a towards “usable” knowledge, physician, who most likely also particularly when it comes to commented on the Articella, a climate change. The standard medical textbook at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate time. Somewhat later, Albert the Change, for instance, was created to Great (1200-1280) wrote a second translate science into policy, but it and much more influential has focused on long-term predictions commentary on the same of global temperature, rather than on compilation with more than 40 shorter-term, regional-scale manuscripts still extant. In my predictions that could help guide presentation, I intend to explore the local policies. Generating actionable fabric of questions about animal climate science will require species and classification as it was incorporating the knowledge, proposed in the commentaries of experience, and values of those Peter and Albert, and I will show impacted by climate change into the that these classifications extended process of producing and evaluating well beyond an easy appeal to new research. This reorientation is common natures or essences. I also already in progress—evident, for intend to show how these instance, in recent initiatives to classifications of animals were incorporate the knowledge, inseparably linked to the way in experience, and values of “users,” which the science of animals was “stakeholders,” and indigenous construed, and how it was supposed History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 62 communities into the process of Clues in Recipes and Verses: producing knowledge about the Transmission of Malay- impacts of anthropogenic climate Language Books of Medicine and Cross-Cultural Mediation of change. Strong claims are being Natural Knowledge in the Dutch made for the novelty of these modes East Indies of generating climate knowledge, Genie Yoo but with little attention to history. In Princeton University fact, the precedents for involving Malay-language recipes compiled in non-experts in scientific research modern manuscripts, now date back to the very birth of catalogued as kitab tibb, kitab obat- professional science in the obatan, and kitab mujarrabat, have eighteenth century. This presentation become an essential part of Malay considers the history of “co- manuscript collections particularly production” in the earth sciences in in the Indonesian archipelago and in order to identify the contingent western Europe. These latent assumptions and limitations of our compilations of humoral, Prophetic, own ways of doing science. I and indigenous medicine not only conclude that usability needs to be include recipes using plants from the defined more broadly. In fact, eastern archipelago but also detailed conceptions of “useful knowledge” instructions for creating amulets to drawn from the past can help point be used for war as much as for love. the way forward. This paper explores different

Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | possibilities for understanding how Global or Multilocational | Cultural and cross- recipes pertaining to women, cultural contexts, including colonialism in children, and to the household were general historically transmitted and eventually compiled or copied by male scribes in local court or Islamic settings in island Southeast Asia. I argue that one way of contextualizing the historical formation of these manuscripts is by tracing their fragments in early modern Malay, Arabic, and Dutch History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 63 texts about medicine, religion, and situated in a cultural matrix which natural history, and to do so with an influenced the insects’ complex eye toward the workings of gender husbandry and development as a and class in processes of mediation domesticated species in southern and in mediated information. In Mexico. In the late eighteenth- bridging the gap between histories century the British East India of manuscript transmission and of Company attempted to turn southern cross-cultural interaction in the India and Bengal into production Dutch East Indies, this paper zones for cochineal (Fray, 2012). In attempts to recalibrate the cultural making India a major producer of scales of secrecy and exclusivity as cochineal the Company hoped to applied to medicinal and religious turn a substantial profit and break knowledge in the archipelago. the Spanish monopoly. British promoters of this scheme assumed Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Southeast Asia | Cultural and cross-cultural similarities between India and contexts, including colonialism in general Mexico in areas of landscape, peoples, cultures, plants and insects. Cochineal Husbandry in Eighteenth-Century Mexico and Critically British colonial promoters India believed the landscapes and Deirdre Moore indigenous peoples of southern Harvard University Mexico would be interchangeable During the eighteenth-century, the with the landscapes and peoples of Spanish Empire held a virtual southern India and Bengal. These monopoly on the production of assumptions led to the failure of the cochineal, a lucrative red dye project. Even in Guatemala, commodity sourced from insects geographically next to Mexico, the grown on cacti largely in the south cochineal industry had been of modern day Mexico. The impossible to transport until native cochineal insect had been Oaxacan cochineal growers had domesticated and grown by the accompanied their insects and taught indigenous peoples of central methods of husbandry. The America for centuries before the movement of the cochineal industry arrival of the Spanish. It was widely to Guatemala in a similar time known as ‘nocheztli’ or ‘blood of the nopal cactus’. Cochineal was History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 64 period offers a contrast to the failed biologists and agronomists carefully British project in India. differentiated between “deviated” and “sound” elements in the Social Sciences | Global or Multilocational | Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, including Michurinist biology. If the Yugoslav colonialism in general | Cochineal insects, scientific leadership failed to protect history of entomology, indigenous Korić from militant students, he technologies, climate found an unlikely ally – the director Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory– of the department of Genetics, Sarajevo–Moscow: An Unlikely Carnegie Institution of Washington Network in the Fight against (now Cold Spring Harbor Lysenkoism in Yugoslavia Laboratory), Milislav Demerec Vedran Duancic Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1895-1966). Decades earlier, they had attended school in Never officially enforced or together. Acquainted with Korić’s renounced, Lysenkoism in socialist situation, Demerec supplied and Yugoslavia was propagated since interpreted him with a variety of 1945 and lingered on well into the Western genetics and anti- 1950s, even after the Tito-Stalin Lysenkoist publications. The anti- Split precipitated an early and Communist tone of many of these, dramatic de-Stalinization. In 1954, however, made them problematic in Mirko Korić (1894-1977), biology the anti-Stalinist, yet still professor at the University of committedly socialist Yugoslavia. Sarajevo who was forced to retire The paper will examine this and after students rebelled against his related examples of trans-Atlantic lectures in “formal genetics,” cooperation, focusing on the published a book, Istina o T. D. translation and usage of the Western Lisenku i njegovom učenju (The anti-Lysenkoist efforts for truth about T. D. Lysenko and his specifically Yugoslav purposes in a teachings). By far the most time when Yugoslav scientific sophisticated and comprehensive community drew ever more anti-Lysenkoist piece in Yugoslavia, inspiration and resources from the the book illustrated the complexity of discussing Lysenkoism in post- Stalinist Yugoslavia. Instead of summarily dismissing it, Yugoslav History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 65

West, but continued to build a health transform to global health? “socialist science.” Based mainly on articles from English and Chinese newspapers and Biology | Europe | 20th century, late | Lysenkoism, Cold War, scientific networks government reports, this paper argues that a new mode of public Cold War Prevention: The health governance and the adoption Discourse of Hong Kong Flu and of preventive medicine had emerged Its Controversies, 1968-1972 from a new civic discourse in 1968. Xianliang Dong City University of Hong Kong The paper also seeks to outline an 1968 is often hailed as the year that underlying ideological campaign, “rocked the world.” However, this just after the riots in 1967, which historical moment is barely relied on the metaphor of disease to evaluated from the realm of segregate the communist community medicine. “Hong Kong Flu” from its capitalist counterpart. As pandemic, one of the three the flu epidemic spread around the worldwide flu pandemics breakout world, the structure of the Cold War in the last century, was caused by was stabilized. And finally, this the virus H3N2 and had infected 15 paper will demonstrate a rise in local percent of the whole population in consciousness as Hong Kong 1968. Although its death rate was became a frontier in the Cold War. relatively low, it promoted a medical Medicine and Health | East Asia | 20th century, competition and negotiation between late | Influenza, Prevention, Hong Kong, Transnational, Mentality different institutions, from Hong Kong, Japan to the United States. Its Collecting Anatomy and Making breakout also changed the mentality Knowledge about Disease at of the world towards unexpected Great Street: Matthew severe diseases. With a study of this Baillie’s Morbid Anatomy case, this paper aims to answer three Richard Bellis University of Leeds questions in medical history: 1. How Fundamental to the work of William to define “colonial” medicine in a Hunter and his assistants at the Great homogenous decolonized era? 2. Windmill Street school in London What could this Asian experience was the collecting of anatomical contribute to cold war medicine? 3. preparations. Not only were these When and how did international preparations vital to teaching at the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 66 school, their making provided visual that diseased appearances could be and tactile information that was the generalised, not just singular, basis for many of the anatomical knowledge and therefore an discoveries associated with the anatomical subject in its own right. school. Diseased body parts were Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | collected as part of this anatomical Matthew Baillie, morbid anatomy, sensory work throughout Hunter’s lifetime, history, William Hunter as they were seen to provide insights Colonial Science and Local into regular anatomy. This changed Knowledge: Environmental when Hunter’s nephew, Matthew Sleeping Sickness Control in Baillie, took over the school (with East Africa, 1900-1920 William Cruikshank) and Sarah Ehlers reconceptualised how the diseased Technical University of Munich parts there were understood as This paper addresses the ‘morbid anatomy’, later publishing transnational history of British, The Morbid Anatomy of some of the German, and Belgian colonial most important parts of the human environmental action to combat body (1793), which was one of the sleeping sickness in East Africa. most successful works of learned Following the discovery that vector- medicine published in the eighteenth borne diseases and tropical century. In this paper I argue that environments were highly Baillie’s practice of morbid anatomy interrelated phenomena, colonial was fundamentally in keeping with scientists and doctors developed the anatomical practices of the Great disease control schemes that targeted Windmill Street school; the tactile not only pathogens and parasites but and visual information provided by also their vectors, their habitats and the cadaver was prioritised above all their animal reservoirs. This new else, but now for the subject of type of environmental disease disease. This challenged typical control relied heavily on the local practice in the study of disease, population and on their knowledge which included post-mortem of their natural surroundings. This examination of cadavers as part of paper explores the scientific pursuit case histories. In removing the of this knowledge: what kind of data temporal aspect from the study of was collected, which categories diseased cadavers, Baillie argued were applied? How was this process History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 67 of understanding and colonial sciences, local knowledge conceptualizing nature embedded in and the history of colonialism. colonial rule? In which ways was Earth and Environmental Sciences | Africa | scientific inquiry dependent on local 20th century, early | sleeping sickness, knowledge? Secondly, this paper trypanosomiasis, Lake Victoria, tropical deals with the mechanisms through medicine, tsetse-fly, indigenous knowledge which local environmental Colourless Writings of knowledge attained the status of Statisticians and Their Distant evidence, and with shifting concepts Readers: Creating a New Mode of expertise in colonial contexts. of Reading in the Journal of the Statistical Society of London, How did European scientists interact 1838-1858 with local healing cultures and Yasuhiro Okazawa indigenous knowledge? How did Kyoto University they present their findings to Established in 1834 for the different audiences (scientific circles collection of facts, the Statistical in Europe, colonial administration, Society of London (SSL) played a local elites and inhabitants of central role in the moulding of infected areas)? In which ways did statistical facts. The SSL defined new forms of indigenous statistical facts as the aggregation of participation in science transform numerous observations and reduced data acquisition and medical the value of single observations to approaches in ? isolated facts that alone could not be Although colonial experts only accepted as evidence. For the rarely acknowledged indigenous production of statistical facts, the knowledge in their publications, SSL promoted two measures: local expertise and agency mattered conducting a coordinated in many ways. Colonial health observation to collect new facts and campaigns thus offer an exemplary gleaning facts from existing domain of environmental literature. While the SSL left the interventionism for exploring the former to governments, it devoted its connections between Western and resources to fostering the latter. To fulfil this mission, the Journal of the Statistical Society of London (JSSL) was created in 1838 as a virtual History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 68 storehouse of existing facts where Commentary as an Epistemic one could find facts of interest. The Genre: Making and Transmitting JSSL allowed individuals to share Knowledge in 15th ca. Islamic Astronomy their small-scale observations for Scott Trigg further aggregation as well as to Society of Fellows in the Humanities, publish statistical tables compiled University of Hong Kong from scattered facts that were ’s 15th c. Samarqand already published elsewhere. As observatory and associated madrasa with its contemporaries, the JSSL is one of the most famous Islamic was designed to serve posterity, scientific institutions, producing which led the journal to include astronomical observations that were what apparently bore little not equalled until Tycho Brahe. Less importance at the time but might be is known, however, about the of interest to readers in the distant process of research and education at future. The journal’s scientific Samarqand, but a number of missions resulted in the JSSL’s commentaries produced by acceptance to publish colourless Samarqand scholars shed light on articles that provided no hypothesis, the intellectual life of the classroom no conclusion and even no ‘original’ and the role of patronage in data. This paper explores how the scholars’ careers. In this paper, I new concept of facts in statistics explore the ways in which such shaped the practice of writing and commentaries reflect a critical reading among statisticians through engagement with problems in the examination of the JSSL’s theoretical astronomy as well as the creation. educational practices of Ulugh Beg’s

Social Sciences | Europe | 19th century | madrasa. I argue that commentaries statistics, data, note-taking functioned as a means of making as well as transmitting astronomical knowledge, highlighting how commentaries served to fulfill both research and teaching goals within the context of an Islamic educational institution. I draw examples from the works of three scholars: Qadizade History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 69 al-, observatory director and use to remember patterns of DNA Ulugh Beg's personal tutor, who modification and control gene wrote a commentary on the expression” wrote John Pugh, a Almagest and whose commentary on ‘father’ of modern epigenetics, in a a popular elementary astronomy letter: ”This was on 14 March 1973 treatise became a widely-used at 5.20 pm in the seminar room at intermediate textbook in Ottoman NIMR.” Histories of science have madrasas; Qadizade's student long dispensed with the notion of a Fathallah al-Shirwani, who wrote a solitary genius, showing the supercommentary on Qadizade's importance of work in a couples and textbook in addition to his own laboratory teams. Expensive pieces commentary on Nasir al-Din al- of equipment in ‘big science’ Tusi’s famous work of theoretical fostered novel forms of labour astronomy; and Ali Qushji, a close organization and new communities. companion of Ulugh Beg who later But what of those tools somewhere became head of the Ayasofya in-between – and in particular those madrasa in under Sultan less tangible and ephemeral? Using Mehmed II, and who wrote the case of early history of commentaries on cutting-edge epigenetics (between 1970-1975) theoretical astronomy and and drawing on the interviews with philosophical in addition to its founders, Arthur Riggs in his own works on mathematics. California and John Pugh in London, I bring to light the invisible web of Physical Sciences | Near and Middle East | Renaissance | astronomy, mathematics, tools that sustained research , commentary, Islamic science, communities: journal clubs and science education, scientific genres seminars. Often without a fixed Communities of Molecular location, they consisted of not much Storytelling: Libraries, Journal more than chairs, a slide projector Clubs, and Seminars in the and a pot of tea with biscuits; Making of Modern Epigenetics required no skills beyond reading, Tatjana Buklijas listening, conversing, storytelling. I University of Auckland examine the work and care invested “I can date very precisely the into building and maintaining these moment when I conceived the idea tools, rules that guided them, and the of maintenance methylation and its ways in which they interacted with History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 70 other places of research, in particular planetary tables included sets of laboratory. By giving these instructions or canons (canones) ‘communities of storytelling’ their which provide details on astrological place in history, this talk will stress calculations. European students the need to approach scientific would also read Latin renditions of innovation through the lens of the Arabic introductions. This paper sharing rather than competition and examines John of Saxony’s canons priority disputes. to the and his commentary to Alcabitius’s Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 20th century, late | epigenetics, Introduction to Astrology in order to genetics, community, care, journal club, library, reconstruct how astrological storytelling, National Institute of Medical techniques were taught in the Research, London, California Institute of Technology, City of Hope, 1970s fourteenth-century at the University of Paris. By comparing this analysis Comparing Latin and Islamic with the relationship between Contexts of Teaching and introductory texts and tables in the Learning Astrology in the Medieval Period Islamic world, we may better assess Margaret Gaida the importance of astronomical University of Oklahoma tables in the teaching and learning of What was the role of astronomical technical astrology in both cultures. tables as pedagogical tools for the Furthermore, this comparison also teaching of astrology in the raises the question of the impact of medieval period? In considering the the institutional setting of genres of texts used for teaching universities on the formalization of astrology in Islamic contexts, the some aspects of astrological introductory text (mudkhal) was a pedagogy. central component of study. Physical Sciences | Global or Multilocational | Oftentimes these introductions make Medieval | medieval, astronomy, astrology, reference to a table of planetary Latin, Islamic, European, Arabic, pedagogy, comparative motion (zīj), where one may find explanations for performing technical calculations of mathematical astrology. Similarly, in the medieval Latin tradition, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 71

Conceptual Change in Early into the established, ordinary, Modern Practical Geometries authoritative body of mathematical Antoni Malet results. The emphasis is not only on Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona documenting new concepts and As recognized by a growing body of methods connected to social literature, most conceptual and practices, but also on analyzing how methodological shifts in early practice and practical tools added modern mathematics cannot be legitimacy and authority to new accounted for in terms of internal concepts and new methods. theoretical developments. On the contrary, this literature suggests, Mathematics | Europe | 17th century | Practical geometry, textbooks, Euclid, social history of social and institutional contexts and mathematics the social practices of arithmetic, geometry, and metrology provide Connection and Disconnection in the Global Scientific Imagining inputs that may explain the of the Himalaya momentous transformations Lachlan Fleetwood mathematics went through in early University of Cambridge modern Europe. This paper analyses It was for both science and empire some 16th-century practical that East India Company employees geometry books that contain lugged (or rather, employed Asian theoretical innovations — as porters to lug) a panoply of fragile compared to contemporary instruments into, and specimens out authoritative editions of Euclid’s of, the Himalaya in order to account Elements. It pays particular attention for what were only just coming to be to old notions (such as ratio and acknowledged were by far the curve) that were newly defined, to highest mountains on the globe. new ideas (such as measure) that Measuring altitude accurately had were introduced as if they were old never really been necessary before, ones, and to new methods (such as but elevation was becoming a the use of material instruments) that critical variable in many sciences, were legitimized in practical especially biogeography, altitude geometry books. By paying attention physiology, and geology. This to them the paper aims to document scientific engagement with three ways in which mathematical dimensions was nevertheless innovations “sneaked in” so to speak complicated by surveyors’ History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 72 dependence on their guides and the caused more confusion rather than limits of imperial mastery along coherence. nascent high mountain frontiers. By Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | focusing on the first half of the Global or Multilocational | 19th century | nineteenth century, often overlooked Exploration; empire; frontiers; global science; for the later period, I show that the Himalaya; instruments; mountains; scientific practice gradual accumulation of scientific, political and imaginative coherence Consent Decrees, Public in the Himalaya occurred Knowledge, and Empiricist Constructivism: Revisiting Lost simultaneously with a recognition of Perspectives on Science and the commensurability of mountain Democracy in the Global 1970s environments. Mountain science was Sarah Bridger thus, I argue, always global science. California Polytechnic State University This had both a material dimension In the mid-1970s, the Black Panther in the movement of things – biochemist Curtis Powell pledged to specimens, scientific instruments, publish his research only in African inscriptions and drawings – and an journals, in order to force western imaginative dimension in the way acknowledgment of African science. that plants, fossils and bodies Five years before the publication of increasingly had to be located on Bruno Latour’s Laboratory Life globe that was vertical as well as (1979), Powell was drawing on a round. Practising science was thus precise understanding of how cycles an inherently comparative process, of credit and credibility operated in and even while physically ascending the production of scientific into the Himalaya, surveyors had to knowledge. Unlike Latour, however, engage with a vertical globe that Powell’s epistemological analysis already prominently featured the was deeply grounded both in his Alps and , even if tracing commitment to black radical politics these equivalencies sometimes and his faith in empirical research. Back in the United States, Indian- born chemist Sheila Rajender’s class action lawsuit against the University of Minnesota secured a historic consent decree requiring oversight History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 73 of university hiring. Her case Constructing 's exemplified a key moment of anti- Biographical Image essentialist federal intervention for Frank James University College London and Royal women in science. But the promise Institution of Rajender’s approach was short- This paper, which is also a lived, as the election of Ronald contribution to the somewhat Reagan and subsequent elevation of understudied area of the history of Clarence Thomas as the new head of biography, discusses a couple of the EEOC quickly made clear. short accounts of the life of the Across the Atlantic in England, the English chemist Humphry Davy biologist Cesar Milstein, pioneer of (1778-1829) and the three major hybridoma research, warned against biographies published in the years intellectual property regimes that following his death. These latter would turn basic research into a were an ‘anti-biography’ by John “profit-seeking enterprise.” He Ayrton Paris (1831) and two shared his work widely, even with admiring biographies by Davy’s competitors who promptly sought younger brother John Davy (1836, their own patents and profits. 1858). By examining the processes Milstein’s views thus stood in stark surrounding their writing and contrast to both Margaret Thatcher’s publication, including the nationalist science priorities and the involvement (or rather lack thereof) emerging biotech industry in the by his widow, Jane Davy, this paper United States. All three of these will illustrate how Davy’s figures embraced alternative visions biographical reputation was of the democratization of science; constructed. Furthermore, this recovering their lost perspectives approach reveals how his surviving yields insights into the politics of manuscripts and related documents 1970s science and the controversies came to be collected and preserved of today. and so help us understand the effects Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | they continue to exert on our Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late understanding of Davy in particular History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 74 and nineteenth-century science in South Korean and the U.S. scientists general. conducting ecosystem ecology research in the Korean demilitarized Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 19th century | Humphry Davy, Jane zone during the 1960s. DiMoia Davy, John Davy, John Ayrton Paris, history of illuminates how Japanese and South biography, publishing history, book history Korean parasitologists revitalized Contested Cooperation: The US- their colonial medical network in the South Korea Ecological Survey in name of development aid projects the Demilitarized Zone, 1963- after the normalization of diplomatic 1968 relations in 1965. Luk looks at an Jaehwan Hyun international oceanographic project Max-Planck-Institute for the History of Science known as “Cooperative Study of the Kuroshio and Adjacent Regions” How international scientific (1965–1978) and reveals the politics cooperation played out in Cold War of international cooperation and politics and knowledge production competition between Chinese and has been a central concern for Japanese scientists. Barrett explores historians of science. The the rhetoric and reality of regional connection between U.S. or Soviet cooperation in the planning and technical assistance and the rapid execution of the 1964 Peking development of science in East Asia Science Symposium, discussing has been noted in this context. This China’s efforts to establish itself as panel sheds lights on unexplored but the central scientific power in the central questions connected to this developing world. Bringing together issue: What did “cooperation” mean diverse cooperative projects, this to actors in the Cold War context? panel provides opportunities to What socio-political conditions and rethink the nature of scientific material infrastructure made cooperation in Cold War East Asia cooperation available or led to beyond the history of technical aid. failure? Wasn’t regional cooperation within East Asia important as much Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | as aid from superpowers? Hyun East Asia | 20th century, late | The politics of international cooperation, global Cold War, East examines how the notion of Asia cooperation was contested, negotiated, and redefined between History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 75

Continuity and Change in the within these broader changes, such Italian Regimen, 1650-1800 as in their understandings of, and Tessa Storey advice pertaining to, the Independent Historian management of the air and the role Despite medical advances, healthy of the skin in health. living advice in the eighteenth century conveys a strong impression Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century of continuity with the regimen genre Correcting Life through the from the late- and Marketplace? The History of Renaissance. Indeed, most continued Genome Editing and Academic to be informed by a Galenic Capitalism in South Korea understanding of the body, Doogab Yi Seoul National University particularly as regards the framework of the six non-naturals. This paper examines a scientific Drawing on my previous research on career of one of the most prominent the vernacular Italian regimen scientists in between the 1480’s and the 1650’s South Korea, Dr. Jin-soo Kim. As he this paper will explore shifts in the often introduces himself, he is “an genre by examining a number of entrepreneur and chemist-turned- Italian medical texts published after biologist.” He is quite renowned for 1650 and before 1800. These are his work on genome editing at Seoul either explicitly ‘regimen’ or other National University, and for his medical tracts which include advice founding of ToolGen, one of the on how to live healthily, avoid largest gene editing companies in illness and extend one’s life, such as South Korea. I will follow his career Ramazzini’s much republished and within the context of the rise of widely translated ‘On the Diseases academic capitalism in South Korea. of Tradesmen’. On the one hand I I will first examine his early career will aim to explore some of the from a research scientist at a private broader trends, such as the ever- research institute to a founder of a increasing focus on the importance biotech company within the context of the air to health, and an apparent of the rise of the venture capital decline in the emphasis on exercise. industry in South Korea. The Korean On the other hand I will focus on government, faced with an economic some more nuanced developments crisis, tried to promote venture History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 76 business to restructure the Korean nineteenth century. It will examine industry. Then I will analyze his how the knowledge and practices of return to an academic post at Seoul cranial measurement produced National University in the early character “profiles" for the purpose 2000s, at a time when the university of judging suitable marriage tried to institutionalize academic partners. A popular but contested capitalism. In many ways, his return science of the mind, phrenology came to be regarded as an attempt to articulated a relationship between correct academic life toward the mental and the physical, and economic development. By 2014, he maintained that one could truly has emerged as one of the most know others and oneself through prominent entrepreneurial scientists measuring “organs” of the mind, or at Seoul National University, protrusions on the skull. While much directing cutting-edge research has been written about phrenology, teams both at the Institute for Basic less attention has been paid to its Science and ToolGen. By reflecting focus on marriage, mating and on his boundary crossing between motherhood, and how its epistemic the academy and industry, this paper practices supported a model of ends with a brief discussion on a courtship based on numerical and recent controversy over the empirical assessment of gendered ownership of the CRISPR patents and racialized character traits. development at Seoul National Focused on the North American University. context, this paper will use phrenological materials -- advice Biology | East Asia | 21st century | Academic Capitalism, Biotechnology, Genome Editing, literature, personalized charts, Ownership and Patenting photographs, mail order submissions and testimonials -- to illustrate how Cranial Compatibility: Phrenology, Measurement, and phrenology packaged cranial Marriage Assessment knowledge, promoting it as superior Carla Bittel to other forms of matching. Many Loyola Marymount University “practical” phrenologists claimed This paper demonstrates how expertise on marital harmony, and phrenological tools of character sold their analyses as more accurate assessment were used to measure and reliable than personal marriage compatibility in the experience or familial knowledge. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 77

Many consumers pursued this crucial importance of feed knowledge, hoping to find a partner as a scientific technology. Feed with compatible crania, but more contributed just as much to the rise often to assess themselves and the of as chemical fitness of a current suitor or spouse. fertilizers, , mechanization Ultimately, this paper will show that and new breeds of plants and notions of race and gender, heredity, animals did. This paper focuses on and sexual “relations" were one small country with a particularly embedded in the shorthand of intensive industrial livestock sector: phrenological measurements. the Netherlands; and on the period of significant intensification of this Medicine and Health | North America | 19th century | gender & sexuality, ethnicity & race, sector: the second half of the instruments & measurements, phrenology, 19th twentieth century. Lacking the land century, social science, technology, medicine to produce the massive amounts of Creating Feed for : The feed needed for these new ‘factory Science of Feeding Animals in farms’, the Netherlands imported Industrial Farms (1954-2019) most of it – like soy and fish meal Floor Haalboom from Latin America. These Erasmus MC, Rotterdam; Descartes Centre commodities ended up in a new kind for the History and Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, Utrecht of feed: ‘compound feed’. Animal University scientists were decisive for creating , chickens and in factory the best and cheapest compound farms need to eat. A lot. Millions of feeds in order to maximize animal tons of feed are shipped across productivity – with major social- to make industrial livestock economic, environmental, welfare production possible. This creates and health consequences for human global problems, like deforestation and non-human animals across the in the global south, manure globe. surpluses in the global north, and Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | competition between animal feed Europe | 20th century, late | industrial livestock, and human food production. Until , technology, environmental now, historians have neglected the history history of livestock feed, especially in comparison to the human diet. The aim of this paper is to show the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 78

Crossing Shallow Seas: Muddy stretches of water—the shore Imaginaries in the Age of loomed large. An archipelagic Exploration America, in other words, was deeply Christopher L. Pastore connected, culturally and Associate Professor of History, University at Albany, State University of New York & geographically, to the rest of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie COFUND Fellow world. Drawing on the accounts of at the Trinity College Long Room Hub Arts early modern explorers, naturalists, & Humanities Research Institute, Dublin and cartographers, this This paper examines the interdisciplinary look at how culture, and cultural ecology, and geography became geography of the Atlantic during the firmly entangled reveals that the Age of Exploration. How, it asks, material and conceptual did early modern oceanic complexities inherent in oceanic imaginaries shape the contours of spaces played powerful roles in European expansion and cultural creating new human networks and contact? From the ancient period identities. through early modernity, numerous commentators posited that the Earth and Environmental Sciences | North Atlantic was a shallow, swampy America | 17th century | shallows, ocean, crossing place swirling with seaweed and debris. And this informed their ideas Cultivating Resistance: about Native American origins. As Ethnoecology, Anticolonialism, and Indigenous Territoriality in late as 1743 the American naturalist Twentieth-Century Southeast and explorer John Bartram Asia concluded that America had been Geoff Bil peopled not by way of heroic ocean New York Botanical Garden passages, but via incremental Over the course of the twentieth advances. The seas surrounding century, highland Southeast Asian North America, he concluded, could indigenous societies grappled with be better described as filled with the incursions of diverse Western networks of islands, gulfs, and capes imperial interests and, later, with the that could be traversed step-by-step more imminent colonization with minimal scientific expertise. endeavours of newly independent, Among Bartram’s seas—small, development-oriened nation states. contained, and easily navigated Disparaging ethnographic History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 79 assessments of indigenous indigenous territorial colonization at agriculture and subsistence practices the temporal juncture of imperial frequently served as justifications and national projects of for these undertakings. As the dispossession, then, this paper also century wore on, Western analyzes American ethnoscientific anthropologists adopted more reassessments as the partial appreciative views of indigenous cumulation of indigenous agrarian lifeways - a shift usually anticolonial efforts that were trans- explained as a result of Pacific in their reach and influence. anthropology’s gradual movement Earth and Environmental Sciences | Southeast away from tiered classificatory Asia | 20th century, late | Ethnoecology, approaches toward a Boasian anthropology, Sumatra, Philippines, emphasis on the functional colonialism, imperial science sophistication of indigenous cultures Culture, Trauma, and in relation to their environments and Confinement: The Making of histories. Focusing principally on Psychiatric Knowledge in the work of Harley Harris Bartlett Refugee Camps (1886-1960), a University of Baher Ibrahim PhD candidate, University of Glasgow Michigan botanist, plant ecologist This paper will examine the history and ethnographer who analyzed of psychiatry through the lens of the indigenous ethnoecology in interwar refugee camp, which, I argue, has Sumatra, and Harold Conklin (1926- served as an instrument of 2016), a Yale-based ethnobotanist accumulation and extraction of and ethnoecologist of the post- knowledge about refugees and their World War II Philippines, this paper mental (ill)health. Though the voices instead explores the role played by of refugees are often absent from the Batak, Hanunóo and Ifugao strategic psychiatric knowledge created about priorities in helping to revise this them, they have nonetheless anthropological perspective. I also contributed to and shaped subfields examine how Conklin’s self- of psychiatric knowledge and consciously anticolonial stance on practice, such as trauma psychiatry Philippine indigenous swidden and and transcultural psychiatry. Two agriculture was shaped by very different mental health Native American-led activism. In programs delivered by medical addition to situating Southeast Asian History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 80 humanitarian organizations to Site 2, the largest camp on the Cambodian refugees encamped on border. the Thai-Cambodian border will be Medicine and Health | Southeast Asia | 20th examined, from both the earlier and century, late | refugee mental health, psychiatry, later years of a humanitarian border refugee camp, trauma, culture, , crisis that lasted from 1979-1993. humanitarianism Different psychiatric methodologies Curation and Care: Maintaining were introduced, applied, and Community Collections in refined in Cambodian refugee Drosophila Genetics camps, contributing to the genesis of Jenny Bangham ‘new’ fields of ‘refugee mental University of Cambridge health’ and ‘refugee trauma’. The Geneticists rely on working first of these programs involved the collections of data and of living appropriation of indigenous organisms. Databases capture, order knowledge by the International and communicate standardized Committee of the Red Cross genetic information, while stock (ICRC), which eschewed Western centres make available vast arrays of psychiatric concepts completely in standardized yeasts, , favour of Khmer traditional viruses, plasmids, cell cultures, medicine. ICRC set up and animals and plants. Collections of administered both data and living organisms Centres that were staffed by krou require dedicated professionals and khmer, Cambodian Buddhist monks, practices of on-going care, curation, who practiced their indigenous and funding, all of which keep such healing traditions within the collections valuable and accessible framework and limitations set by to their biologist users. This paper ICRC. The second involved a deals with the collections of data and landmark study by the Harvard animals used by fruit fly geneticists. Program in Refugee Trauma, which Since the 1920s, Drosophila introduced and applied new Western researchers have depended on psychiatric tools, such as the DSM- institutions devoted to collecting and III, and diagnoses, like PTSD, in distributing living mutant and transgenic fruit flies. From the 1930s, a newsletter (Drosophila Information Service) distributed lists History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 81 of mutant stocks held in labs around Curving the Pelvis: André Levret the world, and from the 1940s, and the Obstetrical Forceps researchers used on book-length Scottie Buehler UCLA ‘mutant catalogues’, which systematically listed all known Obstetrical forceps loom large in the information about Drosophila history of midwifery as the mutants. During the 1990s, these explanatory mechanism for the living and text-based resources were emergence of routine male linked through ‘FlyBase’, an online attendance on uncomplicated labors. database that made available cross- The forceps, however, were a referenced tables of gene mutants, dynamic object that underwent bibliographies, lab addresses, and constant modifications, with resources for obtaining mutant flies. incongruous versions often This paper explores the practices coexisting. In 1751 celebrated man- that Drosophila database curators, midwife André Levret (1703–1780) editors, stock keepers and published a new design of the collections managers deployed to forceps with a pelvic curve, keep such living and text-based developed from measurements of ‘community tools’ valuable and pelvic proportions. He initiated a accessible. It reflects on how those geometric conception of childbirth professionals interpreted and based on planes and angles that negotiated the needs of diverse remains in use today. Levret research ‘communities’, and argues succinctly summarized his that the practices of care and conception of childbirth as “a maintenance that they developed in natural operation, truly mechanical turn shaped scientific relationships and susceptible to geometric and methods. demonstration.”[1] This theoretical conception of the female body Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | materialized in his curved forceps. Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | curation, care, stock centres, databases Scrutinizing Levret’s books, memoires, images, and an annotated student copy of Levret’s textbook, this paper focuses on sociomaterial practices around his forceps to explore the confluence of Levret’s History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 82 medical practices, his curved metabolism before molecular forceps, and the birthing bodies of biology? What conceptions of matter women. Finally, the paper follows did biologists rely on as they tackled Levret’s forceps as they circulated new research topics? In the latter around France, eventually finding half of the nineteenth century (and their way into midwifery courses for well into the twentieth) it was provincial women. While the curved biological orthodoxy that forceps developed from a particular, protoplasm was the “material basis mechanistic conception of the of life,” so much so that the birthing body, this theoretical protoplasm’s protean nature perspective did not necessarily travel spawned what Robert Brain has with it. My account also challenges called “protoplasmania”—an the gendered, progressive narrative aesthetic, cultural, and scientific of the history of the forceps by obsession with the so-called “living demonstrating the indefinite path of substance.” But life was not the only invention and complicating the thing biologists in the nineteenth association of the forceps century studied, and in this paper I exclusively with men. [1] André will show how other areas of Levret, L'art Des Accouchemens, biology even more particular Démontré Par Des Principes De “plasmanias” took hold, as other Physique Et De Méchanique, 3rd ed. vital phenomena gained their own (Paris: Chez p Fr Didot le jeune, “plasms” in due course. The 1766), 86. idioplasm, germ plasm, nucleoplasm, stereoplasm, endo- and Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | instruments, forceps, midwifery, body, France ecto-plasms, even cytoplasm, became the calling cards for newly Cytogenetic "Plasmas," emerging (and contested) problem Hereditary Elements Revisited, areas in cellular anatomy and and the Sonderweg of Botanical Genetics physiology. In particular, I will Daniel Liu argue that botanists, far more so than ICI Berlin Institute for Cultural Inquiry zoologists, insisted on tying What did it mean for something to hereditary and developmental be the “material basis” of life, or phenomena to their material bases heredity, permeability, or within the cell. From the beginning with Carl Nägeli’s idioplasm theory, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 83 botanical theories of “genetics” parents might appear to exemplify always made reference to the institutional biopower manifested material reality of hereditary factors through internalised self-monitoring, via physical chemistry—albeit a I argue that keeping a record of physical chemistry specific to plant baby’s growth in a baby book was, physiology. By shifting the in fact, a ritualised version of historiographical locus of cell theory measurement. Using both work by and hereditary theory to the history historians of science on of botany, I will show how quantification, and anthropological hereditary theory encountered literature on ritual and selfhood, I chemical theory, several generations argue that this ritual of measuring before the revolution in molecular and recording both symbolised and genetics. realised the transformation of the baby from newborn status to child Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | heredity, cytology, genetics, and new personality in the family. botany, material basis of life With the transfer from medical protocol to family practice in baby Data Rituals: Measurement of Height and Weight in Baby books, the recording of height and Books, 1872-1940 weight thus took on a radically Fenneke Sysling different meaning. Descartes Centre, Utrecht University Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | This paper looks at records of baby North America | 20th century, early | history of height and weight in baby books in medicine, baby books, quantification, self- tracking the US between 1872 and 1940. Baby books, books in which parents Dead Animals, Past and Present: record information about their child, Photography and Fossil are still a familiar object in Knowledges in Johannes households with young children. Weigelt’s Recent Vertebrate Carcasses and Their Baby books, this paper shows, are a Paleobiological Implications unique source in which we can Ana María Gómez López follow practices of measuring and Independent scholar quantification from the doctor’s Johannes Weigelt (1890-1948), a office and the health departments German paleontologist and into the household. Although the use geologist, was the first proponent of of weight and height records by History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 84 taphonomy—the study of the decay, photographic and field-based burial, and fossilization of biological research in taphonomy on both sides organisms. In the mid-1920s, while of the Atlantic, focusing on how performing fieldwork in the U.S. animal remains from the present and Gulf Coast, he came across scores of distant past served as concomitant dead cows, birds, fish, alligators, sites for scientific and image-based and amphibians. Many of these knowledge production alike. creatures died as a result of extreme Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | weather storms, their remains Europe | 20th century, early | Dead animals, marooned and weathering in coastal photography, paleobiology, taphonomy, beaches, river banks, and mudflats. fieldwork Weigelt considered that the physical Deceleration: Biogeography, processes affecting these animals Snails, and the Temporality of were analogous to those that Landscapes, ca. 1900 preserved Miocene fossil specimens Nils Güttler housed at the Martin-Luther- ETH Zurich Universität in Halle-Wittenberg, In the late 19th century many where he was a geology professor. biologists in Central Europe turned He photographed dozens of these to the field of malacology, the study decomposing animals during his of snails and other molluscs. In a travels throughout Texas, period when global environments Oklahoma, and Louisiana, setting changed tremendously due to human these images alongside sketches of intervention and the growth of fossils recovered from central global transport and economy, many Germany in his 1927 book Recent biologists believed that snails with Vertebrate Carcasses and their their sluggish pace would allow Paleobiological Implications. This them to turn back time. What ground-breaking monograph and its became visible by studying snails, visual juxtaposition of post-mortem they thought, was a different processes in contemporary and long temporality of nature: its original extinct animals became a key state. The rise of malacology as a reference for , as well paradigmatic subfield of as for archaeology, forensic science, biogeography reflected a and physical anthropology. This fundamental shift, which was truly paper will present Weigelt’s international: the ‘discovery’ of time History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 85 as a fundamental factor of Decolonizing Medicine and determining the distribution of Science in North Africa species. By concentrating on the Edna Bonhomme Max Planck Institute for History of Science local example of malacology in the region by 1900, this paper Since the nineteenth century, argues that the temporalization of medicine and science have been biogeography in Central Europe perceived as a monolithic tool for (and elsewhere) was not only caused domination, inextricably linked to by the rise of evolutionary theory, Europe’s imperial expansion into the but also closely linked to a rapid Middle East, Africa, and Asia. To modification of environments. that end, nineteenth-and twentieth- Industries and their infrastructures century colonialism resulted in substantially changed the biological medical and scientific materials composition of landscapes, and their from North Africa residing in construction sites allowed naturalists European archives, institutes and to observe history and deeper layers museums, thus hardening racial of time on an unprecedented and boundaries and imbricating coercive unexpected scale. As a result, the medical and scientific archives. This gap between a well-stored past and a paper examines how non-elite North rapidly changing present seemed to Africans functioned as mediators, widen constantly. In the German- co-producers, and resistors of these speaking context, this colonial dynamics in medicine and reconfiguration of time became science. At the same time, it will manifest in the notion of “home” consider how Arab/Islamic and (Heimat), an alleged Ur-state of traditional knowledge were nature and culture where all integrated into global epistemologies creatures had allegedly stayed at the of medicine and science. Emerging place where they “originally” from a point of decolonial and anti- belonged. colonial methodology, this paper will narrate the medical/scientific Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | lives from Egypt and Tunisia that 20th century, early | deep time, objects of temporality, biogeography, industrialization, currently reside in European infrastructures institutes as well as those that previously resided at the Institute of Egypt. The paper will articulate the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 86 conditions of possibility for how genre in general and present some these artifacts, knowledge systems, concrete examples, notably the work and people undergo a series of cross- of the Dutch mathematician (and cultural exchanges undergo colonial contemporary of ) Simon and postcolonial contexts. More Stevin. It will appear that the specifically, it will investigate the function of dedications was much funding, production and circulation more ambiguous than is often of science, highlight the dynamism assumed. of “traditional” science, and the Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | syncretism of knowledge traditions. Europe | 17th century | Dedications, Patronage, Scientific Publications Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science | Near and Middle East | Cultural and cross- Deinstitutionalization: The Dutch cultural contexts, including colonialism in way? general | decolonial, archives, medicine, science, museum Joost Vijselaar Descartes Centre, Utrecht University Dedications in Early Modern Inspired mainly by the example of Scientific Books Italian ‘Democratic psychiatry’, Rienk Vermij around the mid-nineteen eighties, University of Oklahoma the policies of both Dutch In the early modern period, most government and the field of mental scholarly works (as well as many health care turned towards the aim maps, instruments, etc.) included a of deinstitutionalization. Official printed dedication. Historians of governmental directives included the science have studied such gradual dismantling of some of the dedications mainly as a window on larger mental hospitals, the increase patronage relationships. That aspect of the number of sheltered homes, is important, but cannot be the and the introduction of e.g. assertive whole story. After all, most community treatment and reeditions still included the original rehabilitation. These contributed to a dedications, even when at the time shift towards community psychiatry of publication the original dedicator during the nineties. Nevertheless, at and dedicatee were long dead. In the beginning of the 21st century, this paper, I will offer a more the Netherlands figured amongst the nuanced view on the function of European countries with the highest dedications. I will briefly discuss the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 87 number of institutional beds. The of psychiatric care to the reasons for the ‘lagging behind’ or community. the different pathway of Dutch Medicine and Health | Europe | 20th century, mental health care are still a matter late | anti-psychiatry, mental illness, of discussion and a subject for deinstitutionalization, community mental historical research. Some possible health. causes can already be hypothesized. Designing for Diabetes: Objects, Around 1970 Dutch institutional Practices, and Marketing of mental health consisted of medium- Diabetic Self-Monitoring sized psychiatric hospitals with Apparatus in the Second Half of the 20th Century comparatively high standards of Elizabeth Neswald care. Starting during the 1920s, the Brock University Netherlands had a pioneering role in This paper traces the development the development of a nationwide and diversification of apparatus for system of community psychiatry, monitoring and tracking blood sugar which probably resulted in a levels for diabetes. With the situation in which the pioneer is discovery and introduction of insulin lagging behind once all the others in the 1920s, juvenile diabetes went followed. Furthermore, parallel and from a certain death sentence to a interfering developments in society manageable chronic disease, but one and government policies during the that required constant monitoring. last decades of the 20th century – Expertise and responsibility for e.g. the demise of the welfare state monitoring began to shift early from and the liberalization of health medical professional to diabetic insurance – had a negative effect on patient, and from the late 1930s, the reorganization of mental health simplified urine sugar test kits care. In this paper the development enabled diabetics to self monitor and of deinstitutionalization in the track their daily sugar levels. Netherlands will be analyzed against Diabetes management changed the background of the international radically in the 1980s, with the historiography on this subject, development of simple, relatively aiming both at the distinction of affordable apparatus for monitoring different (national) models and blood sugar levels directly and in phases in the history of the transfer real time. This coincided with the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 88 beginning of a rapid rise in diabetes experiences of disability—the rates in Western countries, driven constraints of medicine, the limits largely by increasing rates of type II, and expansions of technology, and or adult-onset diabetes. This paper shifting aspects of identity, self- will show how the glucose meter representation, and stigma. These systems that were designed and objects also define and shape social marketed in the final decades of the and medical meanings of “disabled” 20th century embody assumptions and “abled” as much as the about diabetic individuals and their relationship between innovation and bodies, but also how the changing commercialization. Furthermore, as demographics of glucose metre users scholars of material culture have led designers to modify their emphasized, object biographies— apparatus to adapt them to various especially of neglected artefacts— lifestyle needs, preferences, and can dictate patterns in larger skills capacities. Analysing key historical trends. Focusing on apparatus and equipment, this paper hearing prosthetics, this paper explores their design and examines how material culture and surrounding practices and what they the history of medicine provide reveal about intersections between methodological approaches for the demands, constraints, and co- understanding neglected and constitution of users and apparatus. nuanced histories of disability.

Medicine and Health | North America | 20th Medicine and Health century, late | material cultures, medical artifacts, self-monitoring, history of medicine Disciplining Genetics: An Analysis of the Fifth Disability Materiality International Congress of Jaipreet Virdi Genetics in Berlin, 1927 University of Delaware Ida Stamhuis As Katherine Ott has asserted, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam disability is “unique in the extent to My paper will demonstrate how the which it is bonded with technology, character and the content of a tools, and machines as a medium of discipline at a moment that it seems social interaction.” Objects used by, to have become a solid and accepted and made for, disabled people serve one, are still under vivid discussion. as tangible evidence of lived When the Fifth international meeting History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 89 of geneticists in 1927 in Berlin took be taken into account. Must the place, participants felt that genetics conclusion be that an established was now an established and discipline can only remain strong accepted discipline. The organizer, when its adherents are conscious the German Ernst Baur, stated that it that its content and character are in a had grown from an unimportant constant state of flux? outpost to one of the most important Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th biological disciplines. This century, early importance was reflected in its relevance for and medicine Disciplining the Environment: Ventilation and Prison Reform in and for the breeding of useful plants Britain, 1750-1800 and animals. According to the Paul Sampson British geneticist Reginald Punnett, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey genetics had gained a central For this session, I will present a position in biology thanks to its selection from my dissertation, interdisciplinary character: it linked “Ventilating the Empire: systematics, physiology, Environmental Machines in the , and British Atlantic World, 1700-1850.” Entwicklungsmechanik My overall project proposes that (developmental mechanics). Others efforts to improve air quality have a argued, in turn, that its focus and significant history that pre-dates the techniques had become too narrow . Alarmed at the and that it needed to broaden its high mortality rates of sailors, scope to be able to answer relevant miners, and prisoners who breathed questions. According to the Austrian “close, confined, putrid air,” British Richard von Wettstein, genetics experimenter and clergyman should step out of the narrow Stephen Hales (1677-1761) invented Mendelian framework to explain new “ventilators”: hand-or-wind- evolution and to include plasmatic powered bellows to freshen enclosed inheritance and the inheritance of atmospheres. Hales’ ventilators were acquired characteristics. The fixed inside ships, prisons, hospitals, German Richard Goldschmidt and even the House of Commons. argued that not only the transmission My dissertation asks how natural- of genetic factors but also their philosophical ideas about climate, action through development had to History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 90 the environment, and human health Discussing the Legitimacy of were embodied in these devices and Astrology with Inquisitors: Non- how the politics of ventilation Scholar Witnesses on Free Will and University Lectures in evolved in Britain, France, and the Seventeenth Century Trials United States during the long Tayra Lanuza-Navarro eighteenth century. The paper I will Universitat de València present examines the uses and In their efforts to follow the abuses of ventilating machines in instructions emanated from the British prisons. First installed at the Council of Trent, Sixtus Vth Bull behest of Stephen Hales, these Coeli et Terrae, and the rules machines were specially modified to established by the commissions of endure the strains placed on them by the Roman and the Spanish Indexes the unwilling prisoners who were of Forbidden Books, Spanish tasked with their operation. Over Inquisitors involved in trials for the two decades later, prison reformer practice of astrology dealt with not John Howard noted that many of only the reports of experts about the these devices were inadequate and discipline, but also with the made ventilation a central part of his testimonies of people of all levels of crusade to improve prisons. His literacy and social class origins. actions helped to shape the 1774 Act Previous studies have focused on the of Parliament for Preserving the scholarly debates held by Health of Prisoners, and prompted theologians, astronomers, the Society for the Encouragement mathematicians, physicians and of Arts to fund a 17-year-long search natural philosophers on astrology for an improved method of and its practice (Pardo-Tomás 1991, ventilation by hand. I propose that Caro-Baroja 1992, Lanuza-Navarro the ongoing concern for ventilation 2017). The objective of this paper is was a central and oft-overlooked to put the focus on non-scholar constituent of changing regimes of witnesses involved in trials related prison construction and prisoner to the practice of astrology, with the reform that were emerging by the aim of revealing their attitudes end of the eighteenth century. towards the discipline and their

Technology | Europe | 18th century | knowledge of the extent of the Improvement, Ventilation, Prison reform prohibitions, as well as the opinions History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 91 they expressed on crucial aspects of native tribes such as Apalachees, the debate such as free will. It aims Taensas, Chitimachas, and to contribute to the study of the Alabamas (143). The landscape also circulation of concepts related to the bears marks of colonization by the prohibition and persecution of British, African slavery, Civil War astrology outside scholar circles, battles, and the American Black among wider audiences, and the Freedom Struggle. In the spirit of strategies members of the popular “telling the stories of science,” in classes used when confronted with this paper I draw on recent oral the Inquisitors to present their own history interviews to connect and others’ cases. contemporary scholarly understanding of the ecology and Physical Sciences | Europe | 17th century | Astrology, Spanish Inquisition, astronomy, pre-history of this area with the medicine, censorship, circulation of knowledge popular understanding of its environment, ecology, and Diversity and Biodiversity: Applying Oral History to archaeology. I argue that landscape, Community, Ecology, and biodiversity, and human diversity Archeology in America’s Amazon create unique ecological Kathy Cooke juxtapositions in this little-studied University of South Alabama part of Alabama. I will rely on oral The Mobile-Tensaw Delta, known histories of self-proclaimed "Delta as “America’s Amazon,” supports rats," such as Lucy "Pie" Hollings, incredible biodiversity—including Sylvester Crook, and Jimbo Meador, oaks, turtles, birds, and snakes, who who embody Native American, fill the landscape that has been African-American, Creole, and/or carved by glaciation, flowing rivers, European heritage (151-154). These flood basins, and tidal patterns. interviews study local ways of life— Archeology also demonstrates including turtle harvests and varied human habitation. Prehistoric farming, tourism, rattlesnake round- mound cultures illustrate the lives of ups, and wildlife festivals—and how a hereditary elite. Woodland cultures these demonstrate and relate to populated areas now named Little contemporary scientific Lizard Creek and Bottle Creek. understanding of the area. Notes When Europeans arrived, they from A State of Knowledge of the joined, and sometimes enslaved, Natural, Cultural, and Economic History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 92

Resources of the Greater Mobile- reported on in the Parisian press and Tensaw River Area, Natural New York Times. It’s an episode Resource Report full of juicy details that bear on the NPS/NRSS/BRD/BRD/NRR-- politics and practice of elite French 2016/1243. medicine, the staging and meaning of scientific lectures and Tools for Historians of Science | North America | Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, including photographic presentation, the colonialism in general | oral history, ecology, performance of scientific persona, landscape, diversity, biodiversity, archeology, and the media milieu of belle époque social sciences France. Yet historians have Docteur Doyen’s Photographic somehow overlooked the riot, Anatomy Show: Objectivity, Doyen’s photography, and the larger Showmanship, Difference, and corpus of photographic anatomical the Reinvention of the Anatomical Image in Belle image production from its 1860s Époque France origins through its development over Michael Sappol many decades following. This paper Uppsala University focuses on the 279 photographic It’s Paris, 18 April 1910. Eugène- plates of Doyen’s amazing, Louis Doyen (1859-1916) takes the disturbing Atlas d'anatomie stage to deliver a lecture on topographique (1911-12)—the topographical anatomy. Doyen unheralded masterpiece previewed intends to astonish the crowd with a onstage that April evening in Paris. I carnivale moderne of medical want to consider the meanings, science. There will be: lantern-slide aesthetics, dramaturgy and projec­tions of color photographs of boundaries of Doyen’s machine-sliced cross-sections of scientific and representational “scientifically mummified” practice—anatomical photography cadavers; silent films of ; as social, cultural, and professional displays of actual cadaveric slices, performance. My questions: What via direct presentation and episcopic difference did photography make to projection; even a bit of onstage anatomy? And, if photographic dissection. As the program construction of the universal commences, Doyen’s supporters and anatomical human violated detractors come to blows. The normative conventions of idealized lecture becomes a notorious fiasco, anatomical representation, what History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 93 difference did photography make to the most central figures in this the representation of difference? young discipline, Julius Schaxel and Adolf Meyer-Abich, this paper, first, Medicine and Health | Europe | 20th century, early | photography, anatomy, France, seeks to disentangle and classify dissection, aesthetics, representation, medicine individual motivations of scholars to promote theorizing in biology. This Doing Theory: German-Speaking Research Communities in includes clarifying theorists’ (i) Theoretical Biology, 1901-1945 different views on the relationship Jan Baedke between theory and experimental Ruhr University Bochum practice in biology, (ii) underlying This paper investigates different philosophical frameworks (e.g., research traditions in early German- holism, dialectical materialism), and speaking theoretical biology. A (iii) terminological characterizations century after the term ‘biology’ was of the new field (e.g., ‘general coined, a number of scholars started biology’ vs. ‘theoretical biology’). to argue for the need to develop a Second, the paper provides an ‘theoretical biology’. While through overview of the structure and the works of, among others, conceptual debates of this large (and Johannes Reinke and Jacob von today largely forgotten) German- Uexküll interests in biological speaking theoretical research theorizing grew steadily, the new community until the end of WWII. field’s aims and research methods Therefore, contributions to the two were quite diverse. Theoretical central book series of the time, biology was argued to allow Schaxel’s ‘Abhandlungen zur conceptual clarification, theoretical theoretischen Biologie’ and Meyer- ordering, organization of research Abich’s ‘Bios’ will be discussed. activities, better communication of Biology | Europe | 20th century, early | results, abstracting from the ‘burden Theoretical Biology, Julius Schaxel, Adolf of details’, securing the autonomy of Meyer-Abich, ‘Abhandlungen zur theoretischen biology from physics, and Biologie’, ‘Bios’ ultimately, unifying biological research. Due to this heterogeneity still today large part of early theoretical biology remains poorly understood. By focusing on two of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 94

Don't Meddle in Physical including in the sense of a Considerations of the Mind: ‘naturalization’ of the mind. Locke and the Problem of the Because if Kant made this charge, Naturalization of the Mind many 18th-century thinkers in fact Charles Wolfe Ghent University positively treated Locke as their great forerunner in psychological How does Locke contribute to the fields, Charles Bonnet and Joseph development of projects for a Priestley among them, just as some science of the mind, even though he prominent physicians such as seems to reject or at least bracket off Cabanis claimed to be ‘finishing the such projects himself? A canonical job’ that Locke had started in, e.g. empiricist, Locke nevertheless goes their materialist theories of the out of his way to state that his passions. The ‘Locke Problem’ here project to investigate and articulate is: how can one reconcile the ‘logic of ideas’ is not a scientific empiricism and claims about project: “I shall not at present cerebral processes, while seeking to meddle with the Physical remain a Lockean? consideration of the Mind” (Essay, I.i.2). Locke further specifies that his Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | analysis of mental processes will not John Locke; Physiology; History of Medicine; Materialism engage with knowledge of the brain (even though he had been the Dry Subjects: The Collection of student of Thomas Willis). Now, "Artificial" and "Natural" Kant seemed to make an elementary from in the Nineteenth Century History of mistake, given Locke’s clear Science statement, when he claimed that Christopher Heaney Locke’s project was a “physiology Penn State - University Park Campus of the understanding” (KRV, To preserve the dead requires a well- Preface to A edition). If Locke’s timed pause—a cultural and project was not a physiology of the technological application of energy understanding, what might this have or chemicals to create an indefinite been? Thus I examine, not the well- ellipsis between a being’s biological studied fortunes of Lockean thinking expiration and the decay of their matter, but Locke’s impact on matter. In the eighteenth century, scientific treatments of the mind, natural historians borrowed a word History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 95 from the , ‘,’ to mummies weren’t ‘artificial’ or describe ancient human specimens ‘Peruvian’ beforehand, collectors of that dead worldwide. These ensured that that was what they conditions are also environmentally became. This paper therefore occurring, which in some ‘extreme’ explores how the reproduction of places allows the living to preserve place in the history of science the expired with so little effort that extended supposedly peripheral distinctions between living and dead cultures and geographies of science subjects blur. Once such place is in into the metropole. , where peoples Earth and Environmental Sciences | Latin harnessed nitre-rich sands on the America | 19th century | Peru, environment, Pacific coast, and the western archaeology, anthropology, museums, Andes’ cold, dry air, to preserve collecting, specimens, death, mummies dead for millennia—a coupling Early Modern Explanations of remarked upon since the 1500s, Habit and the Association of when that place became ‘Peru.’ Ideas These conditions made the country a Kathryn Tabb particularly globalized site of Department of Philosophy, environmental and historical science In his Essay Concerning Human and, when Peru’s Independence Understanding John Locke gives from Spain was declared in 1821, two explanations of intellectual made its Inca or “ancient Peruvian” habits and the association of ideas, dead into highly collectible one a psychophysiological account specimens, studied to distinguish that has its origins in the Cartesian between ‘artificial’ and ‘natural’ science of the brain, and the other a mummies. Yet when that dead purely psychological account that travelled, they challenged seems to be original with Locke epistemologies that insisted upon himself. After laying out Locke’s those distinctions. Removed from two positions and showing how each Peru’s culturally manipulated fits into the larger project of the environment, the dead sometimes Essay, we trace them the first to began to rot, requiring reproduction Locke’s reading of Nicholas of ‘Peruvian’ environmental and Malebranche’s Recherche de la cultural conditions to ensure Vérité and ultimately to Descartes’ preservation. In other words, if these History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 96

Traité de l’homme. These models Early Modern Longevity and the explain habit and association in Poetics of Extended Experience terms of the flow of nervous fluids Natalie Kaoukji HPS, University of Cambridge creating traces in the brain. The second explanation is based on the This paper examines the relationship speed with which ideas pass through between early modern accounts of the mind after frequent repetition. longevity and the figuring of a new Locke uses it to explain why we order of natural knowledge as a falsely believe that we “see” three project of experience prodigiously dimensionality. This psychological extended, preserved and explanation was taken up by George accumulated. Focusing on the Berkeley in his New Theory of English case, it examines the Vision, and by other 18th-century reinvention of longevity in the writers. However, the second half of the seventeenth psychophysiological explanation century through reports of long-lived also persisted throughout this period men in the Philosophical among both philosophers and Transactions, discussions of the medical writers including Hermann prodigious longevity of the Boerhaave and Albrecht Haller. An Patriarchs, and natural historical alternate psychophysiological surveys of the long lived. explanation briefly flourished based Treatments of longevity in such on the Queries at the end of accounts have been commonly read Newton’s Optics, and adopted by as anticipating a factual, proto- David Hartley in his Observations demographic understanding of on Man. Nevertheless, it was the longevity. This paper instead Cartesian brain-trace explanation proposes that seventeenth-century which predominated throughout this authors were interested not in the period, and is even to be found at the facts of longevity but in its figuring end of the nineteenth-century in of the extended experience and William James’ discussion of habit immunity to decay exemplified by and association in his Principles of the media in which these discussions Psychology. appeared. Projects of reporting, recovering, preserving and Medicine and Health | Europe | 17th century | accumulating were not here passive John Locke; Association of Ideas; Habit; Physiology vehicles for an approach to History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 97 knowledge that would reimagine the Lhwyd and hired searchers. We then world as information, but the site of examine the role of these specimens a concerted set of performances of in subsequent editions of the book, the quasi-magical powers of such a demonstrating to what extent the condition. relationship between them influenced collectors like Sir Hans Medicine and Health | Europe | 17th century Sloane and Daniel Solander from ca. Edward Lhwyd’s 1699 1680 to 1760. Finally, we will Lithophylacii Britannicii demonstrate how Ashmolean Keeper Ichnographia [British Figured William Huddesford repurposed the Stones]: Old and New Classifications illustrations in Lhwyd’s book for his own eighteenth-century edition of Anna Marie Roos University of Lincoln, UK the Lithophylacii (1760), The Lithophylacii Britannicii incorporating new classificatory ichnographia [British figured stones] schemes. Our account provides (1699) by Edward Lhwyd, the insight into how a late seventeenth- second keeper of the Ashmolean century book of natural philosophy Museum, was the first illustrated was used, revised, and repurposed field guide to English fossils. This by natural historians and collectors paper analyses the book’s physical before and during the development creation—the collection of of Linnaean taxonomy. We will specimens, fieldwork sketches and concentrate upon the implications of their engravings—with an eye to migration of natural knowledge from understanding its use and reuse in one medium to another, from object eighteenth-century editions and to drawing to printed image, as well collections that were in the transition as its circulation and the establishing to binomial taxonomy. Focusing on of credibility and taxonomic type the Lithophylacii’s illustrations of characteristics in scientific (visual fossils, this paper begins by and textual) discourse and examining how the specimens of illustration. crinoids, ichthyosaur teeth and Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | vertebrae, sea urchin fossils, and Global or Multilocational | 18th century ‘piped waxen veins’ or fossilized wood were collected in the field by History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 98

Egypt’s TV Sexologists and the programs, websites, YouTube Politics of Modern Femininity Channels and social media accounts. Soha Bayoumi In this paper, I aim to contribute to Harvard University the growing scholarship on sexology Since Foucault’s History of by examining the role played by Sexuality, sexology has been viewed contemporary women sexologists in by historians of science and Egypt and their role in cultivating medicine as a marker of sexual ideals of modern, bourgeois modernism, a category of biopower feminine sexuality. Turning to two and an apparatus of discipline and “popular” female sexologists and social control. Postcolonial sex educators, Heba Kotb and Alyaa historians of medicine, including Gad, I aim to historically historians of the Middle East, have contextualize these popularized complicated our understanding of iterations of the scientific discourse sexology as both an instrument of on sexuality and how they approach imperial control and a potential tool questions of modern sexuality in of social critique and resistance to relation to other discourses, such as colonial assumptions. More recently, religious and moral discourses. feminist historians of medicine have highlighted the roles played by Medicine and Health | Near and Middle East | 21st century | sexology, postcolonial history of women sexologists as a way of medicine, modern femininity countering the historical narrative that viewed women and their Eighteen Years in the Paraná: Explorations of Latin American sexuality solely as objects of study Nature by Diego de Alvear y and control by a male-dominated Ponce de Leon medical establishment. Modern Matthew Franco interest in the scientific study of College of William and Mary sexuality in the Middle East can be Following the Treaty of Madrid traced back to the mid-nineteenth (1750) a bilateral Boundary century. This interest manifested in Demarcation Commission was various ways during the colonial established to negotiate a permanent period and over the course of the Luso-Hispanic Boundary in Ibero- twentieth century. Most recently, America. The division between new media allowed for the Spanish and Portuguese America proliferation of sex education TV remained imprecise, metaphorically History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 99 drawn through a wild hinterland Alvear’s diary from the survey and characterized by impenetrability and his published account of the region, seclusion. Owing to the lack of this paper will examine Spanish scientific observations, the conceptions of the Paraná as an Commission dispatched parties of extreme environment through the geographers to survey the limits and lens of environmental, political, and study its environmental conditions. social history. The career of one Spanish agent, Earth and Environmental Sciences | Latin Diego de Alvear y Ponce de Leon America | 18th century | colonial, exploration, (1749-1830), illustrates the geography, boundary commission, prolonged process of boundary environment, survey, Paraguay demarcation and the extensive Elephant Empire beyond the observations and measurements it Colonial Frontier produced. Although colonial agents Marianna Szczygielska and Jesuit priests traveled through Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin Amazonia and the upper Paraná beginning in the sixteenth century, Animal trade constitutes one of the the indigenous populations and key factors of animal mobility natural resources of these regions beyond their natural habitats. Exotic remained largely understudied. specimens found their way to Simply put: what lay hidden within menageries and zoos following the the imposing environment? routes of colonial conquest and Surveying efforts began in 1751 and possession of land and natural stretched as late as 1801 in remote resources. Whereas zoological regions. The scope of the project gardens and animal collections in strained imperial resources, but it North America and Western Europe also produced unprecedented are well researched, surprisingly European observations of some of little attention has been paid to the the most remote environments in history and legacy of these Ibero-America. Alvear’s eighteen- modernizing institutions in Eastern year survey of the Paraná and Europe. In this presentation, I Paraguay river basins included investigate the traffic in exotic cartographic surveys, natural animals to this region with a focus historical writings, and proto- on a particular species. Historically, ethnographic reports. Drawing on elephants have been considered History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 100 prime symbols of power and Ellsworth Huntington, Punch triumph of the colonial empire, and Cards, and Climate and Mortality thus were often the jewels of Research in the Early 1920s colonial animal collections across Samuel Randalls University College London Europe (Ritvo 1987). I explore how The early 20th-century American the colonial origin of elephants as geographer Ellsworth Huntington is both big game (being hunted for well-known for his work on climatic ivory, taxidermy, meat) and determinism, eugenics and in charismatic megafauna (spectacular writing popular geographical mammals on display) translates into textbooks (Fleming, 1998). a geopolitical context without direct Huntington’s work sought causal overseas colonies, in order to trace explanation for the patterns of the material links between species, civilization and mortality across the race, transnational commodity globe, in particular focusing on networks, and structures of identity climatic, cultural and hereditary formation. From this vantage point I factors. His compilations of vast suggest that studying public zoos in swathes of data were often crude and Eastern Europe offers a unique led to generalised claims that were insight into a physical presence of subsequently widely critiqued. In colonial imperialism (via traffic in research on climate and mortality in exotic species) in an area without New York City, however, overseas colonies, through a site Huntington worked with prominent where modernist models of experts in American life assurance citizenship, nationhood, and and with their latest technologies Europeanness are forged at the (namely punch cards, sorting interface between science, machines and tabulators), to analyse education, and transnational politics. late 19th century data and propose Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | causation between particular Europe | Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, climatic conditions and death rates. including colonialism in general | animals, zoological gardens, colonial animal collection, Indeed, this work was pioneering in exotic species its use of such equipment at that time and in the working relationship developed between insurers and climatologists. These technologies, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 101 however, also shaped this work in at were accounted for by diverging least three ways: through the models during the Middle Ages. limiting cost of the equipment and Ptolemy assumed a linear increase labour, the style and structure of the of stellar longitude over time. A text standard Hollerith punch card, and on the movement of the Eighth the typical practices of clerks in the Sphere (the sphere of the fixed life assurance companies. Drawing ), sometimes attributed to on archival fieldwork at Yale Thābit ibn Qurra, circulated in the University with the extensive early West and described a back-and-forth 1920s correspondence between movement. In the Latin world this Huntington and notables like Arthur movement of “access and recess” Hunter (actuary, New York Life) was termed . The Toledan and Louis Dublin (statistician, tables (11th c.) included this same Metropolitan Life), the paper movement of trepidation. In the contributes to discussions of Castilian Alfonsine tables (ca. 1270) materiality in the history of the trepidation of the Eighth Sphere is atmospheric sciences. Through also considered. In Parisian narrating this example, the paper re- Alfonsine astronomy those secular asserts the importance of changes are described by combining understanding how climatological a linear change (one revolution in research is produced through the 49000 years) with a trepidation socio-materialities of technological movement. Very few spatial, and institutional systems. material representations of these aspects of astronomical theories are Earth and Environmental Sciences | North America | 20th century, early | Climate and known: today only about a dozen mortality, life assurance, climatology, surviving armillary spheres are computing, punch cards modelling the phenomenon of Embedding New Theory in Brass: trepidation. Some such trepidation Alfonsine Trepidation Spheres spheres from the 16th century are Samuel Gessner signed by the famous G. Arsenius. A CNRS SYRTE UMR 8630 systematic description and The slow changing position of the comparison of these spheres is still fixed stars with respect to the vernal lacking. An outline of such a point, directly observable through comparative study will here be the stars’ changing ortive amplitude, proposed. It will have to tackle the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 102 relationship between competing to provide a broader and more theories, astronomical tables and comprehensive context for my canons on the one hand and visual comparison. Culianu sees magic as a representations, including diagrams very general, “phantasmatic and material models, like armillary process” operating upon desires and spheres, on the other. appetites of matter. Since the human mind cannot operate without Physical Sciences | Europe | Medieval phantasms, magic is everywhere – Emblems as Magic Tools and intersubjective, intrasubjective and Heuristic Devices: Bruno, Bacon, not always crossing the treshold of and Culianu human awareness. Culianu’s Dana Jalobeanu “sciences of the Renaissance” can be Institute for Research in the Humanities, ICUB, University of Bucharest interpreted as various attempts to This paper proposes a comparative control, operationalize and investigation of the use of emblems understand this process. Within this in two leading vitalist natural framework, my scope is to analyze of the Renaissance, Bruno and Bacon’s use of emblems Giordano Bruno and Francis Bacon. – codified procedures intended to fix Bruno and Bacon are rarely treated the meaning of phantasms – in order together. And yet, they share a lot: to unearth further similarities an“operative” vision of scientia, an between their respective attempts to appetitive matter-theory, a belief in understand and exploit various the powers of imagination. Both see “phantasmatic manipulations.” I the natural philosopher as a show how for Bacon and Bruno – manipulator of the material appetites and, perhaps not surprisingly, for engaged in a "renovation” of Culianu as well – emblems have not knowledge and power. Further, more only mnemonic, but also heuristic precise, similarities are not functions, while also serving as immediately apparent, mostly “magic tools” to create patterns and because of our own historiographic “binds” for the imagination. assumptions. My proposal in this Physical Sciences | Europe | 17th century paper is to rely on Ioan Petru Culianu’s more flexible historiographic framework in order History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 103

Enacting Race While Objectifying race independent from subjective Race: Recovering the Story of impressions, the expedition itself the Dutch continuously enacted race in the way Expeditions (1903, 1909) for the it assigned roles and practically History of Anthropometry divided groups within the Geertje Mak University of Amsterdam expeditionary group. This The scientific idea(l)s of racial contradiction short-circuited when anthropometry—as formulated by the successor of Van der Sande in one of the most influential scientists the third expedition, Von Römer, of that field, Rudolf Martin, and started to measure the non-European taken over by his Dutch pupil Van members of the expedition team. der Sande—entailed a strict Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | objectification of the study of Southeast Asia | 20th century, early | anatomical difference in relation to anthropometry, race, Dutch New Guinea, scientific practices geographical descent. It was, in the terms of Daston and Galison, a Encounters in Africa: When science driven by an epistemic ideal Livingstone Met Welwitsch of objectivity through ‘selfless’ Angela Salgueiro ANGELA SALGUEIRO science, in which ‘first impressions’ or non-standardized measures and From 1851 onwards, coinciding with observations were anathema. Thus, a period of relative political stability, when presenting the anthropometric Portugal achieved the necessary data from his 1903 expedition to conditions for the development of its Dutch New Guinea, Van der Sande imperial plan. The Portuguese sought to completely disentangle his Government believed in the wealth data from the story of the of its African possessions, despite expedition. The data was presented several public discussions about the as ‘pure facts’, ready for circulation future of the territories in the 1860s. in European ‘centers of calculation’. The expedition Iter Angolense To un-tell this kind of scientific (1853–1860), led by Friedrich reporting, in this paper I will retrace Martin Joseph Welwitsch (1806– the practicalities of the expedition. 1872) an Austrian doctor and This will show how, in paradoxical botanist, occurred at a time when the contrast to an ideal of measuring imperial plan became established. Welwitsch was sent by the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 104

Portuguese Crown to what is known Enlightenment's Apocalypse: today as Angola. The objective was Providence, Prophecy, and to collect data, plants, animals, and Science in the Work of Joseph Priestley minerals for scientific analysis and John Christie to ascertain their economic potential. John Christie, University of Oxford On 3 September 1859, Welwitsch Joseph Priestley had a particular was the first European to describe story to tell about his own and the famous Namib Desert plant, later others' scientific work, or rather a named Welwitschia mirabilis in his larger story, religious in nature, honour. During this expedition, the which historically placed and botanist met David Livingstone specified the fundamental meanings (1813–1873), the famous explorer, of historically recent and doctor, geographer and missionary. contemporary natural science. This Although the fact Welwitsch and paper will reconstruct these Livingstone met while they were in meanings firstly by analysis of his Angola is recognized, this encounter preoccupations with the nature and has hitherto been studied in depth. forms of divine providence, and his These famous explorers met at concern to detect God's 'different Golungo Alto in 1854, and this footsteps', the traces of divine action encounter would affect both of them in human history. This analysis in different ways. This work in produces a concept of Priestley's progress intends to explore the 'providential epistemics' as the basis networks of knowledge and the of his perception and grasp of impact of this encounter in a period historical meaning, and aspects of that preceded the formation of the the natural sciences are among his Society of Geography, Lisbon most significant exemplars. The (1875) and the Scramble for Africa. paper then focuses upon his his Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | hermeneutics of Biblical prophecy, Africa | 19th century | Natural History emphasizing its intensely Collections, Scientific Expeditions in Africa, Science and Colonialism, Museum Studies, apocalyptic tenor, its presentist Science in the Portuguese Empire interpretation of prophecy, its latter interest in the restoration of the Jews to the land of Canaan and their conversion, and its stress upon the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 105 recent course of science as herald of Environmental Science for apocalyptic imminence. Priestley's National Development: The understanding of the historical Seoul Environmental Assessment Project of the meanings of the progress of natural Smithsonian Institution, 1971- science recall that of the Puritan 1975 millenarians of the mid- seventeenth Chuyoung Won century English Revolution. For Seoul National University (SNU) historians of the eighteenth century, This paper explores the US-Korea particularly historians of collaborative environmental Enlightenment, to which assessment of Seoul, South Korea, historiography Priestley and his in 1971-1975. With increasing radical Dissenting colleagues are global-scale pollution during the often assimilated, unavoidable Cold War, environmental scientists problems occur once the apocalyptic and government officials of the U.S. disposition of Priestley and his recognized value of collecting colleagues is taken as a environmental data. In this context, characteristic and forceful feature of the U.S. Agency for International their work. The paper thus concludes Development (USAID) established a with consideration of the issues plan to make guidelines for the raised for Enlightenment environmental policy in developing historiography by recognition of countries in the late 1960s. As a part Priestley's apocalyptic discourse. of this plan, the USAID

Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | implemented an environmental Europe | 18th century | Enlightenment, science, assessment project of Seoul through religion, apocalypse, millennium, providence, a contract with the Office of prophecy, historiography. International and Environmental Programs (OIEP) of the Smithsonian Institution. The goal of the guideline plan was to collect data and to reduce the environmentally detrimental impact on cities in developing countries. Seoul, the capital of South Korea, was an ideal place for USAID officials because History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 106 as a result of urban growth and Epistemic Configurations: population increase the city had Experience in the Medieval gone through the most severe Sciences of Soul and Body environmental pollution among Katja Krause Max Planck Institute for the History of cities in the developing world. Science / TU Berlin Although Korean Scientists were What were the epistemic eager to engage in the collaborative configurations of experience in the project as it funded their research, medieval sciences of soul and body? the authorities of Seoul feared the Simple sense perception, inspectio, project's possible conclusion that anathomia, iudicatio by common would harm the nation's reputation. sense, pre-universal experientia, and This paper analyzes how science on expertise all occupied distinctive, environmental data collection was yet decidedly standardized spaces in made compatible with the national the cognitive realm of the sapiens. economic development of Korea by For Peter of Spain (ca. 1215-1277), examining the relationship and the science of animal souls and tensions among OIEP, Korean bodies required sense perception and Scientists, and governmental judgment in acquiring knowledge, officials of Seoul. This paper particularly of its most specific illuminates that the Seoul project species. For Albert the Great (1200- was essential to the construction of 1280), simple sense perceptions had the idea of a “sustainable the epistemic power to verify or development” for developing falsify theoretical facts in the countries. sciences of soul and body, but they

Earth and Environmental Sciences | East Asia | first had to pass the common-sense 20th century, late | History of Environmental judgment of the expert. All this Science, Environmental History, Environmental shows that scientific experiences Assessment, Urban Planning were principally shared by the sapientes; they were, so to speak, universal and individual at once. The purpose of this paper is to shed some light on these pragmatics of experience, both by exposing the mental realm as the integral History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 107 backbone to the practices, standards, creator of Perry Mason, the intrepid and conceptualizations of attorney who successfully cleared experience, and by illustrating how underdogs caught ensnared in false the ideals of this realm became criminal charges. In the late 1940s embodied in the practices of the Gardner sought to replicate Mason’s medieval life sciences developed by fictional heroics by establishing his historical actors such as Peter of ‘Court’ as an expert board dedicated Spain and Albert the Great. to investigating cases of wrongful conviction. In many respects, Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | Medieval | Experience, philosophy, Gardner’s enterprise shares some cognition, medieval, theology, mind essential structural features of our present innocence moment. Yet as I Erle Stanley Gardner’s "Court of Last Resort" and the Pursuit of will argue Gardner’s project was Wrongful Conviction in Cold War profoundly influenced by the America political, legal, cultural and Ian Burney scientific context of Cold War CHSTM, University of Manchester America, and this determined both Since the first US case of post- the forensic techniques it deployed conviction DNA exoneration in in the pursuit of innocence, and the 1989, national advocacy criteria for selecting whose claim to organizations, spearheaded by the innocence was worth pursuing. Innocence Project, have championed Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | the cause of potentially innocent North America | 20th century, late | Forensic prisoners, raised public awareness, Science, Cold War Science, Popular Science, and promoted policy reform. These American Science developments have been hailed as Exotic Plants in the Crisis of the the dawn of a uniquely modern Galenic System and the moral, legal and scientific order – an Eighteenth-Century Medical ‘innocence revolution.’ In this Debate presentation I question this claim to Federica Rotelli Ph.D in Bioeconomics University of Verona; historical singularity by exploring a Società Botanica Italiana prior forensic framework of In early modern times, a innocence centered on Erle Stanley considerable increase in the Gardner’s ‘Court of Last Resort.’ knowledge of the exotic medicinal Today Gardner is remembered as the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 108 plants enriched the European living organisms was agreed upon pharmacopoeia. The introduction by most physicians. The effort to and presence of new medicinal find new remedies for old epidemic botanical species coming from the diseases gave rise to a growing East and the Americas is testified by interest in research, in the use of their inclusion in the various exotic plants, and in the verification treatises of medicine, natural history of their therapeutic powers. and systematic botany, in the Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | pharmacopoeias, in the apothecary’s Global or Multilocational | 18th century | East shops, and in the European botanical and West Indies, global botany, therapeutics, gardens of that period. During the medicine entire sixteenth-century, under the Experience, Discovery, and influence of ’s theories, a Utility: Roger Bacon in the Age of difficult attempt was made to fit Francis these new plants into the pre- Elly Truitt existing taxonomy. The Galenic Bryn Mawr College system, which had accommodated This paper examines the importance both the therapeutic use of the plants of experiential knowledge in the whose efficacy had been proved and work of thirteenth century natural the mechanical explanation of living philosopher, courtier, and bodies, during this century began to Franciscan friar Roger Bacon (ca. be affected by a progressive 1214-1292), who saw experience as separation between the two central to understanding natural hypotheses. On the one hand, the knowledge, and to converting that increasingly substantial natural knowledge into useful tools and history treatises that introduced processes to improve human life and unknown botanical species and, on exert power. Furthermore, this paper the other hand, the mechanistic demonstrates how Bacon’s views on explanations of nature, all became the necessity of experiential the object of medical studies in the knowledge to confirm and discover seventeenth and eighteenth-century. the laws of nature dramatically The claim that only by shaped the contours of his reception experimenting on the bodies of in the sixteenth and seventeenth cavies could it be possible to attain centuries, as well as early modern the knowledge of the operation of ideas about utility and experiment. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 109

Experiential knowledge is the Experimental Abstraction: common thread that runs through the Francis Galton, John Venn, and many stories about Bacon that Cambridge Anthropometry, 1887-1891 appeared in Latin and in English, on Lukas M. Verburgt the stage and in historical annals in Utrecht University the early modern period. Whether a The story of statistics before 1900 is figure of sorcery or as a committed one of a logic common to every experimenter undone by the Church, science that emerged from the legends and accounts of Bacon that interplay of two developments: the appeared in the centuries after his combination of observations and the death portray him as one interested use of probability mathematics. Both in learning by doing, and in using having separate beginnings, these natural knowledge in the service of two developments intersected in the political utility. Bacon’s treatises first decades of the 19th century, appeared in the libraries of men like only to spread as a single method John Dee and Francis Bacon, who horizontally – across scientific found in Bacon’s work an interest in disciplines – and vertically – in utility, discovery, and experiment terms of technical sophistication. that matched their own. Bacon’s This neat story comes at the prize of interests in experience and a loss of historical accuracy. The experiment, in the service of utility main reason is its focus on abstract and epistemic gain, are vital to concepts and lack of attention to the understanding the intellectual material and local aspects of the transformation often called the interplay between observations and Scientific Revolution and reveal mathematics needed to establish important intellectual continuities sufficiently abstract statistical between the medieval and the early knowledge. The present paper draws modern periods. on original archival research to Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | describe a remarkable, yet hitherto Europe | Longue Durée | Experience, little-known episode in the history of experiment, medieval, Roger Bacon, Francis Bacon, Scientific Revolution, philosophy, statistics: Francis Galton’s scientist collaboration with John Venn, between 1887 and 1889, in an unofficial psychometrical laboratory History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 110 at Cambridge. Its focus is on the considered immortal unless eaten by various difficulties Galton and Venn predators. As marine ecologists in their joint endeavor, which ranged recognize phytoplankton’s important from choosing a suitable room and role in the global carbon cycle, the weighing the reliability of assumption of their atemporal instruments to aligning statistical existence is currently revised. techniques with measurement Microbiologists suggest that under results. In doing so, Galton and specific conditions entire Venn were forced to use their populations of phytoplankton polymathic skills to come up with actively kill themselves. Drawing on hands-on ways to find out what were empirical research into the life and relevant statistical associations. The death of marine microbes, this paper paper concludes by placing the explores how an affirmation of Galton-Venn laboratory into the phytoplankton’s mortality may context of the emergence of reconstruct the relationship between psychology at Cambridge and by life and death and how deep seated considering its importance for the metaphysical assumptions may discipline of statistics in the 1880s- become revised in a time of crisis. 1890s. The idea that death is an evolutionary adaptation seems no Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 19th century | Francis Galton, John longer tenable. As phytoplankton Venn, history of statistics, history of challenge the relationship between psychology, abstraction life and death and the boundary Exploring New "Histories of between an individual and a Nature" with Marine Microbes: population, marine viruses are Living Matter at the Edge of Life complicating the boundary between Astrid Schrader life and nonlife and the ontologies of University of Exeter substance and process. The In the face of the current liveliness of viruses seems to depend environmental crisis, i.e. climate on their connections. Together, I change, the life and death of marine argue, recent research into marine microbes has gained renewed microbes suggests new histories of scientific attention. Until recently nature in the ocean, while also unicellular marine microbes, such as phytoplankton, have been History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 111 interrogating the relationship nation. In both countries, nationalist between science and philosophy. intellectuals and politicians used the cephalic index as a scientific tool, Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 21st century | Phytoplankton, Climate Change, both to bolster the international Ecology, Death, Metaphysics legitimacy of their sovereignty claims and to promote particular Facing the Past: Ancient Skulls and National Identity in the narratives of national history. In Middle East Lebanon, anatomists and Elise Burton archaeologists argued over the racial University of Cambridge classification of different Christian In the nineteenth and early twentieth and Muslim sects as part of a highly centuries, the cranial or cephalic politicized debate about Phoenician index was a widely used calculation versus Arab ancestry. Meanwhile, for racial classification. This Iranian scholars exhumed the particular measurement, which could remains of national heroes like be applied both to skulls and to the , measuring their skulls to heads of living people, allowed the prove their “Aryan” racial identity comparison of members of ancient and reconstruct their physiognomy and biblical civilizations to modern for sculptural monuments and inhabitants of the same territories. portraits. Phoenicianism and Human remains excavated from Aryanism remain powerful racial- archaeological sites across the national discourses in contemporary Middle East prompted transregional Lebanon and , where they interest in racial origins: who were continue to shape scientific the closest living descendants of interpretations of recent ancient (and therefore legitimate political- DNA studies and forensic facial cultural heirs to) the Phoenicians, reconstructions of human remains. Indo-Aryans, and other celebrated Biology | Near and Middle East | 20th century, pre-Islamic civilizations? Here, I early | Craniometry, Nationalism, analyze anthropometric studies in Anthropometry, Race, Archaeology Lebanon and Iran in the first half of the twentieth century, showing how this preoccupation with ancient origins collided with intersectional and contested meanings of race and History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 112

Fact-Checking Herodotus across what it would mean to verify a the Disciplines report given by Herodotus, and Suzanne Marchand debate led to new cycles of research, Louisiana State University and more, often highly creative, One of the most pressing questions strategies of verification (or for the historically-minded falsification). In this paper, I will nineteenth century was this: just offer a few examples of the ways in how much could one trust which scholars with different Herodotus? Known since antiquity backgrounds tried to fact-check as ‚the father of history,’ Herodotus Herodotus. I will underscore the was also notorious for reporting difficulties all sides faced in making improbable marvels (immense man- arguments that stuck, but also the make lakes) and sensational tall tales gradual emergence of a consensus (Arion the bard saved from across the disciplines that drowning by a dolphin). Already in Herodotus, in many cases, was a the later eighteenth century, scholars worthy companion, if hardly an began following in the footsteps of inerrant patriarch. the widely-traveled Greek, measuring the Hellespont, Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 19th century investigating wind patterns on the , following crocodiles to check False Images Do Not Lie: Using Herodotus’ accounts. The process Anatomy in Rene Descartes' Treatise on Man involved scholars of all types— military geographers, zoologists, Gideon Manning Independent scholar, Visiting Scholar at proto-ethnographers, archaeologists, Claremont Graduate University orientalists—and a great deal of Illustrations and paper technologies controversy about how to translate contributed to and enhanced early ancient measurements, how to ‚read modern science and especially the through’ Herodotus’ Greek to study of anatomy during the establish proper Egyptian or Persian sixteenth century, not least by terms or names, how seriously to providing more accurate take his account of the flying snakes representations of the human body of Egypt, how much change in and allowing for the dissemination ‚oriental’ habits to expect over time. of consistent images. This paper In each case, scholars had to decide documents a moment in the use of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 113 anatomical illustration involving illustrations apart from an accurate disputes over Rene Descartes' description of the human body. posthumously published Treatise on Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Man (1662/1664), a work with its Europe | 17th century | Descartes, anatomy, own convoluted history and anatomical illustration, editorship, biological reception, involving multiple copies function, Cartesianism of the original manuscript and three Female Authority in Translation: sets of illustrations made by three Medieval Catalan Texts on different physicians: one set for the Women’s Health Latin edition and two others for the Montserrat Cabré French edition. Focusing on these University of Cantabria, Spain illustrations, this paper will argue My paper intends to explore the that they primarily model how the impact of translation practices on the visible movements of the body construction of female authority in might be caused, with little attention one particular vernacular tradition. to accurately describing the parts of My approach traces how late the body as seen in dissection. In the medieval Catalan medicine medical terminology of the period, articulated its own notion of female they narrowly focus on actio--action medical authority by or function--and were conceived as acknowledging, adapting and an answer to the question of how the erasing Latin ideas while translators, hidden parts of the body operate. In adaptors and compilers were this way, they provide an alternative working to bring medical literature to traditional anatomical illustrations over to new audiences. It intends to focused on historia and how the analyze through a focused case- body is actually structured. Thus the study the gendered effects of a broad Treatise is an especially interesting cultural process of mediation that work for its history, for the disputes has not been explored from this and rationale that led to its famous perspective. The Catalan corpus of images, their reproduction both in medical texts is a relevant instance later published works and in as it belongs to a particularly rich students' notebooks throughout and geographically widespread Europe, and for the demarcated yet linguistic tradition in the late middle productive role given to anatomical ages. With the determined political concourse of the Aragonese crown, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 114

Catalan became a medical language astronomy which remained well- from the late thirteenth century on, known for centuries during the and the ongoing project Sciencia.cat medieval period. Through thirty provides a detailed body of evidence chapters, he presented Ptolemaic for both extant and missing texts astronomy in a way whose allowing for a solid reconstruction “rearrangement” and “rewording” of the healthcare corpus. A was praised by medieval readers. significant number of texts were Not bearing a particular title, this produced during the 14th and 15th book spread the popularity of centuries and extant translations date Ptolemy’s ideas by being referred to from as early as 1305, when as a “compendium” and a laywomen and men as well as “summary” of the Almagest in its emerging new groups of healthcare later reception. In excluding practitioners were involved in diagrams, tables and mathematical commissioning, producing and calculations, al-Farghānī delivers a consuming translations in the descriptive exposition of Ptolemaic vernacular. This essay explores astronomy which claims to be globally 14th and 15th century “adequate” and “concise”. The main Catalan medical texts, but it goal of this paper is to explain the considers especially a mid-fifteenth structure of al-Farghānī’s exposition century translation of the De curis and the overall format of the book. mulierum that I have recently In my explanation, I will provide a identified in an anonymous textual analysis which situates al- surgeon’s handbook. Farghānī’s book in broader trends of medieval Islamic astronomical Medicine and Health | Europe | Medieval writing. I also consider the audience Firm Content, Fluid Forms: Al- of his book, which focuses a Farghānī’s Elements of pedagogical lens on the Elements of Astronomy as a Recasting of Astronomy. Through this analysis, I Ptolemaic Astronomy explore the interaction between the Raziehsadat Mousavi Predoctoral fellow, Max Planck Institute for text, script and context of scholarly the History of Science In the 9th century, al-Farghānī composed a work on the elements of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 115 writing in the Islamicate world in the to answer these questions and 9th century. explores how the living and dead bodies involved in creating these Physical Sciences | Near and Middle East | Medieval | Islamic, astronomy, medieval, objects – those of artists, anatomists, pedagogy, Islamicate, Farghani, Ptolemy and their involuntary human models – interacted in complex ways and Flayed: The Écorché Body in Eighteenth-Century Art and were valued very differently in the Anatomy production process. The author Marieke Hendriksen argues that the introduction of Utrecht University / University of serially produced, small écorché Amsterdam models in metal and plaster rather Images of flayed human bodies, so- than wood or wax in the eighteenth called écorché figures, occur with century reflects a significant shift in some frequency in artistic and the way three-dimensional models of anatomical handbooks from the the human body were created and sixteenth century onwards. Three- used in both the production and the dimensional écorché models transmission of anatomical (‘anatomies’) sculpted in wood or knowledge. wax are also occasionally listed in artist’s and collector’s inventories Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | Anatomy, art and craft, material history of from this period. However, écorchés science, anatomical models cast in metal or plaster did not become a staple in the artist’s Fluid , Pneumatics, and Atmospheric Studies in the workshop and the anatomy Early Eighteenth Century classroom until the eighteenth Victor Boantza century. How did eighteenth-century University of Minnesota artisans of the body, both visual Boyle’s mechanistic interpretations artists and anatomists, collaborate in of fire and the ‘spring of air’ are the creation of these écorché relatively well known. The elusive models? Why did one model in link between these two branches of particular, jointly created by a his science—in particular his Scottish anatomist and a Danish sustained and original work on the artist, become so popular and was nature of fluidity—remains reproduced so often that it became understudied, partly due to the écorché model? This paper seeks Newton’s long shadow in the history History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 116 of fluid mechanics. This paper vs. immaterial bodies and explores some early eighteenth- environments. More generally, we century ramifications of these gain insights into the relations subjects, epitomized by Roger between natural philosophy and Cotes’s 1708 comment that natural history as well as pneumatic “hydrostaticks and pneumaticks matter theory after Newton but have in nature so near a relation to before Joseph Black and Antoine each other, that they ought never to Lavoisier. be separated.” Building on Boyle Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | and Newton, the first half of the Global or Multilocational | 18th century eighteenth century saw the rise of what I call ‘fluid cosmologies’— Flying Caps and Throat Microphones: Solving the broad explanatory frameworks Problems of Aviation constrained by experimental Communication in World War results—combining themes and One methods we associate today with Elizabeth Bruton geophysics, meteorology, chemistry, Science MUseum Group and physiology. Two prominent Large-scale conflicts have long examples appeared in 1727, in generated new practices and Herman Boerhaave’s New Method technologies of communication. As of Chemistry, which included a we have argued elsewhere (Bruton famous treatise on fire (one of his & Gooday 2016), long-distance four elements-instruments), and aural communications became Stephen Hales’s Staticks, especially important in the First best known for its new analysis of World War. In this paper we explore air. Situated in the context of fluid the new challenges of sky-borne cosmologies, we see how old telecommunication in that conflict as elements were still employed while parallel innovations in aircraft and being reimagined as universal agents wireless (radio) brought of change. They straddled and opportunities for near real-time marked new natural boundaries and intelligence. Airborne wireless sets entities, like activity vs. fixity and using Morse code existed prior to solution vs. cohesion; the the war’s outbreak in 1914 and subterraneous, terrestrial, and voice-over-wireless systems were atmospheric spheres; and material developed for airborne use by History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 117 former Marconi Company engineers databases such as Europeana.eu working for the British Royal Flying have been created. However, it has Corps (RFC) in 1915. Yet the hardly been examined from an conjunction of enormously noisy epistemological point of view what engines and open cockpits in First problems and questions evolve when World War aeroplanes initially trying to (re-)contextualize film created great difficulties for pilots to collections in online-databases and hear Morse code and even (later) what happens to all the data voice messages. Even with noise- connected to the films. Based on the reducing adaptations of aircraft history of institute for the scientific engines nearly a quarter of airmen film (IWF) I will show some of the suffered the additional problem of questions, problems and needs of a permanent hearing loss. Both film archive being digitized. problems were solved in the Founded in 1956 as a successor of development of pilot’s flying caps the Reich Institute for Film and equipped with sound-resistant Images in Science and the headphones around 1917. Combined Classroom (RWU), the IWF with the new throat microphone, this provided a broad range of films system was successfully adopted by dedicated for the use of researchers pilots into the Second World War and scholars. One of the most and beyond. significant collections was the Encyclopaedia Cinematographica Technology | Europe | 20th century, early | warfare, telecommunications, sound, hearing, (EC) which was seen to be the military, states, technology, aircraft leading part of a world archive for all dynamic processes: humans, From Analog to Digital: What Happens When a Historic Film animals, plants and machines alike. Archive is Stored Electronically? Leading ethologists and biologists Anja Sattelmacher like and Otto Koenig Postdoctoral Researcher at the Institute for were involved in the institute’s film Musicology and Media Studies at the projects. With the headquarter in Humboldt University, Berlin Göttingen (Germany), the IWF Recently, several projects have been sought to expand into a world wide dedicated to transferring film network of scientific films. After the collections into the digital world and institute closed its doors forever in hence, some significant online- 2010, questions of digitalization and History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 118 long-term-archiving of the films biologist Aron Moscona, pioneer in became relevant and are even more tissue and organ culture research. so discussed today. This Moscona’s models of the role of cell contribution to the panel connects adhesion in tissue and organ the spheres of media history and the development are the result of an history of science and asks for the eclectic career spanning between specific role of film as historic and diverse areas of zoology: between material source. 1946-1950, Moscona pursued entomological research, dealing with Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 20th century, late | science and media history, media developmental changes in the archeology, history of digitization, audiovisual chemical composition of eggs of heritage Bacillus libanicus. During his PhD, From Entomological Research to he made use of anatomical and Culturing Tissues: An Attempt to histochemical methods in order to Retrace Aron Moscona’s detect changes in the pancreatic cells Investigative Pathway of snakes and lizards during the Alessandra Passariello reproductive cycle. Then, from the Post-doc fellow, Jacques Loeb Centre for the History and Philosophy of the Life beginning of the 1950s, he analyzed Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the histogenetic and organogenetic Negev ( sheva, Israel) processes in the chick embryo Contemporary models of through tissue and organ culture development are the result of the techniques. Moscona’s interest for encounter of different research development had an early start traditions such as molecular although the model organisms and genetics, cell biology and tissue and the experimental techniques he made organ culture. While molecular use of gradually changed throughout genetics was a privileged focus of his career, bringing about or historical analysis, research in tissue reflecting a visible change in the and organ architecture did not developmental questions he experience the same pick of addressed. The paper records the attention. The paper aims at evolution of Moscona’s scientific exploring this sideline tradition in thought by providing a composite the history of narrative where experimental through a reconstruction of the practice, disciplinary training and itinerary of the developmental cross-disciplinary influences History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 119 orchestrate together to make remained green. This paper accessible the scientist’s documents the move from Green to “investigative pathway”. Blue in two separate but interconnected realms: the local and Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | Aron Moscona, History of Tissue the global. The first is provided by and Organ Culture, Developmental Biology, Cell the efforts for understanding and to cell adhesion, Histogenesis halting marine degradation in the From Green to Blue: Ocean Mediterranean through the 1975 Conservation and Earth System Mediterranean Action Plan (and part Sciences of the United Nations Environmental Lino Camprubí Programme). The second is Environmental activists and illustrated by the rise of Earth environmental historians were not System Sciences in the 1980s (with particularly concerned with the Lovelock’s and the NASA) and oceans until recent times. While the increasing importance granted to transformation (and degradation) in the world ocean, for instance as a land was clearly visible, it seemed climate regulator. Simultaneously, that the ocean well could take all oceanographers were now looking at kinds of poison without great ocean circulation as subject to cycles distress. While there was a long and sudden changes. The conveyor tradition of conservation for belt, a new theoretical entity, needed fisheries and marine mammals that not only to be described but also attracted the attention of monitored. Although oceanography, organizations like Greenpeace in the geochemistry and atmospheric 1970s, the ecosystems approach to sciences were key in this shift to conservation like that developed by blue, looking at their different Max Nicholson at the International approaches and scales sheds light on Union for the Protection of Nature processes of integration and and the International Biology disintegration in global Program largely took the world conservation. ocean for granted. The Apollo pictures of the earth from above that Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | accompanied the rise of global Conservation, environmental science, conservation efforts depicted a Blue transnationalism, localism Marble, and yet environmentalism History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 120

From Place to Race: Medicine, that uncivilized Índios could harvest Natural Philosophy, and Human their new Portuguese natures by Diversity in Eighteenth-Century farming the land and rationally Brazil transforming their natural Patrícia Martins Marcos Patrícia Martins Marcos environment. Additionally, focus on monogamy and miscegenation To the early modern imagination, redefined the female indigenous Brazil was a land of natural and body as the epicenter of a new human wilderness. I investigate this colonial frontier. Contrary to the metonym by focusing on the Directório’s project of human centrality of human beings and their transformation, Ferreira’s bodies to Portuguese projects of Amazonian journeys (1783-1792) imperial expansion. I trace changes foreshadowed the emergence of a between Aristotelian views of racialized discourse. Ferreira’s focus humanity ascribed to Jesuit on accommodating Brazilian nature missionaries, compare them to to a Linnaean taxonomy intimated a emergent secular ideas on the schematic view of botanical and pliability of human nature, and human nature. Bodies were no contrast both these models to longer porous and subject to fluidity Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira’s or modification because their place (1756-1815) effort of applying the in the system of nature was now Linnaean grid of natural fixed to a set of essential, immutable classification to Brazilian nature and corporeal characteristics. its naturals. Portuguese emphasis on agricultural labor and miscegenation Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | hinged on the body as a key to Latin America | 18th century | History of the Body, Natural History, Scientific Racism, colonization. My study of the Scientific Expeditions in Brazil, Enlightenment Directório dos Índios law (1758- Science, Science in the Portuguese Empire, 1798) explores how after the 1750 Enlightenment Medicine border expansion, Amerindians were redefined as royal vassals with the aim of augmenting the population and settling the new imperial border. Stress on natural improvement drew from medical-humoral ideas positing History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 121

From Scientific Understanding to understanding of the scientific Ideological Fantasy: Chinese principles of the , but due to the Image of Arabic Astronomy in lack of the knowledge about the the 16th to 17th Centuries cultural background for its Yunli Shi Department of the History of Science and development, an earlier imagination Scientific Archaeology, University of about its origin was activated and Science and Technology of China evolved into a cultural fantasy During the Hongwu Reign (1368- concerning the origin and 1398) of the Ming Dynasty, a set of dissemination of Indian, Islamic and Zij was translated into Chinese European astronomy and religions. under the Chinese title Huihui lifa Physical Sciences | East Asia | Chinese (Chinese-Islamic System of Dynasties/Centuries | Transcultural Calendrical Astronomy). This paper Dissemination of Scientific Knowledge, Arabic will try to show how the Zij was Astronomy, , Science and Ideology looked upon and understood by Chinese astronomers thereafter. In From the Hague to Geneva: The view that the Zij contained some World Order of the League of astronomical techniques that Nations Chinese astronomy did not cover, Erwin Dekker Erasmus School of History, Culture & Chinese astronomers kept a high Communication opinion on Islamic astronomy at In the 1930s two studies were first. When the Datong li was found published by the League of Nations inaccurate, some of them even which both had a large influence on attempted to understand the the development of economics. The scientific principles of the Zij in first was a report on the theories of order to seek the inspiration for a the business cycle by Gottfried von calendar reform. With very little Haberler, the second one a statistical knowledge about the underlying test of the various theories of the astronomical theories of the Zij, business cycle by Jan Tinbergen. however, their explanations and This paper studies the institutional discussions of the Zij are full of context in which these two studies, misunderstandings and mistakes. A and in particular that of Tinbergen, systematic introduction of European were drafted. It argues that they are astronomy into China in the 1630s best understood as outcomes of joint to 1640s brought about a correct History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 122 work under the supervision of Fugitive, Cryptic, Queer: Fungal Alexander Loveday and Dennis Forms of Belonging Robertson, and with the help of Ella Mershon Newcastle University, Lecturer in Victorian various assistants, co-authors and Literature expert committees. Although No other organism better commissioned and published under represented the nebulous boundary the names of particular authors and between botany and zoology in the typically understood as monographs, Victorian imagination than fungus. the studies are better understood as For the first half of the nineteenth attempts to create expert consensus. century, it was not clear whether This is demonstrated through a fungi should be classed with plants detailed study of the writing of the or animals. Although, by the end of Tinbergen report. The process the century, the taxonomic demonstrates at once the various co- confusion was resolved by creating a authors and internal critics involved new third kingdom, fungi were still and the contested nature of virtually figured as “quasi-animals.” Hunger all aspects of the study, as well as for flesh—as well as a resemblance the potency of this new collaborative to flesh—continued to animate teamwork without which the study fungus in the Victorian imagination. would have been impossible. The As animacy structures hierarchical fact that this report was meant to logic, the animatedness of fungus forge expert consensus means that became an important testing ground the infamous critique by John for the taxonomic ranking of quasi- Maynard Keynes of both studies animals and quasi-plants in the should be understood, at least in Victorian period. Taking a long view part, as a challenge to the League of of mycological history, this paper Nations as an institution, and this will consider how fungi model new type of consensual expert fugitive, cryptic, and queer forms of knowledge more broadly. belonging that open the body and the Social Sciences | Europe | 20th century, early | body politic to modes of collectivity Economics, business cycle, Jan Tinbergen, that trouble the equation of ecology Alexander Loveday, Dennis Robertson, Gottfried von Haberler, consensus with holistic closure. Even as mycological research helped to police biological hierarchies, fungal History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 123 life also indexed the difficulty of data and publications, and national pinning down lifeforms that security challenges of joint flourished in the interstices of geophysical research inhibited taxonomic orderings, creating a scientific dialogue. While global space where alternative narratives of circulations of scientific knowledge life, intimacy, and relationality could never truly ceased, professional ties emerge. As this paper will show, the between American and Soviet core- geographies of desire and belonging level science practitioners of two created through fungal intimacies post-WWII generations had to be make it impossible to speak of either (re)invented in a new setting. The the self-contained individual or political détente and the ecology in the singular. Open and environmental agreement created a plural, selves and worlds proliferate, necessity to develop channels and contaminate, and interpenetrate strategies of communication that had through the infectious touch of to differ even from the previous fungal relations. U.S.–U.S.S.R. scientific and student exchanges in the 1950s-1960s. Now Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 19th century | Victorian, Fungi, Ecology, Queer, American and Soviet scientists were Intimacy, Animacy to face each other in informal settings without an established Geophysical Collaboration under the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Environmental protocol of interaction, in the lab Agreement of 1972: Peaceful and field, in real time. This paper Coexistence, Collaborative explores the ways in which non- Circles, and Friendship Dynamics trivial real-life experiences Anna Amramina (relocation, cohabitation and University of Minnesota survival in the field, and exposure to When the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Agreement different intellectual, aesthetic, and on Cooperation in the Field of everyday cultures) shaped the Environmental Protection was relationships between American and signed in 1972, the two nations had Soviet core-level geoscientists, who limited previous experience in joint participated in joint projects in scientific work in earth sciences seismology, paleoclimatology, and outside the International atmospheric studies under the 1972 Geophysical Year. Constraints in agreement. Tracing the creation and communication, scarce access to dynamics of collaborative practices History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 124 in these bilateral circles through the classification system, which reveals stories of participants, as told by categories of knowledge inspired by themselves in interviews, their Filipino indigenous traditions and personal papers, institutional shows entanglements between records, and popular press, offers an European science and local additional layer of understanding exigencies. However, upon arrival in how exchange, sharing, and co- Europe, these categories creation of scientific knowledge was found little understanding among made possible and consistent sedentary European naturalists and through personal connections. became lost in translation. Kamel was more successful in his attempts Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | 20th century, late | Geophysical sciences, to transplant Philippine medicinal Soviet Union, USA, Cold War herbs. Through building associations with plants described by canonical Georg Joseph Kamel (1661- 1706): Natural and Medical authors of the Old World, Kamel Knowledge in Transit between sought to ‘Galenise’ Philippine the Philippines and Europe medicinal plants – that is, to Sebestian Kroupa incorporate them into the Galenic University of Cambridge medical tradition. In this manner, When stationed in Manila at the turn Kamel endowed plants with clear of the eighteenth century, the Jesuit theoretical foundations pharmacist Georg Joseph Kamel comprehensible to European experts found himself engaged in encounters and customers and paved the way between European and local for their deployment on both local traditions of knowledge. Based on and global scales and markets. his local experience, he produced Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | extensive treatises of Philippine Southeast Asia | Cultural and cross-cultural , which were later printed in contexts, including colonialism in general Europe. Focusing on the practices involved in Kamel’s knowledge production, this paper will explore Kamel’s strategies in translating Philippine nature from local to European contexts. I will open with an examination of Kamel’s plant History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 125

Guidance Counseling in the desegregate public schools. Thus, I Midcentury United States: argue that a large portion of nation- Measurement, Grouping, and the wide unease among whites about Making of the Intelligent Self desegregation—which was Jim Porter Hugo Valentin Centre, Uppsala University perceived at root as a problem of contact and grouping—was This article takes up National translated, at least in part, into calls Defense Education Act (NDEA) and for increased and more systematic NDEA-related calls in the late 1950s grouping of another kind, now by for the training of an emergent individual “ability” or profession—the guidance “intelligence.” This shift in grouping counselor—which was to play an would occur within an integrating instrumental role in public schools yet also a rapidly stratifying public in both the measuring and placement school curriculum. I have begun this of students in schools by argument elsewhere, and further “intelligence” or academic “ability.” develop it here by demonstrating the My analysis will show that, role guidance counseling was according to its advocates, guidance supposed to play in this process. counseling would not only inform the self-understanding of the Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | measured individual, but it would North America | 20th century, early | Intelligence testing, National Defense Education Act, also work to condition the ideology measurement, desegregation of individual “intelligence” across numerous layers of social life Hartley’s Naturalization of the Mind around the student: through peer group, through teachers and school Catherine Dromelet University of Rome 3 administrators, and finally through Allen’s book entitled David Hartley home, family and wider community. on Human Nature (1999) gives a But these policy arguments related careful review of the works and life to testing and counseling were of the physician and philosopher occurring not just in the wake of the David Hartley (1705-1757). NDEA, but also in the very recent However, there has been no context of Brown v. Board of thorough study of the role of nerves Education (1954), the far-reaching in the naturalisation of the mind in Supreme Court mandate to Hartley’s work. This latter, in his History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 126

Observations on Man, his Frame, his Hartley takes the Lockean project of Duty, and his Expectations first naturalisation of the mind. published in 1749, discusses the Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | nature of sensations and ideas. David Hartley, History of Neurology, History of Thereby, he takes position on Medicine famous notions of physics, Healing Waters of the Caribbean: physiology, and psychology of his Affliction and Hope in Creole time. In following the account of Discourses on Water Cures association in John Gay’s Kristen Block Dissertation on the Fundamental University of Tennessee Principles of Virtue, which states the Historians have debated the ways in possibility to explain mental which Old World cultures were pleasures and plains on the basis of transformed, merged, and informed association, Hartley wants to show one another in colonial spaces like the physical cause of this latter, as the Caribbean. My research shows well as its moral consequences. He that healing rituals using water were is very inspired by Newton, both for part of creolized discourses that the theory of vibrations, and the bridged physical and spiritual conception of nerves as capillary. worlds. This paper uses both Rejecting Boerhaave’s idea of medical treatises from the eighteenth tubular nerves in which the animal century and Africanist scholarship to spirits flow, he sketches nerves as argue that elemental substances like constituted by infinitesimal particles water served as loci for intercultural vibrating in aether. Although his dialogue. Indeed, water cures were explanation of sensations, ideas, and often recommended for the most motions, is strictly materialist, stubborn of ailments, allowing Hartley insists on their mental status. popular beliefs in water's miraculous By accounting for mental facts with powers to flourish. Many corrosive considerations about infinitesimal skin ailments were linked to spiritual material processes, the philosopher and humoral imbalances. European is able to show that associations of theories about water cures began to ideas actually have the power to center on the idea of transpiration, modify the vibrating structure of our the body’s permeability and its brain. It is interesting to see, from a ability to take in healthful historical point of view, how far substances that could "relax" the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 127 sensible fibers of the body or correct institutional basis in "Geographical humoral imbalances—afflictions Societies". The purpose of these that were themselves often-times more or less amateur associations, caused by the environmental and which started emerging in the 1820s, emotional challenges of life in “the was to promote and disseminate tropics.” They wrote about the geographical knowledge. When it power of natural springs such as the came to distant, unknown lands, one in Bath in eastern Jamaica they received such knowledge (named after the spa town in especially from travelers. One of the England) or the hot springs of most famous (or, given his volcanic islands like Guadeloupe. involvement in the Belgian Yet some of the most powerful colonization of the Congo, medicinal springs were discovered infamous) travelers of the 19th by maroons or enslaved healers who century was the British-American passed along that knowledge to Henry Morton Stanley who, between Europeans. To convince afflicted 1871 and 1889, conducted four persons to try a new cure, healers explorations in central Africa. Upon had to explain the power in ways his returns, he paid a total of twenty that reflected local communities' visits to a total of thirteen shared fascination with the power of Geographical Societies in Europe, healing waters. Africa, America, and Australia. He received honors from them, and Medicine and Health | Latin America | Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, including gave talks about his journeys and colonialism in general | Medicinal springs, geographical findings, concerning transpiration, holistic medicine, affliction most importantly the sources of the Henry Morton Stanley: An Nile and the rest of the central Explorer of Africa as a Popular African water system. In my paper, I Guest of Geographical Societies, analyze Stanley's talks to the 1872-1891 Societies as they are recorded in the Maximilian Georg latter's journals. What knowledge Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, did he convey to them, and how did he adapt his communications to the Before there were chairs, institutes specifics of Geographical Societies and courses of geography at of different cities and countries? universities, the discipline had its Moreover, as it was an age of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 128 intense colonialism, Stanley's of abductive reasoning in chemistry. knowledge on Africa had, at least Notwithstanding its inherent for European Geographical fallibility I would like to suggest that Societies, colonialist dimensions. the abduction pattern is one gateway How did these dimensions to novelty in science. Among others, materialize in Stanley's visits to, and a candidate episode from the history invitations by, the associations? of chemistry to corroborate this point may be Avogadro´s Earth and Environmental Sciences | Africa | 19th century | Henry Morton Stanley, hypothesis. Geographical Societies, history of geography, history of exploration, history of scientific Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 20th institutions century, early | abductive reasoning

Heuristics in Chemistry: History as a Policy Tool: Re- Friedrich Paneth and Abductive Envisioning How the Historian Reasoning (Serendipity) Might Bring Historical Thinking into Legislative Decisions Christoph Maulbetsch University of Stuttgart Emily T. Hamilton University of Massachusetts, Amherst When asked for the secret of his While historians most often write to scientific success, Friedrich Paneth an audience of fellow historians and liked to refer to “serendipity”. This academics, clear exceptions are illustrious word had been introduced made—for instance public history into the sociology of science by efforts or the development of Robert Merton in the 1950ies. Since textbooks and curricular materials. then it has become a vogue word for This paper will explore the use of all kinds of accidental discoveries, historical analysis specifically as a but if it is used as a description of a tool for policymakers to help them logic of discovery it can serve as a better understand the perception of historiographical tool. In this narrow crisis and failure in past reform sense “serendipity” implies making efforts in math and science an unexpected observation, followed education, with the goal of using this by a correct abduction. The analysis to inform more effective discovery by Paneth in 1917 of future educational reforms. This bismuth hydride, which I will paper will explore the importance of describe in some detail, is a developing accessible history for a conspicuous example of making use History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 129 specific audience, with clear goals acteurs, institutions, networks and for impacting the future. Through research approaches. Central pillars the lens of the history of education of this process were e.g. the in America, this paper will open a establishment of a department for discussion about the goals of science atmospheric chemistry at the MPI and technology studies, the role of for Chemistry in Mainz in 1968, the historian in reaching particular under the leadership of audiences, and the utility of meteorologist Christian Junge, the historical analysis in contemplating founding of the MPI for the future. Meteorology in Hamburg 1975, and finally the MPI for Biogeochemistry Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science | North America | 20th century, late in in 1996/1997. Compared to developments e.g. in the USA or History of the Earth System Sweden, integrative research Sciences in the Max Planck approaches in German atmospheric Society sciences were established with a ten Gregor Lax Max-Planck-Institute for the History of year delay by Junge in the late Science 1960's. 20 years later Germany was The history of Atmospheric- and one of the global leaders in Earth System Sciences (ESS) in the atmospheric sciences and ESS. Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) Junge and other MPG-acteurs like is a desideratum in the history of Paul Crutzen (nobel laureate for sciences, compared to developments chemistry, and originator of the in other countries, especially the anthropocene-thesis), Klaus USA (i.e. Oreskes and Conway Hasselmann (director of the Max 2010, Weart 2008, Fleming 2005). Planck Institute for Meterology and Both the establishment of new the German Climate Computing integrative approaches in German Center) and Hartmut Graßl (amongst atmospheric research and the history others WCRP director), built an of ESS as a whole are inextricably extensive ESS-network on the linked to the (Lax 2018). The talk examines the role of the MPG in the history of ESS on both the national and international level, focusing on History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 130 national and international ESS My focus here will be on the more community. philosophical issues that, on the one hand, frame, legitimate and Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | 20th century, late | Atmospheric Chemistry, authorize—and on the other, attack Earth System Sciences, Christian Junge, Paul and attempt to undermine—the Crutzen, Klaus Hasselmann, German Climate many practical uses, for both Computing Center individuals and society, of the broad Horoscopy in the Middle Ages range of horoscopic techniques in and the Renaissance: medieval and early modern Europe. Reflections on Astrology and Divination in Relation to Fate, Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Freedom, and Their Scientific Europe | Medieval | History of Medieval and Status Renaissance Astrology H Darrel Rutkin Houseflies and Fungi: The Septic Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, ERC Fringe and the Emergence of an EarlyModernCosmology Edwardian Biotechnology In this talk, I will explore some of Matthew Holmes the causal foundations for University of Cambridge understanding and evaluating Despite a surge of recent scholarship astrological practices in medieval on the long and broad history of and Renaissance Europe. I will do so biotechnology, the Edwardian era in order to approach a topic that has does not immediately spring to mind been bothering me for a few years when considering the engineering of now, namely, whether or not we life. Yet the early twentieth century should call astrology and its various saw an ambitious attempt to horoscopic practices a type of artificially cultivate and disseminate mantic art or divination, and to the parasitic Empusa muscae fungus probe—or begin to probe—what is to destroy the housefly (Musca ideologically at stake in that domestica). This paper argues that terminological decision. Towards the development of Edwardian this end, I will explore influential biotechnology and its modern texts by Thomas Aquinas (Summa legacy, or lack thereof, can be theologiae II.II.92-95), Albertus explained with reference to the Magnus (De fato) and Giovanni Pico septic fringe: a zone at the periphery della Mirandola (Disputationes of human settlements associated adversus astrologiam divinatricem). with waste, vermin and disease History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 131 vectors. During the late nineteenth program and often push an inquiry century, bacteriological techniques in an unexpected direction. The established that the housefly spread same might be said about the kinds disease, indelibly linking it, along of phenomena researchers come to with the microorganisms it carried, study as representative of a broader to the septic fringe. Yet in 1912 class of phenomena. Geneticists in Edgar Hesse successfully cultivated the early twentieth century studied Empusa muscae at the Working many characters to understand the Men's College in London. His patterns of heredity and their ambition to use the fungi to underlying cytological basis. exterminate the housefly was short Nonetheless, the color of flowers, lived, thwarted by technical seeds, or other parts of plants, as difficulties and the realisation that well as the color of fur and eyes in the fungus also carried harmful animals, were particularly prominent pathogens. Although Empusa objects of study. Some researchers muscae was ultimately relegated to relied entirely on the phenomena of the septic fringe, its counterfactual pigmentation in their projects; others history offers us a glimpse at a little- worked with many characters but known, yet surprisingly familiar, used the inheritance of color as a world of biotechnological aspiration prime example in theoretical and controversy. considerations. Most interestingly, the focus on pigmentation afforded Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | Biotechnology, houseflies, septic possibilities for interfield transfer fringe and collaboration between genetics and organic chemistry. In that way, How the Choice of Model Phenomena Matters: it played an important role in Pigmentation and the shaping the conceptualization of Conceptualization of Gene gene action in early genetics. I will Action in Early Genetics follow pigmentation as a research Robert Meunier object in genetics from early University of Kassel, Germany Mendelian debates to the work of Much has been said about how the Beadle and Ephrussi in the US and choice of experimental organisms matters, how they open possibilities and impose constraints on a research History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 132

France, and Kühn, Caspari, and amidst English philosophers Butenandt in Germany. and Alfred North Whitehead. So, did biologists in the Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | interfield practices, chemistry, United Kingdom fare any better in botany, coloration, fostering theoretical biology than in the US? In order to answer these How the West Was Lost: Revisiting the Supposed Failure questions, this essay will weigh of Anglo-American Theoretical claims by historians of the life Biology sciences that, “ideas of science come Erik Peterson second in every sense, to the work of science” (Endersby 2007) against In the summer of 1929, Raymond the methodological and sociological Pearl, editor of the Quarterly Review trends in Anglo-American biology in in Biology, responded to English the mid-twentieth century. biologist J. H. Woodger with a Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th warning. Woodger had submitted a century, early | Theoretical Biology, Joseph lengthy, sophisticated essay on Henry Woodger, Raymond Pearl, Bertrand theoretical biology to the QRB. Russell, Alfred North Whitehead Though he recognized it as an Huxley’s Loudspeaker: Dystopian important contribution, Pearl Sounds of Control during the thought it would not fly with the Cold War journal’s editorial board. “Most Alexandra Hui working biologists, at any rate in Mississippi State University America,” cautioned Pearl, “do not In this paper, Hui examines the like to think and look with a very proliferating and often conflicting fishy eye on anything which savors attitudes about background music in of philosophy.” This essay begins laboring and public spaces from the with Raymond Pearl’s claim. Was it 1940s through the 60s. It was true that theoretical biology alternately described as a tool of foundered in the interwar period in fascism, a tool of communism, a the United States? If so, why? And solution to petty crime, a form of how unique was the US? Woodger , a delightful experience. The collaborated with Continental power of the disembodied voice biologists but found the inspiration mattered but even more so, the for his own theoretical biology loudspeaker itself mattered. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 133

Anxieties about the power of the Image and Idea in the History of state were refracted through the the Earth, 1650-1750 form and function of loudspeakers. Wouter De Vries Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Psychologists performed experiments to better understand The seventeenth century witnessed a how people experienced sounds surge of studies that deal with the generated by loudspeakers. Sound interior, history and make-up of engineers refined techniques for planet Earth. In the realms of generating realistic, or at least theology, (biblical) history, mining, believable, sound effects. We can geography, alchemy or the study of interpret some of this as indications fossils, natural philosophers and that the listening public developed other specialists were exploring the new standards and credulities. This different histories of the shift was further reinforced by the creation, development and make-up. use of loudspeaker sound in Over the course of roughly a dystopian literature to advance century, the understanding of ‘Earth’ narratives, suggestive of a public changed radically – not only in that not only recognized the ironies terms of ideas, but also in terms of and sonic experiences of these representation. Many of the works supposedly futuristic soundscapes that dealt with the subject include (so, can create them in their minds’ rich and complex illustrations. ears) but also created new ones. That Moreover, the status of visual is, the act of reading about futuristic knowledge notably changed in this sound as a tool of the state, reflected period, as did the way in which and reinforced new understandings visual knowledge was produced and of the environment. constituted. In the case of the earth, the epistemological nature of visual Technology | Global or Multilocational | 20th material is even more complex: one century, early | sound, hearing, control, popular culture, states, psychology of the great problems these authors were facing was the fact that they are discussing (and representing) something that cannot be seen, but has instead to be imagined. The use of visual material both shows the changes in visual epistemology in History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 134 this period, as well as the intricate create engravings for their published relationship between image and works. Some of these images, such idea. This paper will study the role as the large engraved plates by of visual material seventeenth and Sébastien Le Clerc (1637-1714) eighteenth century (1650-1750) were celebrated for their artistic skill studies on the history and nature of as well as scientific accuracy. Yet the earth. With special attention for despite the fame of these images, the role that visual material plays in surprisingly little is known about the constituting and facilitating how the Academy negotiated their changing conceptions of ‘earth’, it relationship with the artists who focuses both on key players such as created them. Still further, the Leibniz and Descartes as well as the background and training of these publishers and illustrators that artists have been neglected by shaped these works. scholars, nor has their work outside the Academy been taken into Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | 17th century | Earth, History of the Earth, Visual consideration. This paper will Epistemology explore the relationship between the Academy and the artists they Image-Making Inside and Outside the Academy: The employed in the larger context of Artists of the Paris Academy of their artistic and graphic practices. Sciences Le Clerc, as well as Abraham Bosse Katherine Reinhart (1604-1676), Louis de Châtillon University of Cambridge (1639-1734), and Nicholas Robert The early Royal Academy of (1614-1685) all created prints for the Sciences relied on images in the Academy’s earliest folio volumes in process of their natural philosophical the 1670s. But if Le Clerc’s images work. Drawings and prints helped were celebrated, ones by the others communicate new ideas, inventions, ran into problems, with the artists and observations, and they and Academicians disagreeing on circulated both within Academy the best means of representation. meetings and to wider audiences. This paper will examine how these While many members of the artists balanced artistic convention Academy made drawings in the and tradition on the one hand, and process of their investigations, they the patronage demands and relied on professional artists to History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 135 expectations on the other – to at a transitional moment in varying degrees of success. astronomy—the born-digital era, characterized by a decisive shift Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 17th century | Art, images, print, artists, from earlier, photographic Paris, Academy of Sciences techniques to real-time, digital collection of data (McCray, 2014). Imaging the in 3D: The Introduction of Computer Art at The CGL mixed image data with 3D NASA's Jet Propulsion simulation in a cinematic hybrid that Laboratory was fascinating to journalists, the Rebecca Perry public and to writers and filmmakers Independent scholar from nearby Hollywood. 3D In 1977, a pair of unmanned computer graphics intervened in spacecraft built by NASA’s Jet scientific observation by shifting the Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), point of view, moving the narrative launched on a mission to explore the backward and forward in time, or outer . As the spacecraft simulating future events. While arced toward Jupiter, JPL’s team of computer-assisted image processing imaging scientists prepared to was a well-developed concept at receive and shape data collected by NASA/JPL by 1977, computer Voyager's scientific instruments into graphics and computer art were both high-resolution photographic in their infancy. Visitors to the CGL images. A second team of young saw new views of the heavens computer scientists and artists began unfold through animation and art, a parallel project—creating mediated by the computer, as computer-generated films simulating boundaries blurred between image the spacecraft’s journeys. The processing and artistic interpretation, Computer Graphics Laboratory as well as between machinic and (CGL), headed by manager Robert human vision. Holzman, included a newly- Physical Sciences | North America | 20th graduated computer-graphics century, late | Art, Astronomy, Digital Art, researcher, 2 novice systems Computer Science, Planetary Exploration programmers, and an artist-in- residence. This paper explores the introduction of 3D computer graphics and computer art to NASA History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 136

In Europe of the work of Albert Einstein will Jeroen Van Dongen illustrate how notions of ‘center’ and As the American History of Science ‘periphery’ have shifted—and what Society holds its annual meeting in that may tell us about being ‘in Utrecht, one of the key academic Europe’ today. Jeroen van Dongen is centers on the European continent, Professor of History of Science at one may surmise that the field has the University of Amsterdam. He returned home. Yet, this hardly studies black holes, Einstein, and reflects how today’s world of themes that cut across science in its scholarship is constituted: in the Cold war contexts and general historiography of science, questions of how to conduct “provincializing Europe” has historiography. He has taught and become an important theme, while researched at Utrecht University, the the field itself, as is the case across Max Planck Institute for the History the world of academia, is centered of Science in Berlin, and the around a predominantly American Einstein Papers Project at Caltech. literature. At the same time, ever Tools for Historians of Science since historians of science have emancipated themselves from the Influences of Greek Geometrical sciences a long time ago, they often Analysis on Maimon's Notions of have appeared, in the public eye, to Analysis question rather than to seek to Idit Chikurel University of Potsdam bolster the authority of the sciences. How has this situation come about, It is often claimed that analysis is and what does it tell us about the grounded on the principle of world we live in today? What insight contradiction alone and synthesis is is sought and what public benefit is grounded not only on the principle gained by the historical study of of contradiction but on pure intuition science? As we try to answer these as well. This distinction is questions, we will follow a number inaccurate. In my talk, I discuss the of key mid-twentieth century notion of analysis as something that historians in their Atlantic crossings. can be grounded on sensibility as Their answers to debates on the well. For this purpose, I present constitution of the early modern practices of Greek geometrical ‘scientific revolution’ or the novelty analysis and discuss how they History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 137 shaped philosophical and Infusoria: New Prospects for the mathematical notions of analysis History of Life that are broader than merely logical Joan Steigerwald York University analysis. I present the case of the philosopher Salomon Maimon Infusoria captured the attention and (1753-1800) and his work on the imaginations of naturalists and different notions of analysis. philosophers in the years at the turn Maimon's work on analysis is of the nineteenth century. From entwined with his work on Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon invention. When writing the outlines and Denis Diderot through Erasmus of a theory of invention, he turns to Darwin to Gottfried Reinhold Euclidean geometry and practices of Treviranus and Lorenz Oken—a Greek geometrical analysis as his diversity of figures explored, main source of influence. This experimentally and conceptually, the influence is extended not only to his presence of vital molecules or formation of methods of invention simple beings at the boundary of the but also to his notions of analysis living and nonliving. Experiments and invention. He presents several on were notions of analysis, philosophical repeated again and again, with each and mathematical, that are grounded new set of trials calling into question not only on the principle of earlier results. It remained contradiction but on intuition as unresolved whether infusoria were well. My discussion of such newly existent beings or vestiges of influences will be accompanied by life already there. Many naturalists examples taken from Euclid's regarded infusoria as transitional Elements and Data. This study of the entities complicating distinctions different forms of analysis is meant between the organic or inorganic. to shed light on the less known Many naturalists also regarded aspects of the concept and its infusoria as the composite parts of practices. more complex organisms, like fragments of polyps, that enabled Mathematics | Europe | 18th century | Salomon living beings to transform and to Maimon, Greek geometrical analysis, Analysis, Synthesis, Invention, Euclid regenerate their form. Infusoria thus became important for imagining the development and evolution of life. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 138

This paper looks at the place of forensic medicine searched for clear infusoria in Gottfried Reinhold signs of murder on the body, Treviranus’s Biology and Lorenz forensic psychiatry aimed to explain Oken’s Naturphilosophie in the act of child murder by referring particular. It explores how their to the mind – especially study of these active and animate psychoanalytic explanations material entities introduced new revolving around femininity, prospects for the history of life. sexuality and motherhood. Moreover, more general cultural Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 19th century | Treviranus, Oken, Spontaneous images of gender influenced both Generation, Generation, Transformation psychiatry and the law. In the nineteenth century, young unmarried Innocence in Cases of Infanticide: Dutch Forensic women were often seen as the Medicine and Psychiatry, 1925- innocent victims of a patriarchal 1950 system which left them unprotected, Willemijn Ruberg even if they were guilty of Utrecht University infanticide. This image of innocent In cases of infanticide, forensic girls can still be traced in the medicine has always played an twentieth century, but seems to have important role, examining the baby’s been in tension with and the mother’s body. The mother’s psychoanalytical views on mind and her emotional state were to femininity. This paper will explore some extent relevant in the these different conceptions of nineteenth-century courtroom, but in gendered innocence in forensic the twentieth century psychiatry medicine, psychiatry and (legal) gained more influence in the culture, arguing that murdering Netherlands. Forensic psychiatrists mothers continued to baffle the law applied the notion of ‘puerperal and science in an age of increasing psychosis’ in the first decades and trust in forensic science and its different concepts from regime of truth, because women and psychoanalysis by mid-twentieth motherhood remained a mystery. century. Several notions of Medicine and Health | Europe | 20th century, innocence, related to early | Gender, Motherhood, Infants, Murder, unaccountability and insanity, Dutch Psychiatry interact in these cases: whereas History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 139

Insects and Empire: conditioned imperial agriculture and Entomological Expeditions and governance during the era of high in Early imperialism in the late nineteenth Twentieth-Century Hawai'i and early twentieth centuries. Jessica Wang Invasive insect species became a Earth and Environmental Sciences | constant preoccupation of Australasia/Oceania | 20th century, early agricultural officials in the U.S.- Institutional Lives: Biography as governed Territory of Hawaii during Analytical Tool for a Unified the early twentieth century. Narrative of International Biological control constituted the Scientific Organizations primary means of pest control at the Roberto Lalli Max Planck Institute for the History of time, and the territory’s Board of Science, Berlin Commissioners of Agriculture and Scientific institutions have long Forestry regularly deployed occupied a central position in the entomologists to distant parts of the processes of production, transfer and world in order to collect and certification of knowledge. Since introduce insect parasites that could their establishment, such organized keep populations on unwanted bodies developed their own identity insects in check. This paper traits, became actors with a variety examines two such expeditions— of functions in world affairs, and Filipo Silvestri’s 1912-13 search for underwent temporal transformations. parasites in west Africa to combat Taken together, these features make the Mediterranean fruit fly, and institutions particularly suitable to David T. Fullaway’s effort to find be described in anthropomorphized melon fly parasites in south and terms. It comes as no surprise, then, southeast Asia in 1914-15—in order that historians have often made use to understand the inter-imperial of biographical terminology to networks that undergirded tropical narrate the stories of these kinds of agriculture as a disciplinary bodies. It remains an open question, formation of empire. The history of however, whether there is a entomological expeditions and substantial gain in understanding the biological pest control in Hawai‘i histories of scientific institutions as speaks to the trans-Pacific and biographies or whether the global ecological relationships that biographical terminology is rather History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 140 employed at the purely metaphorical purposes – most of them originate level. In the present paper, I address from the long nineteenth century. from the historiographical These references to historical perspective the concerns of applying experiments can be found both in a biographical approach for school teaching as well as in analyzing, understanding, and university lectures. Most of these narrating the stories of particular experiments were introduced kinds of scientific institutions: through discussing them and international nongovernmental pointing out the relevance of their bodies devoted to assessing, conceptual outcomes. Others, and certifying, standardizing and these are in the focus of this diffusing scientific knowledge in presentation, were represented by physics across national borders. By instruments that were (and in some discussing episodes from the ‘lives’ cases still are) demonstrated in the of the International Committee on lecture. Obviously, these General Relativity and Gravitation instruments that were demonstrated (1959-1974) and of the European were neither the original research Physical Society (1968-present), I instruments, nor exact copies of shall argue that, notwithstanding its them. Instead, these devices were various limits, the biographical educational versions of the approach is a useful analytical tool instruments used in the historical as it allows to address in a unified experiments. Consequently, these narrative the multiple functions, didactical devices had both scientific and political, of these communalities, but also sorts of organizations. discrepancies with the historical research instruments. In my Tools for Historians of Science | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late contribution, I will particularly discuss two types of teaching Instruments in Research devices: one group consists of Experiments and Their teaching devices that address the Educational Representatives procedural aspect of the historical Peter Heering -Universitaet Flensburg, Germany experiment; the other group Several experiments from the history addresses the product (the data or of physics were adapted for teaching the content) of the historical experiment. From this comparison, a History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 141 more thorough understanding of to assist him in producing his what was to be represented and entomological textbooks. taught with these devices can be Concerning the training of his derived. In my analysis, I will helpers, he used a term usually mainly address teaching restricted to the training of dogs: demonstrations from the early 20th “abgerichtet”. Hence, social century, but also take a look at superiority claims played an recent demonstrations. important part in the development of the discipline. The authors of Social Sciences | Europe | 20th century, early | science education, scientific instruments, entomological handbooks were historical experiments largely university-trained scholars who employed illustrators from a Instruments, Observations and Observatory Science on Ben range of social backgrounds. This is Nevis especially apparent in the lavishly Simon Naylor illustrated “Papillons d'Europe, University of Glasgow peints d'après nature“ which was Intellectuals, Illustrators, and published in Paris in eight volumes Insects: Three Stories from from 1779 to 1792. The wealthy Continental European bureaucrat and collector Gigot Entomology, 1764-1812 D’Orcy employed almost 20 Dominik Huenniger University of Hamburg engravers and illustrators from France and Germany. This work By using three different examples exemplifies the collaborative nature from Denmark, France and of entomological book production. It Germany, this presentation also highlights the importance of highlights the diversity of image women, as one of the contributors production in the formation process was the Frankfurt illustrator Maria of scientific entomology in Europe. Eleonora Hochecker. The It will explain methodological professionalization of entomology, debates around making knowledge especially in its applied aspects claims as well as the social contexts however meant that formal training of late 18th century entomology. In was restricted to men. At the 1764, the Regensburg parson Jacob beginning of the 19th century Christian Schaeffer had trained a applied entomology was mainly considerable number of illustrators connected to the establishment of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 142 scientific forestry. An example from and barren place. Victorians were the forestry school at Kiel, then thus positioned as ‘interglacial belonging to Denmark and the use of beings,’ existing precariously in a images there will round off this fortuitous moment of melt, and ice presentation. was cast as an apocalyptic threat that—unlike earlier theist Biology | Europe | 18th century | Entomology, Art, Material Culture, Gender; Applied Science, prognostications—was based on Forestry, Images laws of nature (Wood, 2018). These scientific assertions had wide Interglacial Victorians: Ice and the Natural End of Time cultural ramifications: the trope of Alexis Rider ice as a natural enemy of humanity History and Sociology of Science, proliferated, particularly in the University of Pennsylvania nascent genre of Scientific This paper explores how naturalists Romance, the precursor to science in the nineteenth century used ice to fiction. These early Scientific understand geologic timescales. Romances, normally seen as Further, it considers the broader evidence of industrial optimism or cultural representations of the past anxiety, reveal a growing popular and future of the planet, in which ice preoccupation with environmental was deployed as a register, index, threats operating on deep temporal and interlocutor of geologic time. I scales. I thus argue that ‘Interglacial focus on Britain in the late- Victorians’ were deeply engaged nineteenth century, when the with the relationship between human temporal agency of ice was and geologic temporalities—a leveraged by geologists, physicists, relationship that is often seen as and authors of popular literature to unique to late-twentieth century make claims about the past—and environmental consciousness. future—of the earth. As geologists Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | read the earth and imagined a world 19th century | deep time, objects of temporality, that had once passed through an Ice ice, futures, apocalypse, literature. Age, physicists, wielding the second law of thermodynamics, asserted an inevitable and final return of ice: as energy dissipated, the would cool, rendering earth a frozen History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 143

Interracial Encounters in an Era local origin carried on studying the of Identity Politics: The Study of prevailing “human ecology” of the Population Admixtures in Italy newly reclaimed lands, up into the after the Second World War 1970s. More surprisingly even, they Luc Berlivet French National Centre For Scientific built on their studies to take a stance Research (CNRS) in then ongoing political and cultural Scientific interests in both the discussion on Sardinian identity and origins and the respective qualities its future. The aim of this of the different “races” (or “stocks”) presentation is to explain how a that made up the Italian population racial style of thought that dated predated the unification of the back to the late 19th C. was country, when they prompted heated successfully adapted to the new political debates. However, the context of Identity politics. question gained further actuality in Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th the interwar period, when the Fascist century, late | race, physical anthropology, government launched a highly genetics, Italy ambitious policy that aimed to Involuntary Motion and the reclaim vast amounts of marshlands Origins of Aesthetic Experience, located in different regions of Italy. 1700-1750 As tens of thousands of Alexander Wragge-Morley from the North East of Italy were New York University moved around the country to drain It used to be widely accepted that swamps and cultivate the reclaimed the eighteenth-century emergence of land, anthropologists and biologists the 'aesthetic' as a category of undertook to study both their experience and philosophical inquiry adaptation to the new environment, depended on an explicit denial of the and the product of their intermixing pleasures, pains, and functions of the with “autochthonous stock”. body. In recent years, however, Remarkably, the interests in the scholars have become increasingly intermixing of Italian populations interested in how medicine and did not disappear with the fall of the theories of matter shaped the Fascist regime. On the island of development of art criticism and Sardinia, for example, a team of philosophical aesthetics. In this anthropologists and geneticists of paper, I argue that changing ideas about the body's involuntary History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 144 functions - along with their mysterious, involuntary vibrations and - had a taking place inside the body. crucial role in the development of Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | aesthetics and art theory in Britain Europe | 18th century | Aesthetics, Science, during the first half of the 18th Affect Theory, Vibration, Medicine, Involuntary century. Drawing on a wide range of Motion sources concerning the Is the Computer Scientist a imperceptible motions of plant and Mathematician? The Question of animal bodies, I show how debates What Should Become of about the the body's involuntary Computer Science at Stanford, 1960-1965 responses to the world outside it Tasha Schoenstein shaped claims about what we now Harvard University call aesthetic experience - the In the early 1960s, a experience of beauty and sublimity. semiautonomous Division of This paper will do more than simply Computer Science existed within show that art theorists such as Stanford University’s Department of Jonathan Richardson and William Mathematics. While the division had Hogarth responded to philosophical initially grown out of interest in and medical attempts to describe and numerical analysis within the control the body’s involuntary mathematics department, members motions. Rather, it will seek to of the computer science division demonstrate that a concern about became increasingly frustrated with involuntary motion was a central the limits their relationship with theme in 18th century thought, mathematics placed on their growth animating a range of interconnected and their ability to direct the future discourses and practices concerned directions of computer science at with the mind's non-cognitive or Stanford. The computer science affective responses to sensory faculty was interested in branching experience. Those ranged from out from its early emphasis on debates about the how invisible numerical analysis, but the attractive forces shaped the division’s position within the temperaments to questions about the mathematics department forms of experience arising from complicated efforts to include contested or less “mathematical” History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 145 subfields such as artificial It’s Very Difficult to Sing a Daisy: intelligence. I will argue that the Adventures in Aesthetics and mathematicians and computer Experimental Phonetics at the Turn of the Century scientists used different notions of Michael Rossi what was mathematical and what Among the many passing made a good mathematician to fascinations of turn of the century pursue certain desired relationships America, consider the eidophone between mathematics and computer pictures of Welsh singer Megan science at Stanford. While the Watts Hughes. An accomplished historical scholarship addressing the vocalist, Watts Hughes discovered relationship between mathematics that singing into a mouthpiece and computing or computer science connected to a resonant plate upon has largely focused on specific which had been placed a thin film of subdisciplines or on public paste would cause the paste to conversations and widespread contort into strange and wonderful discourses (Dick, Ensmenger, shapes. By carefully modulating her MacKenzie, Mahoney), this paper voice as she sang into the expands on this literature by mouthpiece-plate-paste apparatus — examining how the institutionalized which she called the “eidophone” – relationship between mathematics Watts Hughes could cause pictures and computer science within the to appear at will: surreal landscapes, university context mattered to the spiraling abstractions, even pansies, early development of computer roses, and other flowers of specific science as an autonomous discipline. type and species. It was notably In doing so, it contributes to the difficult, however, to “sing a daisy,” , the history she said, because of the extremely of computing, and the history of the low tones and precise control disciplines. required. This paper will take Watts Mathematics | North America | 20th century, Hughes’s pictures as a jumping off late point from which to explore the field of experimental phonetics in the United States at the turn of the century. By no means the first instance of “hearing with the eyes,” History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 146 as one scientist put it, Hughes’s Italian Naturalists, Patrons, and “voice graphics” nevertheless Painters: Methods of Collecting caused a stir among physiologists, and Studying Plants and Aquatic Creatures in the 16th Century psychologists, and physicians in the Florike Egmond United States who believed that Postdoctoral Researcher, Leiden University transducing sound into vision was In this paper I will focus on the the best way to study speech. In the period c. 1530-c.1560 and on a nuances of precisely-recorded cluster of Italian naturalists, their human vocalizations – whether painters and patrons, in order to made from eidophones, vowel- address the following two issues. tracers, phonoscopes, or other The strong visual turn of natural recording devices – practitioners of history and the role of non-printed experimental phonetics found new images in this period; the links in methods for treating speech terms of methodology and persons “disorders” and new ways for involved between the study of plants (literally) envisioning the and that of (aquatic) animals. neurological and cognitive roots of Geographically those clusters link language. At the same time, the Venice, Rome, Padua, Bologna, difficulty of “singing a daisy” Trento, and some further towns of wasn’t simply practical – in deciding northern Italy. Some of the key on the meanings of the tracings that persons will be Daniele Barbaro, their machines produced, researchers Ulisse Aldrovandi, Pietro Andrea also faced questions about Mattioli and Ippolito Salviani. formalism, aesthetics, interpretation, and the correspondence between Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | Renaissance | Aldrovandi, Mattioli, representation and the notional real. Salviani

Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 147

Itibritto' and 'Upokarita': Tracking Bengali chemists. Earlier impersonal a Historically Conscious descriptions of chemical laws and Narration of Chemistry in substances give way during the 70s Nineteenth Century Bengali to genres and narrative voices firmly Periodicals located in the present colonial Sthira Bhattacharya PhD student, Centre for English Studies, context. These perceive chemistry as Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi an expanding field rooted in a Partha Chatterjee in 'Texts of Power' history (part world-, part nationalist- emphasizes the need to track ) and wielding significance in institutional practices while tracing everyday lives of readers. I argue the emergence of disciplines in that these vernacular writers’ colonial Bengal. In his account of disputes over chemistry’s origins or the processes of hybridization of the their call to readers to recognize it as natural sciences however, the role of a “useful” science must be read as popular periodicals is limited to interventions into the life led by the merely translating science for the discipline within institutional sites in common public. In my paper I argue the colony. that instead of using the antiquated Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | model of “dissemination” to South Asia | 19th century | Chemistry, Bengali, understand the work of popular Periodicals science, an examination of the Killing with Kindness: Adapting textual universe of periodicals like to Crisis in Seed Banking 'Tattvabodhini Patrika' and Protocols 'Aryadarshan' reveals the ways in Xan Chacko which choices of genre and practices The University of Queensland of translation themselves were Seed banking has emerged as a preparing readers to ‘read’ solution to the crisis of diminishing disciplines in particular ways. I shall plant variety due to human and study a set of writings narrating the mono-culture agricultural “history of” and “usefulness of” encroachment. This paper is a small chemistry in the early 1870s - soon piece of a larger project that studies after the subject was introduced in the conditions that led to the undergraduate colleges in Bengal emergence of seed banking, the and nearly a decade before the diverse practices of seed curation, making of the first professional and the challenges to cryogenic life. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 148

Here I consider a simple but real held in tension in scientific spaces question: What happens when the that are experiencing crises. system that has been idealized as the Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | infallible fail-safe, is discovered to North America | 21st century | Seed banking, be compromised? How do scientists curation, care, community learn from disaster, adapt their Know Thyself, Know the World: techniques, and innovate around Early Modern Paper Engineering new needs in caring for precious and Anatomical-Geometrical dormant life? This paper follows the Bodies story of one such moment of crisis at Lianne Habinek a small but prominent seed banking Fellow, University of Strasbourg Institute of Advanced Study facility, the C. M. Rick This paper opens by considering a Genetics Resource Center (TGRC) peculiar phenomenon in scientific at the University of California, history – namely, the invention of Davis. Based on collections made the anatomical flap-book in the from the mid twentieth century 16thcentury, in which a reader can onwards, and from the sites of the lift a torso flap on a picture of a origin of Tomato family in Andean seated figure to reveal the organs Peru and Ecuador, the TGRC beneath. Thus the reader replicates contains the biggest collection of the experience of the anatomist, tomato variety globally and provides successively uncovering the body’s samples of their collection to any secrets. Usually these texts were bona fide researcher. However, in uncomplicated, with one figure and the fall of 2015, researchers at one flap; but we will consider here a discovered a bizarre multi-flap, moving-part viroid pathogen on tomato plants anatomy first published in Europe at that had grown from seed sent from the beginning of the seventeenth the TGRC. Following the ongoing century, Johann Remmelin’s struggle to understand the spread of Catoptrum microcosmicum. This the pathogen, treat infected seed, anatomy was republished in and repair their reputation, this paper England, and by the end of the explores the intricate relations of seventeenth century, it contained not care for specimens and outdated copies of images from a responsibility to community that are prior century, but pirated History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 149 illustrations from a famous half of Hacking’s slogan. Historians contemporary neuroscientific text, have investigated how scientists Thomas Willis’s 1664 Cerebri came to believe in things like anatome. Yet anatomy was not the electrons, neutrons, and photons. only discipline to make use of flaps, Philosophers have wondered what it as mathematical texts such as Sir means to build science around belief Henry Billingsley’s 1570 Elements in unobservable entities. But the first of Euclid deployed similar pop-up half of the quote hints at other, more page elements to illustrate rarely told stories. When we spray geometrical concepts of surface area electrons, or neutrons, or photons, or volume. This paper will address how do we spray them? At what? To the folded page, namely the ways in what end? The history and which flaps could be folded up, in, philosophy of science have said a or out to replicate three-dimensional great deal about the things we spray, figures and spaces. As a corollary, I but much less about how and why will consider the particular we spray them. This talk discusses relationship such similar paper the 20th-century tools that provided folding techniques invites (or new insights into the characteristics provokes) between the disciplines of of materials, and thereby redefined geometry and anatomy. what scientist mean when they talk about materials. Materials are often Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 17th century | history of the book, distinguished from other matter and medicine, history of because they can be or have been mathematics, printing technologies turned to human purposes. Nothing Knowing Materials about that definition requires a Joseph D. Martin robust scientific understanding of University of Cambridge materials have useful properties. The If you can spray them then they are proliferation of tools for real” is Ian Hacking’s pithy answer characterizing materials brought that to the question of when we should knowledge within grasp. These tools believe in the existence of helped fuse the many traditions of microscopic entities we cannot see. materials research into a new, Much history and philosophy of interdisciplinary field of materials science has concerned the second science. In doing so, they made knowledge of the inner workings of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 150 matter essential to the concept of of global security and peace materials as the substances that initiative. Well's unconventional humans use to achieve their aims treatment of history writing received and desires. mixed responses. "The " was a phenomenon not Physical Sciences | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late only in the Anglosphere but also among Chinese intellectuals during Knowing the World's Past and the interwar period. Fu Ssu-nien Future: H. G. Wells's "The Outline (1896-1950) and Chen Yuan (1896- of History" and Its Reception in Interwar China 1970), who studied in London, Hsiang-Fu Huang assisted Wells in the writing of University College London ancient China. Fu and Chen "The Outline of History" (1920) by belonged to a group of liberal H. G. Wells is an ambitious title intellectuals advocating the New narrating the "whole story of man" Culture Movement, which appealed from to the Great War. for radical Westernization of Wells adopted an unconventional Chinese society to achieve approach comprising the natural modernity. New Culture intellectuals world and human civilizations regarded Wells's works as accessible together. Before introducing the inspirations for scientific thinking dawn of early civilizations, the book and social reform. Some Chinese starts with what we regard as pacifists and religious groups shared "popular science" today: the Earth in Wells's anti-war agenda and the Universe, the evolution of life, concerns for the abuse of scientific and human origins. Wells's approach advances. My research shows how reflects an evolutionary perspective Wells's narrative of universal history of historiography in the early influenced different Chinese readers' twentieth century, which regards perceptions of science, progress and human society and natural civilizations. environment as a coherent entity Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | governed by scientific laws and Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | patterns. His political agenda also H. G. Wells, popular science, universal history, progress, evolution, New Culture Movement, shaped the title's cosmopolitan pacifism theme, particularly in the proposals History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 151

Knowledge of the Unknown: On about unknown and threatening the “Dark Figure of Crime” in fields like covert prostitution, 19th-Century Germany potentially dangerous mental Sophie Ledebur illnesses, and crime reality. The "Dark figure” means estimating and epistemological impact of these calculating the number of unreported paper tools will be related to long- or undiscovered crimes and is term prevention as the cultural therefore a statistic of hidden yet technology of the modern age. ostensibly real occurrences. The terms names something that mostly Medicine and Health | Europe | 19th century | statistics, criminology evades general knowledge and counting, and often instills angst. L. Susan Stebbing and the Logic “Dark figures” are figures of of Democracy suspicion and produce a suggestive David Dunning surplus, especially in relation to Princeton University crime statistics. Planning to evade In her Modern Introduction to Logic crime in the first place had an (1930), often considered the first immediate impact, and this kind of textbook of analytic philosophy, social engineering focussing on British philosopher L. Susan long-term perspectives became a Stebbing (1885–1943) presented a crucial technology during the 19th coherent long durée vision of the century. The central question is how science of logic. Contrary to a the “knowledge of the unknown” caricature (popular then and now) became a research area of its own, that presents mathematical logic as opening up new fields of an irruption of genius redeeming a intervention. To enhance their heretofore worthless discipline, ability to survey and protect the Stebbing construed the advent of social body, complex informational mathematical notation and its networks were established in order attendant methods in logic as a to gain knowledge not readily cumulative triumph. She positioned accessible to medical institutions or the domains of logic, mathematics, to the state. The paper investigates and scientific method in relation to counting cards nthat were used in each other and within a reorganized Germany from the early 1870s disciplinary matrix she indicated onwards to gain deeper information new possibilities for the person of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 152 the philosopher. Over the course of conferences organised by the biggest her career Stebbing exhibited a and most impactful international vision of the philosopher as a public organisation created during the figure at a time when it remained Second World War: the United rare for a woman to be recognized as Nations Relief and Rehabilitation a philosopher at all. She asserted the Administration (UNRRA). need for the rigors of logic in public UNRRA’s many conferences, discourse and likewise asserted ranging from small meetings with herself as an authoritative scientific advisers to big diplomatic representative of that science. gatherings that debated and ratified Striving to render the latest UNRRA’s policy, provide plenty of mathematical logic accessible to as reasons why historians of science wide an audience as possible, she should pay more attention to the used its methods to analyze found history of conferences. Conferences examples of misleading political in all their variety have a long discourse and stressed the history as meetings of informed importance of argumentative clarity minds with the aims to recalibrate amidst the turmoil of the 1930s. By terms, solve problems, achieve asserting the specifically democratic professional coherence and define value of mathematized rigor, she who is a member of the club. posited a particular social role for UNRRA, as a formally ‘technical’ the philosopher as an intermediary organisation, adapted the format of between modern science and scientific conferences to solve everyday experience—a role she intractable political problems, while held to be urgently needed in the at the same time drawing on older face of pervasive unscrupulous ideas about political congresses to rhetoric in the age of fascism. create and steer technical consensus. One of the purposes of this paper Mathematics | Europe | 20th century, early therefore will be to point to the dual Laboratories of Cooperation: traffic of ideas and influences, UNRRA’s Conferences between the political and scientific Jessica Reinisch realms, shaping the mid-20th Birkbeck College, University of London In this paper I will consider the format and purposes of the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 153 century conferences of international transmitted speech and the organisations such as UNRRA. development of testing and training programs for radio announcers, to Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | the design of tailored microphone UNRRA, United Nations, medical cooperation and transmitter technologies, experiments with newly defined Languages of Broadcasting: Early Radio Research in Berlin genres such as radio journalism, and and Princeton the formulation of new audience Viktoria Tkaczyk research methods and techniques of MPIWG media criticism. The emerging technology of radio Tools for Historians of Science | Global or posed epistemic difficulties for a Multilocational | 20th century, early | History of range of disciplines in the twentieth humanities and social sciences, sound, technology, politics century and prompted interdisciplinary initiatives such as Late Imperial Russian the radio laboratory Ethnography and Russo- (Rundfunkversuchsstelle) at the American Knowledge Exchange Berlin Academy of Music, led by Ekaterina Morgunova PhD Candidate, King's College London musicologist Georg Schünemann from 1928 to 1935, and the Radio This paper will explore Russo- Research Project at Princeton American knowledge exchange in University and Columbia University, the context of the Jesup North managed by sociologist Paul Pacific Expedition (1900-1902). Lazarsfeld from 1937 to 1944. The This expedition was organised by defined aim of both ventures was to the famous American anthropologist integrate scholars in the humanities, Franz Boas, and funded by the the sciences, and the social sciences president of the American Natural into new forms of applied research. History Museum, Morris K. Jesup. It My paper examines these modes of involved fieldwork in both applied research, with particular Northwest America and Northeast attention to the multiple ways in . For the latter, Boas which the two projects searched for employed Vladimir Jochelson and novel “languages of broadcasting.” Vladimir Bogoras, two former This search ranged from the Russian political exiles who had phonetic examination of radio- reinvented themselves as key History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 154 international experts on the Laws of Nature and Nature’s Use ethnography of Northeast Siberia. and Manipulation According to Jochelson and Bogoras were both Roger Bacon (ca. 1220-1292) working together with their wives, Yael Kedar Tel-Hai College who did not have backgrounds in The idea of a general legality in ethnography but conducted part of nature is found in the writing of the research. The Russian Roger Bacon already in the ethnographers’ work in the Jesup thirteenth century. Bacon moved North Pacific Expedition was part of towards a new conception of nature a complex and challenging network by rendering natural regularities into of knowledge exchange. Bogoras laws. He wrote of the law of and Jochelson were committed to reflection, the law of refraction, the the theory of social evolution which law of the of water and the held that all human cultures passed laws of stars. He explained through a universal set of stages, dissenting phenomena by appealing from the most ‘savage’ to the most to the law of universal nature, which ‘civilised’. On the contrary, Franz overrules the laws of particular Boas was an outspoken anti- natures when necessary. In this evolutionist who studied indigenous paper I ask whether Bacon cultures through the lens of cultural suggested ways by which the relativism. Their collaboration was knowledge of the laws of nature can highly productive yet challenging to foster man’s control of nature and its each side’s core beliefs. This paper manipulation. Indeed, the search for will discuss how Bogoras’s and laws belongs, according to Bacon, to Jochelson’s views were shaped in a the practical part of science, since fascinating knowledge exchange their application can enhance human which included American lives. Specifically, he argued that anthropologists, Russian according to the laws of reflection ethnographers, their wives and the and refraction, a mirror can be multiple indigenous ethnic groups shaped, so that one group of soldiers under investigation. will appear as multiplied, and thus Social Sciences | Global or Multilocational | would terrify the enemy. He also 20th century, early | ethnography, race, culture, suggested using the laws for the evolutionism, Russia, Siberia, America, network, knowledge exchange production of powerful weapons, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 155 such as consuming, unquenchable qualitative analytical chemistry and fire, defeating sounds, blinding proved to be very useful in many flashes and poisons. Did the use of criminal cases. It faced the anxieties the laws of nature as suggested by of the French notables and the main Bacon bring him close to the early political and economic powers. modern idea of dissecting nature, However, this approach could hardly controlling and manipulating it? I be employed in cases of industrial argue that for Bacon the discovery poisoning, where other forms of of laws resulted in the idea of the evidence were needed not only to usefulness of the knowledge; he did detect but mostly to prevent not, however, entertain yet the idea poisoning in workers’ bodies. These of a planned experiment in which dramatic health problems in the nature is “forced” into “unnatural” industry were largely neglected by situations. toxicologists, judges and decision- markers during the nineteenth- Physical Sciences | Europe | Medieval | Laws of nature, usefulness of knowledge, Roger Bacon century. The paper focusses on a particular case (the Pouchon affair, Lead Poisoning in France around 1843-1844), which took place in a 1840: Criminal Justice, Industrial crucial period, either in the Poisoning, and the Making of Ignorance development of forensic medicine José Ramón Bertomeu-Sánchez (new high sensitivity methods were López Piñero Inter-university Institute, introduced around 1840 and a University of Valencia controversy took place on their French nineteenth-century virtues and delusions) and toxicology was a science made for occupational health (Tanquerel des the prosecution in criminal Planches published his seminal book poisoning cases – a science on lead poisoning in 1840). My conceived for and mostly made in paper is based on studies on history the Cour d’Assises. The main of toxic products connecting purpose of toxicologists was the research on history of crime with detection of small quantities of recent works on history of poisons in corpses in order to occupational health, particularly the provide unquestionable evidence in practices of agnotology and undone courts. This approach was based on science related to the high sensitivity tests based on History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 156 visibilization/invisibilization of toxic 1970s, arguing that the curation of risks. these collections was not only useful for taxonomic purposes, but also Chemistry | Europe | 19th century indispensable for shedding light on Libraries of Life: Microbial the biochemical mechanisms of Culture Collections and the living cells. Using these libraries of Chemical Order of Nature life, microbiologists compared and Charles Kollmer contrasted microbes’ metabolic PhD Student, Princeton University processes, substantiating what I refer Historians of science have long to as ‘the chemical order of nature.’ recognized the centrality of In conclusion, I suggest that further collections such as cabinets of scrutiny of collections of laboratory- , gardens, and museums to cultured life forms will help rectify the study of natural history. Until an imbalance in the historiography recently, conventional held of the twentieth century life that, as the life sciences became sciences, which tends to foreground ‘modern,’ the importance of such histories of genetics, evolution, and collections was eclipsed by that of heredity, while neglecting those of experiments. Rather than collect, physiology, biochemistry, and describe, and arrange specimens, so metabolism. When histories of the the story goes, investigators opted to twentieth century life sciences focus experiment with strategically-chosen predominately on a handful of model organisms, using them to standardized model organisms, they elucidate biological mechanisms only tell part of the story. present in wide swaths of the living world. In the meantime, scholars Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | collections, experimentation, like Robert Kohler and Bruno biodiversity, model organisms, biological Strasser have challenged this view, mechanisms, biochemistry, microbial cultures, drawing attention to the cell physiology, metabolism pervasiveness of scientific collections throughout the modern life sciences. In this paper, I provide a panoramic view of microbial culture collections from the turn of the twentieth century through the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 157

Local Lives, Global Networks: rise of supposedly objective Disease, Medicine, and the scientific practices which Entangled Histories of Assam transformed the locally lived lives of Tea (1900-1930s) the system in the global Sudip Saha Department of History, North-Eastern Hill network of tropical medicine. In University, India. tracing all these trajectories, I take In making an attempt to explore the the reader into the question of how “medical incentives” and the the growing concern about “interests of the capitalist agencies” epidemics in the tea plantations of involved in the project in locating Assam eliminated the boundary of the vectors of diseases prevailed in once considered the cultural and the Assam tea plantations of British racial basis of explaining the India, the paper argues that ideas of epidemiological character of medical welfare was instrumental diseases for the interest of the both in “building a network of capital. tropical medicine with its Medicine and Health | South Asia | 20th century, professional researchers and early contributed to the oppressive Locust Pests and Biological ‘plantation paternalism’ in the Control in Argentina during the frontier colony”. To elaborate the First Half of the Twentieth histories of such entanglements, my Century paper will firstly look at the way Alejandro Martinez through which the rise of Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina metropolitan scientific institutions came to be prioritized. This will be In the first decades of the twentieth followed by looking at how the century, the so-called “mechanical” question of transmitting and and "chemical" means were the most circulating of the “scientific frequent answer when locust swarms knowledge” provided the impetus to threatened the crops. Different the formation of the “cadre” of governments and administrations medical researchers. The third around the globe resorted either to section of the paper will be engaged the use of traps, barriers, fire or to in providing examples of the digging up eggs along with poisoned interplay of global and local in the baits or insecticides to eradicate this "natural threat". The history of these History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 158 means in the fight against locusts - in Argentina during the first half of and other agricultural pests- have the twentieth century. received much attention from Biology | Latin America | 20th century, early | scholars, especially in the case of Entomology, Argentina, balance of nature insecticides. This tendency, however, cast a shadow on the Looking at Animals Differently: Posthumanist Performativity as history of the “biological” methods. a Tool for Aesthetic Analysis At the end of the nineteenth and Annalena Roters beginnings of the twentieth century, LMU Munich, Institute of Theatre Studies this enterprise was taken up This paper considers how enthusiastically by entomologists posthumanist perspectives are and other scientists worldwide and actively transforming the ways of numerous trial introductions were thinking around animals in the arts. made in the following decades under With the emergence of Performance various degrees of scientific control. Art during the 1960s, art history This implied a global circulation not starts to explore living, non-human only of knowledge, technologies, animals. Theatre and performance peoples, and instruments but also of studies were already confronted with different kind of organisms. The them in much earlier contexts, for new field presented the promise of a example in stage fights in ancient natural, pest-free future for Rome or operas in the baroque era. agriculture although the results As theatre and performance studies obtained were controversial, deal with changing, dynamic particularly for combating locusts. artforms, they are corresponding This perspective underlined that with newer concepts, such as insect pests were a consequence of posthumanist performativity. Within an ecological/environmental the posthumanist thinking, the status disorder and its solution entailed to of non-human entities like animals restore "the balance of nature". Not changes: Animals and their agency just to eradicate or manage a come into focus. They are not particular "plague" but to control passive or matter shaped by humans nature. Here I will focus on this anymore, but active and actionable subject through the study of entities within dynamic relations. different experiences on locust Building up on the concept of biological control and its narratives History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 159

‚Posthumanism as a praxis‘ measurements that would allow to (Francesca Ferrando), know the positions of the stars, Posthumanism serves as a distances, orbits, etc. This scientific interdisciplinary perspective and a task required the search of a point of tool to examine animals in the arts. observation in the south of the world It is an active decision to go beyond that would allow comparing data an anthropocentric perspective. I between both hemispheres of the would to like ask what happens earth. In 1847 Christian Ludwig when we try to look at animals in art Gerling of the University of without assuming the human subject Marburg in Germany, suggested that as our sole reference. This is the solar parallax could be examined by analyzing the calculated by measuring the position installation Soma of Carsten Höller of Venus near its lower conjunction at Hamburger Bahnhof from 2010. from in distant In a fictional experimental setup the latitudes, but close in a same artist installs reindeers, birds, flies meridian. James M. Gillis, an and mice so that the presence of astronomer at the United States animals transforms the setting into a Naval Observatory, proposed to performative artwork. Gerling an expedition to in order to do observations that would Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science | Global or Multilocational | 21st century | be compared with those made in the animals, art, contemporary art, posthumanism, United States. This talk aims to performativity, art history, theatre studies, analyze the uncertainties and posthumanist performativity, animal turn, new materialism, anthropocentric difficulties to build global networks of astronomical knowledge. This Looking for a Point of will be done by studying the Observation in the South of the unpublished correspondence World: Global Astronomical Networks in the Nineteenth between Gillis and Gerling. This Century correspondence allows us to Carlos Sanhueza-Cerda understand the discussions between Universidad de Chie both scientists about the planning One of the main problems of and preparation of this southern astronomy in the mid-nineteenth expedition, the choice of the century was to calculate the stellar observation point, the distances and build a system of methodological scope of the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 160 fieldwork and the possible use of the the wake of the New Science, novel equipment in a different hemisphere. techniques of observation and their corresponding instruments evolved, Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 19th century | as Gianna Pomata and Lorraine Astronomy, global-local neworks, observatories Daston have shown in their work on the ‘Observationes’ and the Looking for Longevity? Intersections of New Science ‘epistemic genre’ respectively. I and the Improvement of the argue that these new empirical Body methods fostered the practices of Vitus Huber corporeal experiments and the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences corporeal experiments in turn Sociales, Paris contributed to the New Science. My Different forms of corporeal paper will show how the media and improvement emerged between the methods of observation and Renaissance and the Enlightenment. improvement of the body intersected Humanists, like Erasmus of in the early modern period. Rotterdam, tried to educate the elite and rulers in books like his how-to Medicine and Health | Europe | Renaissance manual ‘Institutio Principis Looking for Moral Congeniality: Christiani’ (1516) dedicated to Lust, Love, and Physical Bodies Prince Charles, the future Emperor in Eighteenth-Century Spain Charles V. Ecclesiastics and pious Elena Serrano lay people trained their bodies and Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin minds to reach spiritual discipline in order to live more righteously (e.g. In 1726, the Spanish Benedictine Jesuits, Pietists) and possibly friar Benito J. Feijoo (1676-1764), achieve salvation (e.g. ascetics, in his best-seller Teatro Crítico eremites). In the field of medicine, Universal, defended women’s the physician Andrea Vesalius, intellectual capacities. Analysing among others, led the way to medical and philosophical theories modern anatomy with the about how ideas were produced, he publication of the findings from his argued that female bodies (cold and empirical dissections in ‘De humani humid) were perfectly suited to corporis fabrica’ (1543). Generally intellectual pursuits. Feijoo’s speaking, in the Renaissance and in ultimate goal in demonstrating the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 161 equality of sexes was moral. By interpret visual features and championing women’s mental performances so as to successfully capacities, he sought to prevent male distinguish between ‘physical love’ sexual attacks, and buttress the bond and ‘moral love’, avoiding a of marriage. Specifically, Feijoo was marriage premised on false one of many during his time who appearances. advocated that spouses needed to be Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | morally 'congenial' (congeniar) for a gender & sexuality, pornography, religion, art successful marriage. To achieve such 'congeniality,' however, one Managing Mexican from Rome had to discern a potential lover’s Helen Anne Curry moral characteristics from her University of Cambridge external traits and gestures. This In 1983, member states of the UN paper traces the shifting somatic Food and Agriculture Organization understandings underpinning such (FAO) adopted the non-binding an amorous hermeneutics, International Undertaking on Plant excavating the relationship between Genetic Resources. Although love, desire and physical bodies in ostensibly motivated by concern 18th-century Spain. In particular, the over "genetic erosion"—that is, the paper addresses the rise of medical loss of genetic diversity in crop interest in erotic and pornographic plants as a result of agricultural representations. Across anatomical industrialization and environmental and medical treatises -- yet also degradation—the 1983 Undertaking disguised in painters’ manuals, is better understood as the product of guides to conduct, marital and a North-South conflict over moral-philosophical works, and ownership of and access to seeds. novels -- sensual paintings and Many scholars have discussed the erotic descriptions were analyzed for Undertaking, aptly attending to its the different ways in which they place within the histories of ideas both produced bodily effects (e.g., about intellectual property in and sexual arousal), as well as excited national sovereignty over so-called ‘higher’ sentiments (e.g., ‘moral genetic resources. Here I return love’). In turn, these analyses were focus to the place of the Undertaking used to instruct potential lovers in within the longer history of efforts to Catholic Spain as to how they might History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 162 conserve crop diversity. Placing the Many Shades of “Race”: often-neglected practical aspects of Variations in the Concept of managing collections at the Race in French Sero- Anthropology between the 1940s forefront, I explore the implications and the 1970s of the recourse to international Claude-Olivier Doron agreement as a measure to conserve Associate Professor, Université de Paris genetic diversity in crops on actual In this presentation, I will study the conservation practices. While transformations of the concept of Mexican delegates to the FAO led “race” in French sero-anthropology the protracted battle of the 1980s to between the 1940s and 1970s, set up an "international genebank" focusing in particular on the work of headquartered in Rome, Mexican Jacques Ruffié and his collaborators, scientists in charge of the country's at the Centre d’hémotypologie of the most significant crop collections French National Centre for labored with limited resources to Scientific Research (CNRS). I will keep these alive and usable in show that, far from being abandoned Mexico. In this realm, the same after World War 2, the concept was North-South exchanges deplored by still widely used by scholars Mexican delegates to the FAO often working at the crossroads of provided the only means for anthropology, blood-typing and ensuring the continuity of genetics. It remained an object of collections and their availability to numerous investigations undertaken, Mexican scientists. High-level all over the world, by institutions consultations in Rome therefore such as the Centre d’hémotypologie, necessitated new forms of cross- both to determine the blood border negotiation and collaboration signature of different racial groups, among scientists. and to study their admixture and

Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | filiations. I will explore the many Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | the continuities between these Conservation, environmental science, research programs and the concept transnationalism, localism of race as (re)defined by geneticists and blood typing experts in the 1920s and 1930s, while pointing at other, less obvious, affinities History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 163 between “hemotypological research” and practices of Mao-era science and the older anthropological will recognize the profound conception of race. Finally, I will similarities between the “mass analyze the evolution in the science” of socialist China and conceptualization of human participatory action research. And, variability by sero-anthropologists, indeed, participatory action research in the late 1960s and early 1970s, emerged during the 1960s and and show that their growing interests 1970s, when radical intellectuals in the internal diversity of human around the world were studying the populations was not altogether epistemological writings of Mao deprived of ambiguities. Zedong. This paper will explore the movement of ideas about Biology | Europe | 20th century, late | race, physical anthropology, genetics participatory knowledge-making between China and other parts of the Maoist “Mass Science” and world during the twentieth and Participatory Action Research: A twenty-first centuries. As such it Case Study in the Global History of Participatory Knowledge- represents one step in the process of Making mapping—across temporal, Sigrid Schmalzer geographical, ideological, and University of Massachusetts Amherst geopolitical boundaries—the larger Today in China publicly minded global-historical context within social scientists are enthusiastically which “citizen science” and other employing the methods of understandings of popular participatory action research, a form knowledge production have gained of engaged scholarship most significance. famously associated with Brazilian Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | philosopher of education Paolo Global or Multilocational | Cultural and cross- Freire. Chinese social scientists cultural contexts, including colonialism in typically treat participatory action general research as a refreshing foreign Mapping and the Microscope paradigm that became accessible to Pamela Mackenzie China with the increasing academic Ph.D. Candidate, University of British exchanges made possible during the Columbia post-Mao Reform Era. However, “We are come ashore into a new anyone familiar with the discourse World,” declared Nehemiah Grew in History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 164 the dedication to his 17th century resembling less the tradition of publication commissioned by the botanical illustration than a series of Royal Society. The world he went maps or mathematical diagrams. I on to describe, however, did not will trace the visual form of Grew’s include any of the typical features illustrations through the tradition of one might expect from a treatise on cartography and consider the the exploration of new territory. implications of this way of There were no coastlines there – no imagining the microscopic world mountainous regions, no lakes or geographically – as a place to be valleys. Instead, the place he surveyed and conquered. described consisted of roots, seeds, Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | vessels and membranes. Nehemiah Europe | 17th century | microscopy, art history, Grew was one of the earliest people visual epistemology to conduct a detailed exploration of Material Traces of Faraway plant life with the use of a Places: Specimens from Colonial microscope. The things he New Spain in Madrid’s National discovered had he had no language Museum of Natural Sciences to describe. In the presentation of his Anna Toledano research, Grew borrowed freely Stanford University from other knowledge systems in On April 27, 1790, the first natural development at that time, including history museum in New Spain— bookbinding, the study of animal Spanish territory from California to anatomy and his own vitalist Guatemala—opened its doors. Its metaphysics. One of the most founder, José Longinos Martínez, striking features of how he framed had arrived in the Americas in 1787 his research was in the language of as the taxidermist for the Royal territorial expansion. Grew's Botanical Expedition, one small part reference to the imperialist project of an immense national scientific was more than simply a rhetorical undertaking by the Spanish appeal by Grew; rather it was central government. While Longinos to both the discursive and visual dedicated his museum to the new language he developed around his king, Charles IV, he established this work. The engravings that institution in defiance of the Crown, accompanied Grew’s publications which had demanded that all natural were necessarily abstract, objects of interest be sent to Madrid. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 165

The former King Charles III had sourced from the same natural sent off scientific expeditions to materials. gather the wonders of nature from Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | his vast empire while simultaneously Global or Multilocational | 18th century | Spain, ordering colonial subjects in the Spanish Empire, Latin America, collecting, Americas to send anything similar collections, museums, natural history, New Spain that they found to the court in Europe. Longinos took care to send Materiality in the Wild: A back some specimens to the Royal Posthumanist Approach to Indigenous Knowledge of West Cabinet of Natural History so as not African Wild Silk to arouse too much suspicion. Over Laurence Douny the centuries, these specimens have Research Associate, Humboldt University, become nearly invisible among the Berlin countless other animals, plants, and This paper studies conceptions of minerals that made the journey Indigenous knowledge-based across the Atlantic. Drawing on material practice in the trade, collections-based, museological production and use of wild silk research in the Royal Cabinet’s within a posthumanist theoretical modern incarnation, the National framework (Barad 2007). By Museum of Natural Sciences, this focusing on actual conceptions of its paper will uncover the traces of material and symbolic agency, objects that Longinos sent to Madrid affinities and affordances, it inquires which still survive today. When about the silk’s materiality that helps compared to similar remnants of to inform about an Indigenous Longinos’s collection in Mexico science of materials that entangles City, these difficult-to-find traces in knowledge, technical and belief Madrid elucidate what was unique to systems. Wild silk that is produced the rise of 18th-century public by silkworms of genus Epanaphe or natural history collections in Madrid Anaphe has been for centuries versus New Spain, although both locally harvested in the forests and the Sahelo-Sudanian areas of Nigeria and throughout West Africa. In the Hausa region of Northern Nigeria, indigenous silk that is History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 166 considered as a material of prestige, Materials of the Mind: has been mainly used in hand Phrenology, Correspondence, embroidery, produced on traditional and the Global History of Science, 1815-1920 male robes known as babban riga James Poskett (Kriger 2010). On these garments, University of Warwick silk patterns that remind of Islamic In 1828, the Edinburgh phrenologist calligraphy enact as a form of George Combe (1788-1858) talismanic magic that protect against published his now famous work, The the evil eye and confer charisma to Constitution of Man. Over the the wearer. By using travelers’ course of the nineteenth century, this accounts, colonial reports, museum book sold more than 300,000 copies, collections and oral tradition and was translated into at least six recorded through systematic different languages, including ethnographic interviews, this paper Bengali and Japanese. From looks at aspects of Indigenous American senators to Indian social conceptions about the material, reformers, phrenology soon found cultural and historical significance supporters stretching across the of wild silk, starting from the 19th globe. These individuals were bound century Sokoto Caliphate located in together by the increasingly Northern Nigeria until the globalised postal networks of the contemporary period. Framed within nineteenth century. In this paper, I a historical and anthropological explore how phrenologists used the approach to materials, the paper’s postal service to build a global posthuman focus lies in the movement. In doing so, I focus examination of silk’s material particularly on the materiality of qualities and properties that include these networks along with the intertwined medicinal and magical objects that were sent alongside values for which this elusive insect letters. These objects include skulls material has been praised across collected in the Arctic, plaster busts West Africa. manufactured in Paris, and Social Sciences | Africa | 19th century | phrenological charts printed in Indigenous sciences - materials - wild silk Bengal. This focus on materiality techniques - knowledge and belief systems - history - anthropology - embroidery and textile - also allows me to explore the limits talismanic magic - agency - posthumanism. of phrenology as a global scientific History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 167 movement, suggesting the ways in development of Le Clerc’s career, which particular people and regions who simultaneously became an were cut out of the story. More engraver and strove to recognition as broadly, this paper suggests how the a man of letters and natural global history of science can be philosopher. Yet these mathematical written through the global history of skills only came fruition in the material culture. In the nineteenth context of household service, in century, what it meant to be a global particular as an education to the science of the mind was in part a children of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, product of global material exchange. the powerful minister who spearheaded the transformation of Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 19th century | Global the French cultural sphere in the History, Phrenology, Mind, Letters, Race, 1660s. By tracing Le Clerc’s dual Reform, Politics career arch, and showing how Mathematical Skills and mathematical skills served to Household Service in the Career integrate Le Clerc into several of Sébastien Le Clerc contexts, from the Colbert’s Oded Rabinovitch household, through the world of Tel Aviv University publishing and the royal Sébastien Le Clerc (1637-1714), one manufactures at the Gobelins, this of the most successful engravers of paper seeks to revisit the thorny Louis XIV’s France, was born to a question of the relations between family of goldsmiths in Lorraine, scholars and artisans during the and received classical artisanal Scientific Revolution. Rather than training. Yet over the course of a relying on hands-on, bodily highly successful career as an experience, it was Le Clerc’s skill in engraver, he also became a widely mathematics that lend support to his published scientific author. His aspiring scholarly career. These publications ranged from topics skills were published and advertised commensurate with artists’ interest, though his connections to powerful such as perspective and optics, to houses, which connected the publications on cosmology, far developing state bureaucracy and removed from the workshop. This paper argues that mathematical skills played a key role in the dual History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 168 manufactures with the market for Matthias Schleiden’s Theory of scientific books. History Lynn Nyhart Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | University of Wisconsin-Madison Europe | 17th century | Mathematics, art, artisas, skills, household, Gobelins, Colbert, Le In 1851, the botanist and cell- Clerc, France, Paris theorist Matthias Schleiden wrote a remarkable essay. In part a book Matter as Epistemic Object: Intellection, Manipulation, and review of Karl Vogt’s German Particularisation in the 13th translation of Vestiges of the Natural Century History of Creation, it ranged much Nicola Polloni further, to present an explanation of Institut für Philosophie, Humboldt the contemporary vogue for popular Universität zu Berlin science. Schleiden’s explanation was The paper explores the richness of historical. From this essay and scientific and philosophical others, I piece together Schleiden’s approaches to matter in the theory of history, which viewed thirteenth century. The twelfth- cultural change as the result of a century Arabic- and Greek-into- very few, very great men whose Latin translation movements ideas would take centuries to filter provided, in a relatively short time, out into the broader public. I argue Latinate audience with different that this theory of history, which accounts of matter as epistemic included the history of natural object proper to diverse science and its popularization, helps disciplines—natural philosophy, us to see how he viewed his own logic, metaphysics, as well as role in the historical process and, by alchemy, medicine, and astronomy. I implication, the role he saw for his will discuss tensions and own works of botanical implications arising from a popularization. Ultimately, I consideration of such a plurality of suggest, understanding Schleiden’s meanings and theories of matter and view of history allows us to interpret materiality in the thirteenth century.

Physical Sciences | Europe | Medieval | Astrology, cosmology, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 169 his larger body of work in a new and was not the first scholar to translate more integrated way. Bridgman’s conceptual strictures to psychology. I show (1) that Gary Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 19th century | history of botany, theory Boring and B.F. Skinner had already of history, history of popular science, been applying Bridgman’s approach popularization to psychology when Stevens was Measuring Minds: Boring, still an undergraduate student and Skinner, McGregor, and Stevens, (2) that Douglas McGregor coined and the Origins of Operationism the term ‘operationism’ before Sander Verhaegh Stevens. Since Boring, Tilburg University Bridgman,McGregor, Skinner, and In 1935, Stanley Smith Stevens Stevens were all affiliated with published two articles in which he Harvard in the early 1930s, the urged for a revolution in question arises what role these psychology. Building on P.W. scholars played in the development Bridgman’s methodological of psychological operationism. In prescriptions for physicists, Stevens this paper, I answer this question by argued that all psychological examining a large set of documents concepts need to be strictly defined from the Harvard University in terms of public operations. If Archives. Instead of taking Stevens’ psychology is to be taken seriously papers as the *starting point* of the as a rigorous science, Stevens operationist turn, I reconstruct the argued, psychologists have to make intellectual climate at Harvard in the sure that they are not talking at cross years leading up to the publication purposes when they are discussing of the operationist manifestos. their theories about ‘experience’, ‘consciousness’, and ‘sensation’, Medicine and Health | North America | 20th century, early | Operationism, psychology, they have to make sure that their logical positivism, Stanley Smith Stevens, Gary concepts are ‘operationally defined’. Boring, B. F. Skinner, P. W. Bridgman, Douglas McGregor In view of Stevens’ success in spreading the operationist message, it is small wonder that he is widely viewed as the intellectual father of psychological operationism. In this paper, however, I argue that Stevens History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 170

Measuring the Mind: Replication played in controversies of the time. in Early Psychological The examination of historical Experimentation (1890-1925) sources shows what scientists in the Annette Mulberger past understood by “replication” and CEHIC-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona why they thought that this should be My talk starts with some general part of the process of knowledge definition of the term “replication” construction. I conclude that and remarks on the historiography replication gained historical about experimentation, recalling the prominence, as soon as the main discussion about this feature of objective of psychological research scientific practice in the works of was to identify laws. In general, it Shapin & Schaffer; Collins, Galison, seems that the debates about etc. But in these works, no mention replication deepened consciousness is made on how psychologists of psychologists about problematic became concerned and used aspects of psychological replication. Already Kant, who experimentation (in general), examined the possibility of influencing the standards of psychology becoming a real science, scientific research. had mentioned as one obstacle the non-replicability of psychological Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 20th century, early | Mind, introspection. Therefore, for Wundt Introspection, Experimentation, Repetition, and his colleagues the demonstration Scientific Debates, Psychology of psychological experiments being Mechanization by Insect: Multi- replicated was crucial. In my talk, I Species Ecologies in the will a) views on replication Malaysian Plantationocene and replicability expressed by Aaron Van Neste leading psychologists such as Department of the History of Science, Wundt, Titchener, Watson and Harvard University Dunlap; b) offer examples and This paper explores the human- compare how this tool was used in assisted transoceanic migration and some empirical studies in connection resettlement of the African Palm with psychological methods (e.g. Weevil in Malaysia and S.E. Asia, introspection, association and the consequent environmental experiments and mental testing), and and social upheaval that emerged at c) examine the role replication the intersection of biological History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 171 symbiosis, neocolonial labor Medical Mapping, Burkitt's policies, accelerating economic Lymphoma, and the East African change, and biodiversity heritage. In Virus Research Institute, 1962- 1979 the 1960s and 70s, as Malaysia was Julia Cummiskey transitioning away from rubber University of Tennessee-Chattanooga plantations and towards palm oil, The discovery of Burkitt’s British planters conjectured that lymphoma (BL), a childhood yields were lower in SE Asia than in that appeared to be limited to the palm's native West Africa due to particular parts of Africa and caused the absence of a native pollinator. by a virus, attracted a range of Funded by Unilever, a Pakistani researchers with a stake in the field entomologist, R.A. Syed, traveled to of cancer viruses to Uganda. Cameroon and received permission Between 1962 and 1979, the East from the Malaysian government to African Virus Research Institute import African Palm Weevils, which (EAVRI), a laboratory founded in he had discovered to be obligate Entebbe in 1936, conducted a series pollinators and symbiotes of oil of investigations into the etiology of palm. Within a few years of the the lymphoma. This research took insects' release, Malaysian palm oil place in a period of intense change production became both more at the Institute and in Uganda in efficient and economically general, coinciding with the advent dominant, and deforestation and of national independence, the first biodiversity loss accelerated. The administration of a Ugandan predominantly female human labor president, and the rise and fall of Idi force who had been hand-pollinating Amin. These changes cast the palms before found their jobs uncertainty onto the future of the replaced by an insect, in what can be EAVRI. Drawing on oral histories, alternately viewed as a form of archives, and published material, biotechnological automation or an this paper examines the cartographic alteration of the plantation practices of the EAVRI’s research ecosystem. on BL, both in the preliminary Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th exploratory stage and in the later century, late | Entomology, Malaysia, cohort study. These investigations Cameroon, agriculture offer a window into the use of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 172 medical maps to configure indentureship. When in the early independent Uganda as a valuable 1900s the territory became the site of medical research and to tease world’s most important cocoa out the relationship between cancer, producer, local mortality rates a putative infectious agent, and the reached 20% and the island’s natural and social environment. This coercive and deadly labour system story sheds light on the negotiation caught international attention. By of the roles of EAVRI’s African and then, white physicians came to expatriate researchers, international occupy a prominent position. visiting scientists, the study Framing plantations as specific populations in West Nile, Uganda, repertoires of imperial power, this missionaries, government officials, text argues that those experts were and a wide array of intermediaries. It important actors in the maintenance also highlights the ways that of its racial politics of difference. scientists in Uganda invested in Attributing the persistence of and strategies that would facilitate new susceptivity to diseases to research programs in the post- degenerated black bodies and black colonial period. cultures became a common trope. Physicians established a correlation Medicine and Health | Africa | 20th century, late | medical maps, Burkitt's lymphoma, natural between specific diseases, such as and social environment, Uganda pneumonia and dysentery, and black’s “immoderate habits”, such Medical Practices in Early 20th Century São Tomé’s Cocoa as alcoholism and dirt eating. Also Plantations “nostalgia for the motherland” was Marta Macedo framed as a pathological condition University of Lisbon leading to suicide. Medical authority This paper aims to discuss the over what were conceived as racial medical practices in the cocoa constituted diseases, deviant plantations of São Tomé, a behaviors and psychological Portuguese colony in the Gulf of weakness demanded institutions and Guinea. As in other contexts, São spaces of surveillance and Tomé’s plantations were dependent confinement. Along with hospitals, on large contingents of displaced the redesign of plantation housing black laborers, framed by different quarters became part of these institutions from slavery to professionals tasks. As such, I will History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 173 try to show how physicians brought utilized by both the defense and together a focus on bodies and on prosecution to demonstrate the the plantation built environment, scientific credibility of belief in connecting racialized biological and Christian Science as a precipitator of spatial practices in a single narrative. insanity. The proposed paper examines how turn of the century Medicine and Health | Africa | 20th century, early | Indentured Labor, History of the Body, American politics of religion and Scientific Racism, Tropical Medicine, Science medical science intertwined to and the Built Environment, Science and construct Christian Science as a Medicine in the Portuguese Empire cause of insanity. I draw not only Medicalizing Religion: Christian from medical sources such as Science as a Historical Cause of scientific journals and medical Madness conference proceedings, but popular Alexandra Prince coverage of emerging tropes of University at Buffalo SUNY madness in connection with religion. At the turn of the twentieth century, To focus my discussion, I employ hundreds of Christian Scientists, historical media coverage of two including their founder Mary Baker trials in which Christian Scientist Eddy, were charged with insanity defendants were adjudged both sane owing to their religion. As a new and insane by physicians. In both of religion, Christian Science became these cases, the female defendant's part of the medically-sanctioned mental capacity was questioned etiology of insanity at the time. owing to their religious identity. I Newspapers were swift to argue that historical charges of pathologize Eddy and the members insanity levied against members of of her church thus justifying their Christian Science reveal complex institutionalization. Their stories tensions concerning the historical were manufactured into tabloid negotiation of faith within medical sensations that depicted Christian discourse. Scientists in a variety of denigrating frameworks such as murderer, Medicine and Health | North America | 20th family-disrupter, and subverter of century, early | psychiatry, religion, Christian Science, medical science gender roles. Superintendents of insane asylums served as expert witnesses in trials where they were History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 174

Medicine, Method, and show its links with La Description Metaphysics: Tradition and du corps humain (The Description of Innovation in Descartes' Medical the Human Body). Finally, I will Works from the Writing of explore the relevance of the L’Homme to Its Posthumous Publications publication of the Treatise on Man Annie Bitbol-Hespériès together with La Description du Équipe Descartes, Centre d'études corps humain in 1664 in Paris by cartésiennes, Paris, France Clerselier with Remarks by Louis de In this paper, I will address three La Forge, a physician, after the Latin related topics: (1) I will discuss version of the De Homine published Descartes' medical sources and aims in 1662 in Leiden by Schuyl. when he was writing the long Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | eighteenth chapter of Le Monde Europe | 17th century | Aristotle, Vesalius, (The World), devoted to the study of Bauhin, Descartes, Harvey, Regius, Schuyl, L'Homme (Man) in the early Louis La Forge, medicine, method, metaphysics, study of man, principle of life, 1630s. (2) I will demonstrate the soul, heart, blood, animal spirits, movements in significant novelty introduced in the the body, tradition, innovation fifth part of the Discourse on Meet the Elite: Nobel Symposia Method (1637), where the link and Scientific Exclusivity between method and medicine was Sven Widmalm rethought, as well as the relationship Dept for History of Science and Ideas, between medicine and metaphysics, Uppsala University especially in comparison to Harvey's In the postwar era scientific treatise On the movement of the conferences became ubiquitous and heart and blood (De motu cordis and increasingly very large. As a sanguinis in animalibus). I will also reaction to this development, the discuss Descartes' influence in Nobel Foundation in 1965 instituted medicine especially through the self-consciously elitist Nobel Henricus Regius' medical teaching Symposia, still a going concern with in Utrecht. (3) I will highlight the around 160 meetings organized so primacy given to medicine in the far. The areas covered by the Nobel Passions of the Soul (1649), the last Symposia have mainly been those book published by Descartes, after represented by the Nobel Prizes, the Meditations, Objections and including the prize in economic Replies and the Principles. I will science founded in 1969. But issues History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 175 of broader intellectual and social Meeting Nature Halfway: Georg significance have sometimes been in Forster, Mining, and Aesthetics focus as well. Using a frontstage- of Artifice, 1784 backstage approach this paper will Patrick Anthony Vanderbilt University examine the origins of the symposia In 1784, Georg Forster traveled – how they were conceived from a through mining-landscapes in scientific as well as a political Germany’s Harz and Ore perspective, how support for the Mountains--a journey long neglected project was established nationally in favor of his more glamorous and internationally, and how the first globe-trotting with Captain Cook. symposia were organized and But it was in these industrial staged. A central question is that of landscapes that Forster encountered exclusivity, how the symposia were “a new and rejuvenated Nature." imagined and staged as platforms for Descending shafts, inspecting weirs, elite science and as a breeding and studying ovens, Forster ground for future elites. Particular came to see water- and horse- attention will be paid to the 1969 powered industry as a noble human symposium on “The place of values effort to participate in the in a world of facts” which “workshop of Nature.” His journals constituted the first but not the last oscillate between hubris and example of how the symposia were humility: keenly aware of the used to stage more broadly awesome power of nature evidenced conceived elite summits grappling by mine collapses, Forster with issues seen as important from understood mining as a project of the perspective of global “fitting,” even “completing,” natural development. landscapes. Following Forster, this Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | talk elucidates the unfamiliar Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | sentimental world of late-eighteenth- Nobel Symposia, elite science, societal relevance century resource extraction, which beguiles two dichotomous historiographical traditions. While some scholars describe the extractive ethos of Forster’s generation as a wholesale History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 176

“oeconomization of nature,” another has its specificity and differences. tradition identifies this period, with This paper will explore the first its embrace of holism, as a recognition of the periodic system of wellspring of ecological thinking. elements in Croatia after its The curious nature of this moment is publication (1869). Croatia was then captured by the fact that so many a part of the Kingdom of Croatia, romantic figures participated in Slavonia, and Dalmatia within Germany’s mining industry—from Austria-Hungary. Chronologically, poets like Goethe and Novalis to Croatian scientific community firstly savants like Henrik Steffens and recognized Mendeleev's work . Forster, to through Yugoslav Academy of whom Humboldt attributed his own Sciences and Arts in 1882, electing holism, helps us engage the alterity him as its honorary member. The of a worldview whereby dominion proposal for Mendeleev's election over nature was to be “shared with lists his published works but nature.” To that end, this talk emphasizes that the discovery of the grounds the lofty aesthetic periodic system of elements (lex meditations of Forster and his Mendeleev) alone would be enough contemporaries in the “working to elect him as an honorary member. world” of mining, specifically in the Thus, the Yugoslav Academy of hydraulic systems that epitomized Sciences and Arts became the first their philosophy of nature. European science academy to honor Mendeleev. Circumstances Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | 18th century | travel, environment, regarding this election will be sustainability, resources, waste, discard, presented in the paper. Until the mining, landscape, aesthetics University in Zagreb, capital of Mendeleev's Periodic System of Croatia, was restored (1874), Elements and Croatian Academy chemistry in Croatia was only of Sciences and Arts thought at a lower level, as a part of Vanja Flegar real-high schools curriculum. The Institute for the History and Philosophy of discovery of the periodic system of Science, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb elements and the following The reception of the periodic system discoveries that lead to its of elements in European countries confirmation occurs simultaneously with the development of the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 177 chemistry curriculum at Zagreb First and foremost among Antwerp’s University. The first University mathematicians was Michiel professors were also the members of Coignet, schoolmaster, winegauger, Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and instrument maker and Arts that elected Mendeleev as its mathematician to the Archdukes. honorary member. The connection From the 1570s onwards he kept between the role of the Academy of notes on a variety of mathematical Sciences and Arts and the subjects. Parts of these notes written implementation of the periodic between 1576 and 1603 are system in the educational process in preserved in the Bibliothèque Croatia will also be explored in the Nationale in Paris (Ms Néer 56, Est paper. de Michaelis Coigneti 1576). They give an insight not only in Chemistry | Europe | 19th century | reception of the periodic system of elements, development mathematical developments but also of chemistry education in Croatia, Croatian in some sociological changes. The Academy of Sciences and Arts, Dmitri I. manuscript shows the relation Mendeleev between pure and applied Michael Coignet: A mathematics. In this talk we will Mathematical Practitioner in address these topics. 16th Century Antwerp Ad Meskens Mathematics | Europe | Renaissance | Low AP University College, Antwerp Countries, Antwerp, mathematical practitioners, Coignet, winegauger, instrument-maker Around 1550 Antwerp was a vibrant port. Its many schools catered for Missing Link: ’s the many companies, its Beurs was Genogeography and History’s Past Future one of the first stock markets of the Elena Aronova world, its printers published books University of California, Santa Barbara on all subjects. Ships travelled to all In the historical memory of the parts of Europe, the Baltic, Italy, twentieth century science the figure Scotland, the Azores with merchants of the Soviet biologist Nikolai dreaming of sailing even further. Vavilov looms large. Here, I tell a This optimistic view was shattered less familiar story, one that reveals by the Iconoclastic Revolt of 1566 how Vavilov’s genetic geography and the intransigence of Philip II to research has become entangled with make concessions to the protestants. the beginnings of the Annales school History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 178 of historiography. The congruence reconstruct the many worlds Vavilov of Vavilov’s scientific interests and inhabited, and ways in which the the Bolsheviks’ political interests epistemologies, material cultures not only enabled Vavilov’s and political agendas of his project ambitious program but also made were closely intertwined and Vavilov’s work widely known reinforced each other. across national, linguistic, political Biology | Central Asia | 20th century, early and disciplinary boundaries. Vavilov’s work on the centers of Mistress of the Sciences, origin of plant genetic diversity shed Asylum of Liberty: Science, light on the prehistory of human Human Rights, and Freedom from the 1790s to the 1970s settlements in such understudied Paul Rubinson regions as Afghanistan and Vavilov Bridgewater State University himself explicated the implications In 1794, several persecuted of his research for the way historians scientists, most notably the chemist came to think about deep past at Joseph Priestley, fled England for such occasions as the Second asylum in the United States. International Congress for the Americans celebrated Priestley’s History of Science and Technology arrival as a victory for science, in London in 1931. In the 1930s, the human rights, and freedom, while historians associated with the their leaders hoped refugee scientists Annales, such as Lucien Febvre, would enhance national science and followed Vavilov’s work closely and security. Thomas Jefferson, seeing drew inspiration from Vavilov’s science as crucial to international insights into human prehistory. prestige and imperial ambitions, Vavilov, in turn, not only bridged used Priestley’s presence to define biology and history in his work but American conceptions of freedom also served as a crucial link between and human rights as fundamental to biologists in the Soviet Union and the scientific discipline. By the historians in France. These declaring the United States the best, cross-disciplinary connections have freest place to practice science, been lost in the disciplinary Jefferson began to realign the memories of both biology and those internationalism of science of the historiography. Recovering according to U.S. interests, ideology this “missing link,” the paper will History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 179 and national development. In the Model Communities: Artificial 1970s, U.S. scientists again rallied to Anatomies and the Paradox of protect human rights, endeavoring to Modern Identity rescue Soviet scientists from Anna Maerker King's College London persecution, in particular the Using case studies of nineteenth- physicist Andrei Sakharov. The century anatomical model making rhetoric of human rights that U.S. and use, this paper seeks to scientists used to support Sakharov challenge/interrogate current was almost identical to the language historiography concerning the role used in support of Priestley two of anatomical representations for hundred years earlier. Science was modernity. Following particular again deemed impossible without readings of Foucault’s concept of the U.S. conceptions of freedom and power/knowledge, historians’ human rights, and the United States interpretations of anatomical images again posited as the ideal place to and models tend to foreground these practice science. By this point, objects’ functions as representations however, the United States had of a distinctly modern body: healthy, become the scientific juggernaut productive, and individual, and in envisioned by Jefferson, with U.S. need of constant vigilance, institutions producing hundreds of maintenance, and self-improvement. Nobel Prize winners. This paper Gendered and racialised examines the long interaction of representations were used to claim U.S. scientists with human rights functional and hierarchical movements and the political, differences between the sexes and scientific, and ideological races. However, cases of anatomical consequences of turning the United model use indicate that models were States into what Jeremy Belknap in simultaneously employed in efforts 1780 called “the Mistress of the to create new kinds of communities Sciences, as well as the Asylum of through processes of emulation and Liberty.” education, from women’s rights Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | activists in the U.S. to workers’ Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late communities in France and new groups of medical practitioners in Egypt. The paper will use these History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 180 examples to explore how tensions valuable knowledge about their own between individuality and shared bodies, obstetrical machines and identity were articulated around models incorporated into medical anatomical models, and ask how we training functioned to demarcate can tell stories about such medical boundaries of knowledge and render objects which acknowledge their the female reproductive body oppressive, isolating function while necessary of management by those also recovering their potential for with a specialized medical the constitution/creation of new knowledge. Obstetrical machines types of communities. also became a site of negotiation regarding the nature of knowledge Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | 19th century | material cultures, medical and the sources of expertise. While artifacts, anatomical models male practitioners interested in childbirth had typically emphasized Modelling Authority: Obstetrical Machines, the Senses, and the their theoretical and anatomical Boundaries of Expertise knowledge to demonstrate their Jennifer Kosmin superiority to midwives, obstetrical Bucknell University machines encouraged the cultivation The public display of wax of touch as much as sight for the anatomical models in eighteenth- successful management of century Italy attracted Grand childbirth. In Bologna, the obstetrics Tourists and was intended to instructor Giovanni Antonio Galli contribute to the Enlightenment famously blindfolded his students project of cultivating virtue and the before they practiced maneuvers on public good. Not all anatomical a machine. Critics, however, tended models were destined for wide to focus on the machines’ lack of public consumption, however. This naturalism. Mechanically paper examines obstetrical machines contracting uteri and fabric fetal used in the instruction of midwives dolls, they argued, could not mimic and surgeons to demonstrate the the true sensations of childbirth. distinctive concerns regarding This paper uses obstetrical machines authority and expertise they as a lens through which to consider embodied. If anatomical models eighteenth-century debates on the available for public display aimed at boundaries of expertise, the enlightening audiences with importance of touch in medical History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 181 practice, and the lines between Peter the Great after he learned new nature and artifice. techniques of anatomical preservation during his 1697 visit to Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | anatomy, expertise, the senses, obstetrics, Amsterdam. Upon returning to obstetrical machines, wax models Russia, Peter issued a royal order that all monstrous births-- human Monster Collectors from Peter to Willem: Abnormal Bodies and and animal, alive and dead-- should Embryology, 1697-1849 be sent to him for preservation. It Sara Ray was Peter’s “storehouse of University of Pennsylvania monsters” that Caspar Wolff used The Dutch anatomist Willem Vrolik later in the century to bolster his collected several hundred abnormal theory of epigenetic embryological human fetuses over the first half of development. Beginning with the nineteenth century. Vrolik was Peter’s monster collecting and one of the early teratologists, ending with Vrolik’s teratological scientific men who sought to museum, this paper examines how classify types of bodily abnormality preservations of “monstrous births” and, through classification, discern offered materialized epistemological what caused them. Vrolik created a tools for naturalists attempting to museum showing that “monstrous unravel the mysteries of bodies” appeared throughout the embryological development. While animal kingdom in regular "wet" preservations were new in morphological types that, he Peter’s time, they had become a claimed, were produced when the central part of anatomy collections normative workings of an by Vrolik’s. I argue that this shift in immaterial force called vormkracht material evidence was crucial to the were disrupted. Vrolik’s collection epigenetic turn in embryology. and classification of abnormal Biology | Europe | 18th century | teratology, fetuses followed a century of monsters, anatomy, anatomical collecting, scientific dispute about the processes museum, Russia, the Netherlands, embryology, abnormality of generation. The belief that collecting, anatomizing, and comparing “monstrous bodies” might reveal their natural causes was first put forth by the Russiam Tsar History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 182

Monstrous Births in Medieval More Than Just Poop: in Jewish Philosophy Late 19th and Early 20th Century Marienza Benedetto China University of Bari (Italy) Sijia Cheng My paper engages with a rather Universität Heidelberg specific and yet understudied case of This paper investigates how the natural irregularity: the phenomenon Chinese started to know about the of monstrous births within the agricultural value of guano and Medieval Jewish tradition. How did search for their own potential guano Premodern Jewish scientists and islands in late 19th and early 20th philosophers consider bodily defects Century. Since the early nineteenth that were evidently disagreeing with century, because of its nitrate-rich the regularity of Nature? What kind quality, guano has been recognized of justifications – if any – did by chemists worldwide as the finest Medieval Jewish thinkers provide in . It became a highly order to explain this particular valuable resource and hot phenomenon in its manifold commodity desired and harvested by expressions? Indeed, different Western and Japanese powers. Since theoretical justifications to the the second half of the nineteenth incidental irregularity of nature century, many Chinese intellectuals appear to have implied different also realized the value of guano as practices to amend the corporeal an effective fertilizer through exceptionalities of this kind of Western books. They started to bodies. But what these practical regard it as the best fertilizer, even measures were? And could they more valuable than human and actually be implemented? My paper animal manure, which had been will discuss these central points, applied to enrich the soil fertility in focusing in particular on the crucial China for centuries. Two opposite contribution offered by Moses ben opinions towards this previously Maimon (Maimonides, c. 1134 – unknown resource emerged. One 1204) in his medical works. acknowledged the unavailability of guano due to the lack of seabirds' Medicine and Health | Near and Middle East | islands and suggested to look for Medieval | Monsters, irregularity, Maimonides other alternative manure. Based on their understandings of chemical History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 183 knowledge, many Chinese effects of morphine and nicotine. intellectuals started to argue for Laurent had recently returned from suitable manure that contain vital working with August Hofmann in elements (such as and Giessen, and soon after began using ). The other opinion aniline to synthesize his own, urged the Qing government to artificial alkaloids. On hearing this, defend the territorial sovereignty of the physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot then some islands near Kanton from the approached him to compare the Japanese occupation and reclaim the optical properties of his artificial exploitation right of guano back. As alkaloids to the natural ones. the second opinion developed, rather Working with Biot and Apollinaire than its agricultural value, bird Bouchardat, the head pharmacist at excrement mattered greatly due to the Hotel-Dieu, they found that its economic and geopolitical while all the natural alkaloids significance. By looking at the fate deviated the plane of polarization of of guano in China, this paper aims to light, or were optically active, the shed some light on the entwined artificial ones were not. Informed by relations between knowledge of earlier debates about the optical animals and social, economic and activity of sugar, and whether its political power. conversion into alcohol was a chemical or biological process, they Earth and Environmental Sciences | East Asia | 20th century, early | animal waste, human and emphasized their results indicated a animal manure, agriculture, geopolitical power level of organization that went beyond chemical composition. This Morphine Dreams: Auguste Laurent and the Active Principles paper explores the way that Laurent, of Organized Matter Biot and Bouchardat mobilized the Theresa Levitt concepts of activity and organization University of Mississippi to explore the ability of plants to In the 1840s, the French chemist affect the body and maintain a Auguste Laurent turned to the study distinction between natural and of the “active principles” of artificial compounds in the post- alkaloids, which ranged from the vitalist landscape. It also addresses medicinal properties of quinine and the contextual factors suppressing cinchonine, to the deadly poison of these views in the chemical strychnine, to the intoxicating community, the use Pasteur made of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 184 them uniting his work on in motion. Scholarship on the image- fermentation and crystallography, world of solar microscopy has and his subsequent efforts to hitherto focused almost entirely on deemphasize his association with the copper plates accompanying the Laurent. microscopy books of the eighteenth century. Instead, I will argue that the Chemistry | Europe | 19th century | alkaloid, optical activity, Laurent, Biot, Pasteur experience of motion is the specific sensory experience of the Moving on the Wall: Performing microscopic world that only the Organisms with the Solar solar microscope could offer and Microscope that lies at the very heart of the Janina Wellmann Leuphana Universität Lüneburg instrument’s performance.

Unlike the classical microscope, the Biology | Europe | 18th century | visual solar microscope produces its image representation, pre-cinema history, performativity, animate motion not in the eye of an individual beholder, but on the wall of a Moving Pictures in Class: The curtained room. Surrounded by Audiovisual Heritage of Gdr darkness, the sun’s light illuminates Educational Films on Science the greatly magnified image of tiny Kerrin Klinger Bibliothek für Bildungsgeschichtliche objects or objects invisible to the Forschung (BBF) im Deutschen Institut für naked eye. During the Internationale Pädagogische Forschung Enlightenment, solar microscopes (DIPF) were enormously popular, and Classroom films have certain fulfilled the ideal of a useful pastime aesthetic and didactic characteristics, and a gentlemen’s science. For a and they are linked to specific long time, the history of science conditions and practices of largely disregarded eighteenth- education within a political system. century microscopy, and the solar In the GDR, nearly every child was microscope appeared scientifically confronted with a certain audio- marginal—at most a kind of toy. In visual culture, its specific rhetoric my paper, I address an aspect of and its visual 'pathos formula' in solar microscopy that has attracted school transmitted by teaching aids. virtually no attention in the history Educational films were explicitly of biology: the experience of a world appreciated as particularly affect- History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 185 oriented teaching materials. Thus, educational tool as well as a beyond the mere conveyance of historical resource. specialized knowledge, the Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 20th educational films were used to century, late | film history of the GDR, archive influence attitudes and transmit history, audiovisual heritage positions towards aspects of Moving Pictures: Sociobiology knowledge. While educational films and Public Persuasion from the former West Germany are Cora Stuhrmann stored in he Leibnitz Information Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich Centre for Science and Technology Understanding the sociobiology University Library (TIB) and debate means understanding how its accessible through an online portal, subject matter was presented to the this is not so much the case for the public. The controversy about Eastern German educational films. sociobiology quickly reached the The GDR audiovisual heritage is national stage with publications such hold by the Federal Archive, but it is as the New York Times and the New hardly inventoried. Here only The York Review of Books providing Wende Museum in Los Angeles, room for debate and partisan US, provides their digitalized coverage. Sociobiology’s fiercest collection on GDR films. In this critics Stephen Gould and Richard contribution I will examine how Lewontin presented sociobiology as historical classroom films visualize yet another iteration of biological and document historically determinism to support reactionary predominant images of science as politics, while E.O. Wilson stressed well as self-interpretations of a Sociobiology’s scientific society, but also the filmmakers' achievements and portrayed himself conceptions of the target audience, as the victim of academic the teachers and learners. This is vigilantism by political ideologues only possible by looking at film on the left. This effort by proponents collections as a whole, rather than and critics alike to convince the focusing on singular films. The public of their interpretation of presentation focuses on 16mm sociobiology is exemplified in the educational films on science in the history of a 1976 film entitled GDR and FRG and questions the Sociobiology: Doing what comes purpose of moving pictures as an History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 186 naturally. Hoping to promote the Multispecies Choreographies of explanatory power, disciplinary Animal Experimentation coherence and social relevance of Anne Van Veen Descartes Centre, Utrecht University sociobiology, three leading Harvard sociobiologists, including Wilson In this paper, I examine how himself, gave interviews to the historical accounts of Canadian television network CTV in experimentation on nonhuman March 1972. However, the final animals can be written in a way that product was not suitable to promote does justice to tested animals as Wilson’s New Synthesis but instead agentic and response-able living played into the hands of Wilson’s beings. In accordance with recent critics. This film became a crucial calls to decenter the human, weapon in their arsenal to convince nonhuman animals are given center the public of the true nature of stage, not because they affect human sociobiology as genetic determinism history, but because they are seen as and naïve reductionism. This paper subjects worthy of investigation in explores the production, reception, their own right. Several scholars and utilization of this film in one of have used the term choreography to the most public scientific write about interactions between controversies of the 20th century. It humans and other animals. I propose argues that sociobiology’s critics multispecies choreography as a were successful in their mission to useful concept for writing about create public controversy, but that animal experimentation non- sociobiology’s actual impact is its anthropocentrically. Thinking of immense influence on other these practices as multispecies disciplines. choreographies, draws attention to all animals involved as embodied Biology | North America | 20th century, late | individuals, interacting within and evolution, evolutionary biology, sociobiology, scientific controversy, science popularization, across species as well as with their Science for the Public shared physical environment. Based on two empirical case studies about experiments on monkeys and mice, it is argued that these interaction often reproduce, but sometimes also challenge species boundaries. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 187

Analyzing how these multispecies order to produce generalised choreographies change over time, knowledge has been the subject of necessitates examining micro-macro much recent scholarly enquiry. interactions to understand how the Medical cases might be synthesised worlds of tested nonhuman animals into some ideal disease profile, or are affected by developments in law, psychiatric observations ordered policy, et cetera. Finally, thinking of through paper technologies like the experimentation practices as table. But generalisations of this choreographies can als show the kind were usually accompanied by workings of power, when (some) of their constituent cases, considering not only movements and often enough, collections of included in the choreography, but observations almost stood alone— also those movements that are like those added by Hippolyte excluded due to constraining species Bernheim to his major works on hierarchies within the lab and within (hypnotic) suggestion (1888, 1891). wider society. Focusing on emerging scientific psychology in nineteenth-century Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 20th century, late | animals, laboratory, France, this paper considers animal experimentation, choreography, individual observations as textual anthropocentrism knowledge-making entities in their Narrative and the Textual own right. It explores how narrative Configuration of Cases in Late form and literary techniques Nineteenth-Century Psychology articulate with the way Kim Hajek psychological cases were LSE generalised—as series, collections, How do textual practices function to syntheses. It traces conditions under make sense out of large data sets, which narrative elements—range of when that “data” is not “given,” but narrative voices, level of detail, rather narrated in extended prose temporal organisation—could work form? Known as “cases,” to destabilise the categorisation of a “observations,” or “facts,” extended given observation. Conversely, some textual chunks formed a key literary techniques generated larger currency of the human sciences into narrative arcs out of groups of the twentieth century. Just how to observations, thereby reinforcing the structure such particularised units in epistemic or ontological weight of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 188 their sequencing, while diversity in scientific research as a national narrative form could also hold enterprise and biological resources observations apart. Ultimately, as China’s national property. mapping textual practices against Focused on Academia Sinica’s knowledge-making functions policy on foreign biological provides insight into the ways expeditions in the 1930s, my psychological forms of case-writing presentation examines the driving evolved out of older disciplinary forces behind the institute’s traditions. nationalizing efforts: (1) the political instability in a transitional era that Medicine and Health | Europe | 19th century | psychology, narrative, textual practices, allowed for the possibility of generalisation, observation institutional reforms and new policy- making; (2) the newfound Nationalizing Science in Republican China: The Birth of Nationalist regime’s commitment to China’s Policy on Foreign solidify the nation’s borders against Biological Expeditions colonial activities; (3) the Aijie Shi transnational nature of the Japanese University of Wisconsin-Madison marine biological study and its My study addresses the birth of potential involvement in the Sino- Republican China’s policy on Japanese fishing wars on the East transnational biological expeditions, China Sea; (4) the formation of which, I argue, was enacted in international academic communities response to a Japanese biological such as biological associations and expedition along the Yangzi River in the global network for specimens 1929. Through the engagement, exchange; and (5) the presence of a Academia Sinica (Zhongyang group of Chinese intellectual yanjiuyuan), China’s national bureaucrats who dedicated their academy of sciences, intended to political power to modernizing regulate international researchers’ China with science. My presentation unlimited access to China’s natural will conclude with a reflection on resources, which had been facilitated the policy’s unintended by extraterritoriality and the loss of consequences on China's scientific China’s tariff autonomy since the 1840s. With its enforcement, the policy essentially established History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 189 community, when science became a works of Jabir in terms of the collectivist interest of the state. concept of nature, and the principles and methodology of natural Biology | East Asia | 20th century, early sciences. Natural sciences in the thought Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | of Near and Middle East | Medieval | The Golden Marziyehsadat Montazeritabar Age of , Natural Sciences, Nature, Jabir Institute for the History of Natural ibn Hayyan Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences When Islamic civilization dawned Nature and Culture in the History of the Earth: F.X. de Burtin’s by the emerge of Islam in the Catastrophist View of Human seventh century AD, the seed of Progress, the 1780s knowledge was fertilized in the Mathijs Boom Islamic realm and it was after about Universiteit van Amsterdam a century (i.e., the eighth century This paper sets out to chart different AD) that it yielded. This is the views of history and progress in the beginning of a period of flourishing study of the deep past in the late of Islamic sciences, known as the eighteenth century. It focusses on . This era is full the Brussels naturalist François- of scholars who have sought for Xavier de Burtin (1743-1818) and knowledge, and performed original examines his scholarly network, his scientific works. The study of nature letters, a range of published works, was one of the branches of and society archives. I argue that knowledge at that time, which had Burtin drew on his study of earth considerable progress in association history to present a view of human with other branches of knowledge. history filled with contingency and But it should be noted that the catastrophe. In the 1780s, Burtin science of nature among the golden was among the first to reconstruct age scholars was highly dependent the planet’s past from traces in upon their philosophical views on fossils, rocks, and strata—explicitly nature. One of the Muslim pioneers excluding evidence from of this arena is Abu Musa Jabir ibn historiography, antiquarianism, Hayyan, polymath and alchemist of linguistics, theology, and philology, the eighth century AD. Here we will which up to then had been integral explain the study of nature in the parts of the field. Yet Burtin still History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 190 saw an intimate connection between differences between the traditional the ‘moral’ and the ‘physical’ Chinese and Arabo-Persian history of the earth, and explored treatments of the natural world. For parallels between natural history and that end, members of that Sino- human history. Historians of earth Islamic network experimented with science have noted the use of such methods of textual analysis and parallels before. They point to the presentation with an explicit aim of influence of antiquarian methods bridging the linguistic, conceptual and historical metaphors in the earth and theoretical gaps. The proposed sciences, but neglect topics which do talk will juxtapose the history of late not fit the disciplinary trajectories of imperial China's readership and the either natural or cultural history. history of Chinese physiology, and Burtin's cross-disciplinary thoughts spotlight the methods of translating on progress and catastrophe in and interpreting Arabic and Persian human and earth history are a case physiological knowledge by a in point. His view of the past number of Chinese savants during illuminates how earth science gave the mid-17th and early 18th rise to radically new notions of a centuries. It will focus on the use of past shaped by contingency rather taxonomies both as a didactic device than Providence. and as a representation of the natural order. It will bring to light the Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | 18th century | history of the earth sciences, challenges faced by translators in the history of cultural history, history of civilization negotiation of this foreign knowledge with the established Nature in Rubrics: The Role of Taxonomies in Translating Chinese categories, and the ways by Arabo-Persian Physiology in Late which they were successful in Imperial China reconciling the theoretical and Dror Weil conceptual differences. In this talk I Max Planck Institute for the History of will argue that organizing Science, Berlin knowledge in rubrics was a During the 17th and 18th centuries a translation device utilized by the network of Chinese savants, Chinese translators to localize interested in studying Arabo-Persian Arabo-Persian theories and natural philosophy strove to concepts, and situate their reconcile conceptual and theoretical scholarship on a par with the various History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 191 projects of knowledge collecting and drawings hundreds of local plants. organizing that took place in China Through this case study and some of the period. At the same time, the other examples, I examine early use of taxonomies allowed the modern discourses on botanical translators and the promoters of image-making and analyze some of Arabo-Persian knowledge to claim a the drawing methodologies and universal applicability of their visual strategies at play in the translated texts, and their pictorial productions of early representation of the natural order. modern naturalists. These practices, as I will argue, involve mechanisms Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | Chinese Dynasties/Centuries of translation, from an observational event into a graphic act, where Nature in Translation: translation is performed on two Transferring Botanical levels: first on the microscale of Knowledge in the Early Modern Caribbean (1550-1750) sketching what is visible in the Jaya Remond observed plants, a practice which is I Tatti akin to visual note-taking, and then My paper will explore the on the macroscale of a published translation of botanical knowledge inventory or a lavishly produced on paper, in the context of colonial album of botanical images. botany as it was performed by Translation from observation to European actors in the graphics could be carried by the ca. 1550-1700. I focus on the same person, who unusually sought practices of draughtsmanship and to maintain the whole chain of printmaking in the works of a few image production under his/her early modern naturalists and image- control, to avoid any possible makers such as Charles Plumier mistake in the transfer process. In (1646-1704). The latter was a some cases part of a series of efforts French cleric but also a trained in state-sponsored publishing, the botanist, later also appointed graphic act of stabilizing botanical “King’s botanist” or botaniste du roi. knowledge in drawings and prints Plumier was sent to the French also pushes the functional Antilles on different occasions, and boundaries of paper objects, which he described and depicted in offered material means of claiming ownership over new natural and History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 192 valuable resources by “harnessing” and the early 1630s, Nieremberg’s them graphically and textually. writings offer a rich corpus of information on European and Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 17th century | American natural history, including translation, botanical illustrations, visual a substantial portion of the materials strategies, printing techniques, colonial policies gathered during the so-called Nature, Ingenuity, and Invention ‘Francisco Hernández expedition’ to in Seventeenth-Century Spanish New Spain (1570-1577). The Thought: The Writings of Juan paper’s aim is to situate Eusebio Nieremberg (1595- Nieremberg’s take on invention and 1658) ingenuity within a larger debate on Jose Ramon Marcaida University of St Andrews issues like the fabric of the natural world, the nature of God’s This paper explores the intersection craftsmanship, the moral and of ideas about nature, ingenuity cultural dimensions of human and (“ingenio”) and invention in animal behaviour, and their natural seventeenth-century Spanish thought philosophical and theological through an examination of the implications. natural historical and natural philosophical writings of the Jesuit Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | scholar Juan Eusebio Nieremberg Global or Multilocational | 17th century (1595-1658), the first holder of the Negotiating Tropical Difference: Chair of Natural History at Reales Meteorological Infrastructures in Estudios of the Jesuit Colegio India, 1900-1952 Imperial in Madrid (founded in Sarah Carson 1629). The paper places particular Princeton University emphasis on instances of human and Drawing from literatures that animal inventive and ingenious reframe meteorology through the behaviour in the early modern lenses of infrastructure and socio- American context: from the unique material “assemblages,” this paper comportment of certain creatures to considers how the material various cunning practices involving dimensions of weather science in artefacts and materials. Through a India were distinctive. Through the number of books written and production of quantitative data, published between the late 1620s leaders of the India Meteorological History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 193

Department (f. 1875) sought to Agra. Finally, it investigates the render the atmosphere above South short-lived project to gather and Asia not only bureaucratically statistically assess vernacular manageable, but also comparable to weather proverbs, an enterprise Europe’s, a project entailing the grounded in a 1950s nationalist extension of communication and critique of “foreign” methods for mapping technologies and the studying India’s weather. These recruitment of “native” observers as cases help us to understand how the (often reluctant) human instruments. instabilities of modern weather-data However, architects of this data- networks reciprocally influenced generating apparatus repeatedly broader theories of tropical expressed concern that the tropical difference advanced by imperialists environment and its inhabitants and nationalists alike, if for quite made faithful transplantation of different reasons. European systems impractical, even Earth and Environmental Sciences | South Asia if the imperial exchequer devoted | 20th century, early | Infrastructure, adequate resources (it didn't). The instruments, weather proverbs, India, observer core of the paper examines how handbooks meteorologists navigated perceived Neutron Partners: Nuclear material challenges. First, it Science and Diplomacy at the considers instructional observer European Spallation Source handbooks alongside the coercive Thomas Kaiserfeld figure of the traveling “inspector,” Lund University, Sweden whose peculiar responsibility it was Since 1945, nuclear science and to discipline troublesome observers technology have oscillated between and calibrate their finicky, fragile nationalism and internationalism. instruments. Next, it discusses the While the first decade after WW II gradual replacement of expensive, was mostly characterized by military often climatically-unsuitable applications and national security, European instruments with domestic the launch of the American Atoms- alternatives or new inventions for Peace-program in late 1953 altogether, suggesting that the trend promoted international cooperation. toward substitution accelerated As a consequence, the International because of the requirements of Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) of upper-air balloon researchers in the United Nations was formed in History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 194

1957 to support peaceful interactions between science and applications of nuclear science. diplomacy may be necessary to More or less simultaneously, create larger facilities while Euratom was formed by the simultaneously prolonging their members of the European Economic creation. Community (EEC) as a first attempt Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | to promote cooperation also in Europe | 20th century, late science and technology. Already by the late 1950s, nuclear science and New Health Educators: Film as Public Educational Tool technology was thus connected to Challenging Concepts of Health internationalization processes and Disease (Medical Film paralleling efforts in different Collections in Austria) countries to advance atomic Katrin Pilz weaponry. Since then, facilities for Université Libre de Bruxelles, Universität Wien, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for nuclear research include a mix of Digital History national labs such as the one in Oak Medical research-, educational-, and Ridge, and international ones, for public health films have recently example Institute Laue-Langevin been rediscovered by archives and inaugurated in Grenoble in 1970, scholars in different fields. The which includes a significant measure institutional turn to the proper of science diplomacy between production and distribution of France, Germany and the UK. In the medical films in Austria starts with mid-1990s, OECD endorsed the the founding of the Staatliche construction of three nuclear Filmhauptstelle in Vienna in 1919 as spallation sources in America, well as activities of the Uraniafilm Europe and Asia. This resulted in department from 1922 on, the SNS in USA 2006 and JSNS in Schulkinobund in 1925 and Japan 2008 while the most powerful international educational film of the three, the European Spallation associations debating on the Source (ESS), in contrast relying on psychological and didactical value a number of partner countries and uses of hygiene, sex education complicating decision, funding and and disease/accident prevention design processes, is still under films and their impact on respective construction in Lund in southern target groups in a more structured Sweden. This example shows how History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 195 way. The implementation of film in New Methods for Old Questions: higher and public education after Sally Hughes-Schrader, Franz WWI and the visualisation of Schrader, and Problem-Solving in Cytogenetics scientific and physiological Marsha Richmond phenomena now visible through Wayne State University mechanically reproduced motion The collaborative marriage in 1920 pictures, such as X-ray films, between Sally Hughes and Franz microcinematography or invasive Schrader emerged following their surgical and obstetric training films, interaction at Woods Hole and the helped to promote but also Zoology Department at Columbia challenged complex fields such as University. Their personal and medicine and public health. The scientific interests matched delay in and relative sparseness perfectly, and they forged a fruitful research on medical educational scientific partnership that lasted over films have a variety of archival and four decades. Both were avid conceptual reasons. Many naturalists before deciding to pursue collections of medical (educational) graduate work in zoology. As films in Austria and elsewhere, after students of E. B. Wilson, they their use value expired, were became leading American forgotten, disposed of or stored cytologists (Franz indeed succeeded away in hospital vaults without Wilson at Columbia in 1930). They proper archival care. Their were also influenced by interaction separation from accompanying with T. H. Morgan and his group. materials (production notes, research Their long-term focus on reports, teachers’ guides, booklets) chromosomes and their role in further hindered the evaluation and heredity, combined with avid field appreciation of these collections’ work to collect novel organisms, significance. provides a model study by which to Medicine and Health consider how “interfield” theories, methods, and approaches helped define the newly developing field of cytogenetics in the 1920s and 1930s. It also illuminates critical aspects of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 196 the reception of C. D. Darlington’s under which those dialogues were “new cytology” in the 1930s. written. Mordente's compass was almost unknown until the late 1800s, Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | genetics, cytogenetics, field as its existence was overshadowed work, chromosome theory of heredity, by that of another proportional compass, invented by a better- New Theories for New Instruments: Fabrizio Mordente’s known Italian scientist: Galileo Proportional Compass and the Galilei. However, Mordente's Genesis of Giordano Bruno’s compass did not go completely Atomist Geometry unnoticed by his contemporaries, Paolo Rossini catching the eye of technicians and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa mathematical practitioners, but also The aim of this paper is to shed light of speculative thinkers like Bruno. on an understudied aspect of Puzzled by the novelty of Giordano Bruno's intellectual Mordente’s invention, Bruno offered biography, namely, his career as a to write an exposition of the mathematical practitioner. Early compass in the form of dialogues. In interpreters, especially, have these dialogues, in an attempt to criticized Bruno's mathematics for provide a theoretical explanation for being “outdated” or too “concrete”. the use of the compass, Bruno However, thanks to developments in presented the first version of his the study of early modern atomist geometry based on the mathematics and the rediscovery of concept of the "minimum". This Bruno's first mathematical writings minimum was in essence an (four dialogues on Fabrizio's infinitely small quantity. As such, I Mordente proportional compass), we argue that it can be regarded as a are in a position to better understand forerunner of the infinitesimals. Bruno's mathematics. In particular, this paper aims to reopen the Mathematics | Europe | Renaissance | Giordano Bruno, Fabrizio Mordente, History of question of whether Bruno mathematics, Mathematical practitioners, anticipated the concept of Proportional compass, Infinitesimals. infinitesimal quantity. It does so by providing an analysis of the dialogues on Mordente's compass and of the historical circumstances History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 197

New Tools for Making New fabrication apparatus – Rick Materials Smalley’s AP2, which enabled the Cyrus Mody Nobel-winning discovery of Maastricht University buckminsterfullerene – and its links There is no bright line between to all four of those domains. representing and intervening – even Researchers allied with these four microscopes can be used to, for domains were both producers and instance, fabricate atomically- consumers of new fabrication precise devices. Yet materials techniques. Indeed, the desire to scientists routinely make a rough move new tools across interlinked distinction between tools associated domains was one of the hallmarks of with characterization and those postwar materials research. Since associated with fabrication. In the end of the Cold War, a new general, historians and philosophers domain has become increasingly have paid more attention to the prominent: life. Biological systems latter, perhaps because they were were never absent from materials more easily folded into debates research, but since the 1990s their about representation and reality. In importance has increased – both as the past few years that tide has parts of fabrication apparatus, and as slowly changed, with recent studies drivers of innovation in fabrication of (among others) experimental apparatus. refrigeration by Joanna Radin and ion implantation and molecular Physical Sciences | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late beam epitaxy by David Brock and collaborators. In this paper I review Non-Mathematical Approaches the various fabrication techniques to Theoretical Biology in the that our collection examines. I use Postwar Period that survey to argue that in the Cold Daniel Nicholson Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution & War, policymakers and many Cognition Research materials researchers themselves Over the course of the twentieth focused on fabrication techniques century, theoretical biology changed relevant to four domains of beyond all recognition. Although the application: missiles/space, nuclear field today is synonymous with weapons/energy, computing, and oil. mathematical biology, when it first I quickly review a representative emerged it had a drastically different History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 198 agenda: to critically analyze the called Towards a Theoretical conceptual foundations of biology in Biology, and Brian Goodwin’s order to resolve longstanding challenge of the Neo-Darwinian theoretical disputes and bring about paradigm and his unsuccessful the epistemic unification of promotion of ‘process biological science. The field began structuralism’. Although these acquiring its now familiar developments have been mostly mathematical character in the 1930s forgotten, they are crucial for and 40s, as formal models became understanding how views regarding increasingly applied in different the role of theory in biology have areas in biology, such as ecology changed in the last hundred years. and evolution. With the rise of Biology | Europe | 20th century, late | molecular biology in the 1950s and Theoretical Biology, Mathematical Biology, 60s the non-formal, philosophical Structuralism, Walter Elsasser, , approach to theoretical biology that Conrad Waddington, Brian Goodwin had been dominant in earlier Normal Children: Developmental decades came to be perceived as old- Research and Educational Film fashioned and irrelevant, if not for the New Deal downright pernicious. Nevertheless, Carola Ossmer a few authors attempted to Leuphana Universität Lüneburg rehabilitate this older tradition, This paper investigates how arguing for the necessity of scientists and film-makers at the philosophical reflection about the Yale Clinic of Child Development theoretical basis of biology. This redefined normal child development paper explores these efforts and tries and established norms of human to understand why they ultimately behavior and social interaction. Part failed to convince the broader of the evolving science of child biological community about the development in the interwar years, importance of ‘doing theory’. It these researchers sought techniques discusses the neglected work of to observe and manage the Walter Elsasser, Arthur Koestler’s development of babies and young Albach symposium on the limits of children. They built an experimental reductionism, Conrad Waddington’s film studio with the scenic design of Serbelloni meetings that led to the an everyday living environment that publication of the four-volume series reflected ideas about a normal History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 199 middle-class home. In this scientific method and developmental Naturalistic Studio, they filmed theory as well as daily life. normal white babies for research and Medicine and Health | North America | 20th education. Not only did the century, early | children, film, practices of researchers use the babies to study knowledge production, education human development, their research Of Ideas and Ideals: Biography product, the films of baby’s bathing, as Analytic Tool feeding, and play also became part Joan Richards of a national education program of Brown University the New Deal. The notion that By recognizing the essential, lived knowledge of the normal child could dimension of the ideas people use to be used for the visual education of organize their thinking about the the nation informed research world, biography has the potential to methods, setting, and design. This restore motivating ideals to paper considers the effects of the historical understanding. In this twin-function of both normal child paper I will develop this thesis by and film for knowledge production considering the ways the idea and and communication. While many ideal of reason were supported and historical studies of educational shaped in the lives of a family that films or of children have focused on flourished from the middle of the knowledge circulation, this case eighteenth to the end of the study demonstrates how the child nineteenth centuries. All of the being a tool for educational members of this family were intervention had a consequential role convinced that reason defined their in scientific knowledge formation. essence as human beings, and Considering the combined scientific although some of the details and educational significance changed over time, all were assigned to baby and child, this essentially agreed on the basic paper sheds light on the human parameters of the reason that defined sciences’ intersecting effects of them as human thinkers. research and visual education. The Nonetheless, over the course of their normal child in the cinematographic lives, their ideas of reason were laboratory mutually shaped severely tested by their lived experiences. Their conviction that History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 200 the ability to reason constituted the community mental health. After essential definition of what it was to returning to Australia, he repeated be human was challenged by efforts David Rosenhan’s famous to establish a constructive experiment On Being Sane in Insane relationship between English Places. After two (mentally healthy) gentiles and Jews, by the intense psychology students were admitted experience of raising young to a mental hospital, they behaved children, by harrowing normally and made observations confrontations with sudden and about the care provided (which left untimely death. Biography offers a much to be desired). He also means of restoring the negotiations conducted a pseudo-patient between the idea of reason and these experiment with general lived experiences to the historical practitioners; students visited them record. By so doing it deepens our and presented symptoms of understanding of the directions in depression. In general, discussions which ideas of reason developed, in between physicians and pseudo- response to their role as an ideal that patients were short, no referrals were shaped human lives. organised, and all received prescriptions. Winkler conducted Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 18th century these experiments for two reasons. First, he thought that they provided On Being Sane in Insane unique insights into the nature of Australian Places: Robin mental hospitals and general practice Winkler’s Pseudo-Patient Experiments (he recommended that they were Hans Pols repeated every few years). Second, University of these experiments were part of a After conducting path-breaking broader critique on the place of experiments on introducing token medicine in modern society. economies in mental hospitals, Winkler was part of a small group of Australian psychologist Robin radical psychologists that criticized Winkler spent a sabbatical in the United States (1970-1971). There, he became acquainted with anti- psychiatry and initiatives in History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 201 psychiatry and medicine during the On the Early Postwar Public 1970s and 1980s to realize change. Culture of History of the Science Museum, London Medicine and Health | Australasia/Oceania | Tim Boon 20th century, late | anti-psychiatry, mental Science Museum Group hospital, deinstitutionalization, community mental health, mental illness. The staff of the Science Museum in the Second World War years were On Objects and Bodies: Non- faced with a dilemma. With its first Representational Theory and Medical Materiality purpose-built building opened in Adam Bencard 1928, only two decades later they University of Copenhagen already felt their displays to be very Within museum studies, there has old-fashioned. The galleries devoted been a recent interest in engaging to evolutionary sequences of with objects and their material technologies divided by textbook effects as something other than divisions – such as optics, acoustics, vehicles for human cultural mechanical engineering and the rest meaning, arguing that there has been – felt to many of them to be tired, a tendency to miss out of “an lacking the modernity and examination of the physical actuality sophistication of Paris’s Palais de la of objects and the sensory modalities Decouverte, opened in 1937. When through which we experience them” the independently produced science (Dudley 2010). This paper builds on exhibition of the Festival of Britain, this interest in materiality, applying itself an exemplification of the it to the study of medical objects. It Parisian style, opened on a site will present three theoretical notions behind the Museum in 1951, the – anecdotes, metonymies and the contrast was sorely felt. At stake punctum – that in different ways was whether to exhibit scientific contribute to a non-representational principles in the modern style, or vocabulary and toolbox. whether to display assemblages of historical objects. In other words, Medicine and Health | Europe | 21st century | the temporary 1951 exhibition made material cultures, museum studies, medical artifacts evident an immanent distinction between exhibiting science and exhibiting its history. Into this ferment stepped 1950’s new History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 202 director, Frank Sherwood Taylor, include the procedure of the only historian-director the microscopic drawing. These texts institution has known. In this paper I are an expression of the explore some of Sherwood Taylor’s methodological concern that is well responses to the Museum’s postwar present in his research work. dilemma over history and propose Building upon published texts an interpretation of how he squared (papers and textbooks), as well as the circle of contemporary versus archival sources, my analysis historical approaches to science. focuses on his effort in reflecting on the process of drawing in the record Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 20th century, late | Museum History of microscopy observations and in of Science the training of the researcher as observer. I will argue that staining On the Role and the Process of Drawing in the Record of and drawing are closely linked tools Microscopy Observations: The in his work, both present at the level Histological Work of Abel of knowledge production, and, more Salazar broadly, that drawing may have an Maria Strecht Almeida important epistemic role in the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto scientific practice.

The present paper looks at the Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | research work developed in the early Europe | 20th century, early | visual representations; life sciences; drawing twentieth century by the histologist Abel L. Salazar (1889-1946) to On Transmitting, Transcribing, explore the role of visual and Arranging Astronomical representations in the production of Knowledge in 14th/15th Century Byzantine Manuscripts scientific knowledge. Medical Alberto Bardi doctor, professor, scientist and Independent scholar visual artist, Abel Salazar is a Byzantine scribes and copyists multifaceted figure of the working with manuscripts stemming Portuguese cultural setting of his from the fourteenth and fifteenth time. Resorting extensively on the centuries employed several so-called tannin-iron staining strategies on arranging and method in the study of mammalian presenting knowledge with regard to tissue slices, Salazar´s writings also astronomy and astrology, especially History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 203 reworking Greek-Ptolemaic biologies, and then biographies. astronomy and incorporating Islamic Emerson, in 1842, said “Language is astronomical materials. From fossil poetry”; modernist poets and manuscript evidence we are able to critics gave criteria for what made a reconstruct some significant cases of “healthy metaphor”; and it became strategies that lead to cases of possible for a metaphor to die. A circulation of knowledge, as well as dead metaphor is a once-figurative learning, teaching, comparing, and expression whose figure, vivid in the studying. Scribes and copyists past, is no longer apparent. In carefully crafted their instructions on contrast, the figure in a live how to use astronomical tables and metaphor is present and active, arranged quires thematically in wrenching around the order of manuscripts. Writing astronomy is things. Some causes of death are thus learning how to be able to ascertainable by literary scholars; master a stylistic code. To explore others need to concern historians of these topics, I will examine the science. This paper shows how 14th/15th century Greek historians of science are in a manuscripts Vaticanus graecus privileged position to observe the 1059, Vaticanus graecus 792, lives and deaths of metaphors. My Marcianus graecus Z 323 and Z 333, main exhibit will be metaphors of which illustrate important decisions perception in late-nineteenth-century about textual arrangement and psychology and physiology. These selection of manuscripts in single are metaphors whose differences volumes with regard to astronomical once formed the basis of theoretical and astrological texts. disagreements, about the contribution of the perceiver and the Physical Sciences | Europe | Medieval | medieval, astronomy, astrology, pedagogy, integrity of the perceived. Since that Byzantine, manuscripts, Greek, Ptolemy period of diversity and contest, these metaphors—such as the “stream of On Ways of Dying: Biographies of Metaphors and the History of consciousness”—have incurred Science death by two counts: death by Lily Huang consolidation and death by banality. The University of Chicago I show how science is implicated in In the nineteenth and twentieth these deaths, by the changing of centuries metaphors acquired scientific theories and, equally, by History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 204 theories consolidating or gaining brain functioning during sleep were empirical verification and linked to popular, alarmist accounts acceptance—thus no longer of the consequences of sleep requiring the epistemic work of a deprivation. It looks at a few high live metaphor. I argue that profile cases of sleeplessness metaphors live precariously in (including Gladstone and Tyndall), science, but to mark their time of life as well as lesser-known case studies, is to restore their distinctive potency and the emergence of the medical and to better recognize, for a category of what Benjamin Ward particular historical moment, the Richardson identified as ‘disease nature of its epistemic freedom. from late hours and broken sleep’. The paper will explore the Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 19th century interlinked notions of overwork, and sleeplessness, and the identification Overwork and Sleeplessness in of both primarily with the Victorian Culture professional classes, and the young Sally Shuttleworth Ms in educational establishments. At the close of the nineteenth Medicine and Health | Europe | 19th century | century, a writer in the Lancet Insomnia, Overwork commented that ‘Sleeplessness is Paleoanthropological Futures one of the torments of our age and and Historical Pasts: Human generation’. He thus articulated the Origins and Rewriting the Place perception, which had been the of Africa in World History source of mounting cultural and Emily Kern University of New South Wales, Sydney medical anxiety over the previous decades, that the conditions of The science writer Robert Ardrey ‘modern life’ of the late nineteenth began his 1961 book African century were responsible for a Genesis with the arresting line: “Not serious threat to public and in innocence, and not in Asia, was individual health. This paper traces mankind born.” But by the end of those concerns across scientific, the decade, it might have been medical and cultural texts, exploring unnecessary to include the second their intersections, and the ways in intervening phrase. Although the which physiological researches on “out of Asia” hypothesis of human History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 205 origins dominated models of human Panel Discussion: Materials origins and prehistoric migration Research and Its Toolkit from the eighteenth to the mid- Joseph D. Martin University of Cambridge twentieth centuries, it was rapidly replaced in both scientific circles A panel discussion with the and public awareness by the theory audience. of African origins in the 1950s and Physical Sciences | Global or Multilocational | was all but forgotten by the end of 20th century, late the 1960s. This talk explains how Panel Discussion: Towards a the rapid pivot from Asia to Africa History of Theoretical Biology could take place and examines the Daniel Nicholson historiographic deployment of Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution & African origins in new world history Cognition Research writing in the 1950s and 1960s, in Biology order to understand how the Paradigms Old and New: monumental history of the Asian Twentieth Century Intersections origins hypothesis came to be so between Kuhnian Revolutions rapidly forgotten. In highlighting the and the Dutch Catholic Faith position of hominin fossil evidence Michelle Marvin University of Notre Dame within this historiography, the goal is not to critique the use of non- The question of how Thomas textual sources in history writing, or Kuhn’s work, The Structure of the implications of writing history in Scientific Revolutions, has been a long temporal perspective, but received by the Catholic church is a rather to call attention to the “extra- topic that has garnered small bursts objective” status that certain kinds of attention over the last fifty years. of scientific knowledge were Theologians such as Hans Küng and sometimes granted—and to show the David Tracy have explored the implications of this method for how possibility of analogizing paradigm we understand the intellectual and shifts with dogmatic changes in the cultural history of the out of Africa history of Christianity, while other hypothesis. scholars such as Paul Ricoeur and Matthew Lamb have taken a Earth and Environmental Sciences | Africa | hermeneutic approach to scriptural 20th century, late | human origins, world history, palaeoanthropology paradigm analysis. However, one History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 206 perspective that has not received work has influenced the Dutch scholarly attention belongs to the Catholic church. twentieth century Dutch Catholic Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | theologian Edward Schillebeeckx, Europe | 20th century, late | Paradigm, Thomas who used Kuhnian epistemological Kuhn, Edward Schillebeeckx, Paideia, Catholic theories as the basis for his 1974 Church statement that Jesus is the “paradigm Parasites and the Postcolonial: of humanity.” My paper proposes Renewed Japan-Korea Medical that Schillebeeckx incorporated Collaboration and South Korean scientific models and Kuhnian Developmentalism, 1964-Early 1970s paradigms into his influential three- John Dimoia volume Christological work as a Seoul National University (SNU) response to the mid-twentieth- This paper (undertaken with Aya century European cultural milieu. To Homei of Manchester University) support this claim, I examine the depicts how anti-parasite and family way Schillebeeckx countered a planning campaigns developed in debate with his colleague at the Japan and Korea independently after University of Nijmegen, Ansfried the Second World War, as Hulsbosch, who argued for a specifically domestic public health scientific evolutionary account of initiatives that directly contributed to the person of Christ. Further, I the post-war reconstruction (Japan) discuss how Schillebeeckx prepares and nation-building (South Korea) his readers with a thorough exercises, and examines how they understanding of the ancient Greek were later incorporated into concept of paideia and a Platonic development aid projects from the understanding of the divine 1960s. In the South Korean case, paradeigma prior to introducing leading parasitologists, including Dr. Kuhn’s work. I argue that Kuhn’s Seo Byung Seol (1921-1991) of paradigm becomes integrated into Seoul National University, re- Schillebeeckx’s work through his engaged with their Japanese historical-critical research. In colleagues, while also reaching out conclusion, by examining Kuhn’s to Southeast Asia as a mentor, and influence on Schillebeeckx’s potential model. By juxtaposing theological work, I demonstrate the domestic histories of Japan as a unrecognized way in which Kuhn’s History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 207 former coloniser, and South Korea comprehending possible climate as its former colony, the paper change and articulating climate explores colonial legacies in post- futures. The paper is divided into war medical cooperation in East three main sections. First, it reflects Asia. Furthermore, by clarifying generally upon the ability of natural how Japanese and South Korean analogues to inform our development aid projects both grew understanding of contemporary from the links that existed in their physical systems and with particular respective domestic histories, the reference to debates around future paper aims to highlight complexities climate change. Second, it places the engrained in the history and to shed Soviet use of natural analogues new light into a historiography that within the context of the broader often locates the origins of climate change debate at play within development aid in colonial history. the Soviet Union from the 1960s If South Korean developmentalism through to the end of the 1980s. This dates its origins to this intense debate embraced a range of period of networking (late 1960s, approaches and disciplinary areas. early 1970s), the outreach remains Third, it examines the use by Soviet distinct from the colonial period, science of natural analogues for even while containing understanding the Earth’s climate uncomfortable resonances with it. system via such phenomena as volcanic eruptions, large-scale Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | East Asia | 20th century, late | Medical historical natural disasters, Earth collaboration, postcolonial, parasites, analogues and past climates. The developmentalism, public health, the politics of paper concludes by suggesting that international cooperation, global Cold War Soviet use of natural analogues was Past Climates, Volcanoes, and indicative of concerted scientific Earth Analogues: Soviet efforts to further understanding of Articulations of Climate Futures the Earth’s climate system and its Jonathan Oldfield future state. Their use also University of Birmingham, UK encouraged an appreciation of the While mindful of the broad range of possibility of marked future changes climate science at work in the Soviet in the Earth’s climate, whether Union, this paper focuses primarily natural or anthropogenic in origin, on the use of natural analogues for History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 208 with potentially challenging contemporary works on artisans consequences for humankind. represented the arts through tools, materials and artefacts, Diseases of Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | 20th century, late | Soviet Union, Climate Artisans characterized each craft by Change, Climate analogues the kind of body that its practitioners acquired because of their exposure Patho-Physiognomy: The Body of the Artisan as a Site of to specific substances or repetitive Disease and Social Identity actions.

Paola Bertucci Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | Paola Bertucci, Yale University Social diseases, observational medicine, In 1700 the Italian physician artisanal skills, physiognomy, history of the body Bernardino Ramazzini published the first treatise on the Diseases of Pen to Print in 18th-Century Artisans. Originally published in Mathematics: Boscovich Uses Latin, the text was soon translated the Page into several languages and Robin Rider University of Wisconsin-Madison annotated, updated and republished several times in the course of three Roger Boscovich’s career traversed centuries. Ramazzini, referred in his much of Europe; his work, topics time as the third Hippocrates, rose to from astronomy to , optics fame again in the twentieth century to mechanics, mathematics to as the “father of occupational natural philosophy. When he put pen medicine,” with medical institutions to paper, Boscovich deployed and journals named after him. This writing practices with a long history, paper will shift the focus away from from consistent partitions of the Ramazzini to discuss instead the page and organizational schemes of success of the Diseases of Artisans sections and paragraphs to carefully in the context of the early modern drafted diagrams and layers of interest in artisans’ bodies as changes in the margins. One of those repositories of practical knowledge authors who (in Karine Chemla’s and material intelligence. I will words) “design their texts at the argue that Diseases of Artisans was same time they design concepts and not just a medical text but also a sort results,” Boscovich mixed an older of costume book that merged language of proportions with and physiognomy. While algebraic expressions in multiple History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 209 variables, subjected both numerical the concept of the scholarly persona, data and mathematical relationships as developed by (among others) to tabular organization, narrated Daston, Sibum, and Algazi. The algebraic transformations in prose, paper studies the significance of and told readers what to see in his these comparisons as attempts to diagrams. His pen was much in contribute to, shape and negotiate action in his drafts; and his papers Galileo's scholarly persona. To bear those traces. Fair copies better understand this mechanism, produced by others helped to the paper first examines the various reconfigure his intentions; comparisons in the textual and typesetters then invoked typographic material contexts in which they conventions. In Boscovich’s body of arose. The paper analyses the work we can thus trace the fluidity different personae assigned to of pen strokes and fixity of print in Galileo, and the extent to which constructing the page and modeling these were complementing or mathematical thinking. conflicting in nature. Secondly, the paper investigates the inherent Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 18th century | scientific publication, tension with regard to these mathematics, manuscripts comparisons: while they helped advance Galileo's status as an Personas and Personifications: Galileo Compared individual scholar by embedding Anna-Luna Post him in a tradition of great men, they Universiteit Utrecht simultaneously detracted from his Galileo Galilei’s contemporaries unique genius by doing so. As such, repeatedly compared him to other the paper leads to a better famous men, such as Archimedes, understanding of the importance of Columbus, Vespucci, and fame for scholars, in particular in Michelangelo. With these relation to their careers and comparisons, contemporaries credibility. Finally, by also taking enhanced Galileo's fame, status and the mythological figures Galileo was credibility, while also creating compared with into account, the possibilities of understanding paper highlights the different Galileo and his scholarship. In this traditions at the basis of the cultures paper I connect these comparisons to of scholarship and fame in early modern Europe. As such, it not only History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 210 sheds light on the development and part of the Fondecyt Regular significance of Galileo's fame, but 1170625 project "Looking at the also on the developing persona of stars of the south of the world: The the seventeenth-century scholar in National Astronomical Observatory general. of Chile (1852-1927)" and analyze the role played by the women Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 17th century | Persona, fame, workers at the National reputation, scholarly myths, Galileo Galilei Astronomical Observatory of Chile, who participated in the observation Photographing The Sky: Female Work in Astronomical and registration of Halley's Comet in Observatories 1910 and of the Cape Photographic Lorena B. Valderrama Durchmusterung. University Alberto Hurtado Physics for the Believers: The The contribution of women to Translation and Reception of astronomy has been studied focusing Pascual Jordan's Forschung in European and North American Macht Geschichte in Finland in observatories (Kistiakowsky, 1979, the 1950s Rossiter, 1984, Pérez and Ahto Apajalahti Kiczkowski, 2010). However, we do University of Helsinki not know about the contribution to The German physicist Pascual global projects of female South Jordan (1902-1980) is renown not American astronomers, who have only for his contributions to the been excluded from the local development of quantum mechanics histories of these scientific but also for trying to reconcile institutions, often because their religious and scientific world views. contribution has not been in the Science, he thought, had repealed records of their contemporaries materialism. Aiming at a wider (institutional reports or scientific audience, Jordan lectured at Radio publications). Photometry was a task Bremen. These lectures were rejected by many men and assumed reworked in 1954 into a book by women who began working in Forschung macht Geschichte astronomical observatories during (Science and the course of history). the second half of the nineteenth The book was translated in 1956 into century and the first decades of the Finnish (Tutkimus luo historiaa) by twentieth century. This proposal is Dr. Reino Tuokko, who had a PhD History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 211 in nuclear physics and was the most Pick Your Poison: Insecticides prominent Finnish popularizer of and Locust Control in Colonial physics during the early Cold War Kenya period. In his book, Jordan argued Sabine Clarke University of York, UK for a greater role for science in Literature on the use of insecticides society and culture. He also both in the tropics after 1945 is defended science from religious preoccupied with the WHO’s criticism, and Christian faith from Malaria Eradication Programme. materialist criticism. In other words, This scholarship describes a form of Jordan argued physics for the technological hubris in which believers; he attempted to convince scientists rushed to deploy the quick a conservative Christian audience of fix of DDT on the widest possible the importance of science and its scale, fuelled by belief in the power compatibility with religious faith. of Western science and buoyed by His translator Dr. Tuokko subtly Allied victory. This paper focuses on commented on Jordan's ideas in his trials to control locusts in Kenya own original works. Jordan's ideas after 1945 using synthetic also resonated with the wider insecticides to tell a different story. intellectual climate in Finland. I It shows that discussion about present the case of Jordan's synthetic insecticides in Britain’s Forschung macht Geschichte and its African colonies was not transnational influence from the characterised by calls for rapid and cross-section of intellectual history, far-reaching application of new cultural history of science and chemicals. Caution arose in part history of popularization. I also because of concern about the costs consider theoretical aspects on how of new programmes. This reflected people employ knowledge for the weaker economic position of cultural and ideological purposes. Britain in comparison to the USA, Physical Sciences | Europe | 20th century, late | backers of the WHO programme, Physics, Popularization, World view but more importantly, new locust control substances such as gammexane were evaluated in Kenya against pre-existing ones. In other words, the notion that DDT History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 212 and related chemicals were wonder Piracy, Slavery, and Eating in the weapons of such power that they Southern Pacific, 1580s-1720s marked a radical departure from past Tamara Walker University of Toronto, Department of measures, and rendered all previous History insect control methods obsolete, is My paper is set in the Southern not borne out by this study. The use Pacific, or the part of the ocean that of the new insecticides was connected East Asia to Central and dependent upon calculations of South America, from the late- advantage versus cost in comparison sixteenth to the early-eighteenth to well-established existing methods. century. With merchant vessels In addition, previous experience loaded with American silver, with bait and pyrethrum African slaves, and global luxury shaped the testing and deployment goods circulating throughout the of gammexane in significant ways, region, it was one of the most active including evaluation of its toxicity. commercial zones in the world. And The perception of the new chemicals for Spain's European rivals, it was as part of a continuum of poisons an attractive target for incursions. also informed the attitudes of Yet among the European pirates and Kenyan herdsmen. Their suspicion privateers making their way into the of gammexane was not merely the region, satisfying hunger was a result of a distrust of Western surprisingly difficult - and science and the colonial distracting - part of their experience government, but arose directly from at sea. With little knowledge of their the experience of seeing their cattle own about what was safe to eat, they poisoned by arsenic bait during the had to rely on outsiders to help them interwar years. gain access to food. This group Biology | Africa | 20th century, late | primarily consisted of black men Entomology, Kenya, agriculture, livestock, and women taken captive during colonialism raids of slave ships, merchant vessels, and Spanish-American port cities, who possessed the local and scientific ability to determine which parts of which plants, fruits, and animals could be eaten or even treat History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 213 diseases. In drawing upon the naturalist Pliny d. E. had put the accounts of those Europeans, my problem in a nutshell in his book paper centers the intellectual labor Naturalis historia as follows: artists of African-descent men and women, lacked crucial the botanical highlighting the ways they deployed knowledge when copying plants their knowledge in service to their from nature or even when making captors, often against their will but copies of other plant illustrations, also as a means to secure their and hence introduced unwillingly freedom. It also considers the risks morphological mistakes in their involved in such efforts, given the illustrations. Scholars, on the other possibility of making mistakes that hand, had good botanical could endanger the health of their knowledge, but were not able to captors and in turn put their own paint. Hence, scholars who were lives in further danger. able to paint or draw would have contributed to resolve this old Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, including problem. The paper presents and colonialism in general | Piracy, slavery, food, discusses case studies from the medicine fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Plant Drawings and Plant and shows how plant scholars were Scholars in the Late Middle Ages involved in the creation of plant Dominic Olariu illustrations. Univserity of Marburg, Department of Art History; Gotha Research Centre of the Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | University of Erfurt Europe | Medieval | botany, botanical illustrations, plant scholars, drawings This paper enquires the status of late medieval botanical scholars and Plant Research in the Age of their capacity to create botanical Public Engagement illustrations. Were plant scholars in Vanessa Sellers the late Middle Ages able to draw at New York Botanical Garden, Humanities Institute all? Could their own drawings be The creation of The New York helpful for the plant studies they Botanical Garden, an International performed? Since Antiquity and Plant Research Center at the heart of throughout the Middle Ages, New York City—and the programs painting plant illustrations had been of study that followed since the a thorny issue. The ancient seminal 1890’s—have helped lay the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 214 foundation of ecology as a discipline New Yorkers to become citizen in America. The Garden now scientists and sustain nature in the connects an ever larger community City. Today’s rapidly evolving of individuals to plants through online social networks sharing citizen science programming. Active observations across the public involvement by ‘amateur globe benefit Big Data and meta- naturalists,’ is ever more essential analyses. Increased plant awareness today to document the planet’s in the public sphere has important rapidly decreasing biodiversity. consequences: it helps to mitigate What can we learn from past and plant blindness and catalyzes much present approaches to environmental needed further conservation action. scholarship? Public engagement Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science plays an indispensable role in the democratization of science by Politics in the Bedroom: Paolo involving an increasingly diverse Mantegazza and the Rise of force of global and regional in Post Unified Italy (1861-1900) participants in a common effort to Cristiano Turbil advance environmental knowledge University College London (UCL), UK and stewardship. The citizen science In the late nineteenth century, movement is reflective of wider questions regarding hygiene and societal forces and trends of public health became central to the interconnectedness: it encourages medical, cultural and political the establishment of new debates in Italy. Particularly during communities of activists that find the first few decades after the common purpose to rally around unification (1861), public health local issues that may address campaigns became a key element in broader environmental, legal and the creation of the new kingdom. humanities concerns. This One of the key figures who movement is supported by easily contributed to the establishment of accessible new technologies—from the practice of hygiene in the extensive computer networks to cell country was the polymath Paolo phones with sophisticated apps, such Mantegazza. Mantegazza introduced as iNaturalist which the New York the culture of hygiene in a variety of Botanical Garden uses for its ways: from laboratory and hospital EcoQuests; a program challenging History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 215 practice to the creation of sexual races) to the history of theoretical medicine. The Italian polymath population genetics. In the first part published widely on sexual medicine of the presentation, I will analyse for both the professional and general how two prominent statistical audience with controversial books population geneticists, namely such as Physiology of Love (1873), Newton Morton and Masatoshi Nei, The Sexual Relationship of Mankind used the concept of race in a series (1886) and The Art of Taking a of studies that took place from the Wife (1894). The aim of this paper late 1950s to the late 1980s. I will is to look specifically at his argue that a proper understanding of physiological work on sexuality, these lines of work requires showing how the control and considering more general debates on management of any sexual desires population genetics theory, such as became key to the welfare of the the classical-balance debate, and the new kingdom. This paper will also debate on the neutral theory of look at how the author molecular evolution. In the second communicated his controversial part of the presentation, I will move ideas about sex and its practices to away from the focus on variability the general public. This will provide and consider the issue of genetic an overview of the circulation of monomorphism. Although the controversial medical knowledge in science of population genetics has the post-unification Italian context been typically concerned with the and the importance this had for study of genetic variability, not all national public health. genes present variation. An interesting outcome of molecular Medicine and Health | Europe | 19th century studies of human variation has been Population Genetics, Genetic to show that the proportion of Variation, and the polymorphic loci may be minute, Monomorphism of the Human with current estimates suggesting Species that humans rank among the most Jean-Baptiste Grodwohl Université Paris Diderot - SPHERE monomorphic species. My purpose will be to reconstruct how This talk will relate discussions geneticists came to view humans as about human genetic variation (a genetically monomorphic, and to key issue in the debates on human assess its implications from the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 216 viewpoint of population genetics system of reasoning. For Keyser and theory. other American mathematicians, postulate sets became their own field Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | race, genetics, human variability of mathematical interest tied to contemporary considerations of Postulate Theory and the Growth rigor. In this talk, I discuss how the of American Mathematics, 1894- study of postulates and their 1945 properties—like consistency (no Ellen Abrams Cornell University postulate contradicts another) and In 1932, Professor Cassius Jackson independence (no postulate can be Keyser called for “the disciplining derived from another)— was used to of men, women, and children in the criticize the abstract, out-of-touch art of ‘postulate detection.’” An practices of modern mathematical essential goal of education, he research as well as to celebrate its believed, was to teach Americans artistry and virtues. Overall, I situate how to find the hidden assumptions what would later be referred to as that determine every system of “American Postulate Theory” within thought, from politics to religion to the landscape of modern philosophy. As Adrian Professor of mathematics as well as the early- Mathematics at Columbia twentieth-century growth of the University, Keyser had spent part of American mathematics community. his career studying the foundational Mathematics | North America | 20th century, assumptions, or axioms, at the heart early of mathematical reasoning. While Practising Medicine in Early the axioms of mathematics had Colonial Lima, Peru traditionally been regarded as “self- Linda Newson evident” truths, mathematicians Director, Institute of Latin American around the turn of the twentieth Studies, University of London century became wary of such claims The Spanish crown anticipated that and began to distinguish between the medical practices in Spain would “axioms” and “postulates.” be replicated in the New World. Unrelated to self-evidence or truth, While there were abundant postulates were simply agreed-upon opportunities to practice medicine in statements used to construct a Peru, the opportunities to learn History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 217 medicine were limited by the lack of Precision and Exactitude in the universities capable of awarding Analysis of Stellar Spectra: How medical degrees and by the shortage Conviction and Circumstance Shaped Anton Pannekoek’s of books to guide students. Scientific Persona and Practice Meanwhile, those practitioners who Chaokang Tai came from Spain found that the University of Amsterdam materia medica they had The astrophysical research of Anton traditionally used was not always Pannekoek (1873-1960) is available. How did medical characterized by epistemic virtues practitioners respond to these like precision, diligence, and conditions? How did they acquire exactitude, which he valued over training and did they experiment expeditiousness or scope. In with the diverse flora and minerals theoretical research these virtues found in the Andes? This paper were present in his development of shows that despite the obstacles that laborious numerical methods for the medical practitioners faced they fine analysis of stellar spectra, while tried to adhere to humoral medical in observation research, they were practices. This extended to training evident in the excruciating detail indigenous people and African with which he and his students slaves how to prepare and measured the spectra of only a small let blood and to seek local number of stars. In part, his substitutes for Old World medicines. approach to was shaped

Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | by the fact that he was an isolated Latin America | Cultural and cross-cultural astronomer without an observatory. contexts, including colonialism in general | The early twentieth century saw the Spain, Peru, Medicine, Student Migration, Scholar Migration, Medical Practicioners, founding of large photographic transfer of information, transfer of knowledge, observatories taking on massive transfer of skills, Colonial Cultural Context broad-scope cataloguing projects. To establish his own niche, Pannekoek decided to focus on the precise measurement of stellar spectra, spending years measuring only a small number of borrowed photographic plates. While History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 218

Pannekoek’s adherence to precision predicted the end-of-the-world and exactitude complied with circulated internationally and were practical constraints, it also reflected linked to astronomers. The his ideas on the role of science in imminence of the end-of-the-world society. A reputed astronomer, surpassed the fin-de-siècle Pannekoek was also a noted and atmosphere, and it remained until influential Marxist theorist. In his after the passing of Halley´s Comet socialist and historical writings, he in 1910, which in the case of Chile emphasized that science had above was heightened by the 1906 all to be beneficial for society – not earthquake. Our work studies the only by providing technological end-of-the-world predictions advances, but especially by associated with astronomical exemplifying a way of thinking. phenomena - specifically with the From this standpoint, Pannekoek’s passage of comets- that circulated projected self-image of an internationally in this period, and observational astronomer who analyzes how they were received, re- focused on precision and work ethic signified, amplified or counteracted over expeditiousness or scope in the main Chilean cultural journals coincided with the general role he between 1890 and 1920. These envisioned for scientists in society. theories, disseminated by the press in peripheral areas such as Chile, Physical Sciences | Europe | 20th century, early | astrophysics, astrophotography, scientific greatly motivated the generation of persona, science and society local astronomical knowledge, since the inexperienced scientific reading Predictions of the End of the World: Circulation of public interpellated and demanded Astronomical Knowledge in local experts to explain, support or Chilean Cultural Magazines from criticize these predictions. The a Global-Local Perspective circulation of end-of-the-world (1890-1920) forecasts from an astronomical Veronica Ramirez Errazuriz perspective established Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Chile/ FONDECYT Chile communication networks between During the last decade of the regional and foreign institutions, nineteenth century and the first two especially between astronomical of the twentieth, theories that observatories and journalistic companies, which read each others History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 219 works and generated an exchange of writings, but this changed by the knowledge in a global manner that middle of the 17th century. From an took into account local meanings. analysis of some key texts it will Our main questions are: How were become clear that this shift in the interpretations, representations attention has to do with the and national re-significations of increased estimation of surgical these theories related to the versions skills by physicians. The central that circulated in global networks? item of the paper will be a didactical What role did the local communities letter by Balthasar Timaeus (d. and institutions (observatories, 1667), a physician in Pomerania, government agencies, amateurs, describing the act of preparing and journalistic companies, etc.) play in embalming a corpse to his son, these global networks of circulation himself a medical student. Timaeus, of end-of-the-world theories? who had acquired this advanced knowledge of instruments and Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | techniques in Padua during his Astronomy, Global Networks, Predictions peregrinatio, passed it on among his family as a surgeon would do. Preparing Princes or Who May Preserve the Ruler for Eternity? Others almost at the same time did Ulrich Schlegelmilch introduce the topic into academic Universität Würzburg teaching as well, which was a In the 16th and 17th centuries, further step of merging the medical medical students from the German- and surgical spheres that had, in the speaking territories would very often Holy , been officially set out for Italy especially in order to kept well apart. My sources come gain extended anatomical and from the “Physicians’ surgical knowledge. Back home, Correspondences of the German- opportunities to put these additional Speaking Territories, 1500 to 1700” skills into use were rather narrow, project based at the Bavarian but there were some exceptions. The Academy of Science. They further preparation and embalming of include disputations and other corpses was one of these. This was a topic that had not normally been much focused upon in physicians' History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 220 contemporary publications and and critically evaluated. The ‘paper excerpts on the subject. tools’ of the Oratorians show how the practice of cure—the arts of the Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 17th century | , body—depended on the ability of Italy, Medicine, Student Migration, Scholar healers to shift knowledge between Migration, Transfer of Information, Transfer of the individual body, knowledge, Embalming Techniques, Transfer of Skills, 16th century, 17th century epistolary/natural philosophical networks, books and the material Priest-Pharmacists and the object of the ’secret’. Domestic Medical Archive in the Heart of Paris, 1660-1730: Medicine and Health | Europe | 17th century | Material Technologies and the Auto-experimentation, medicinal secrets, self- Medical Community help, paper technology Emma C. Spary Printing Between the Lines: A In this paper I will present a Sixteenth-Century Historical collection of secrets gathered Table between around 1660 and 1730 in Ashley Gonik the Oratorian house on the rue Saint- History, Harvard University Honoré, the heart of Paris’s growing Johann Funck's "Chronologia" was culture of consumption. While the one of the most popular tabular identities of receipt authors and chronologies of the early modern compilers cannot often be period with several editions ascertained, studying the collection following its original 1545 as a material technology allows a publication in . In my focus on the intersection between presentation, I will display an curing and being cured, shopping opening from the 1554 Basel edition and healing, and the relationships of the same work to highlight the between medical self-help and instability of the historical table in communal medical practice. In the its printed form. I will focus on the priestly world, such practice ostensibly restrictive—but actually spanned across the charitable, quite fluid—boundaries of the domestic and commercial domains; I table's rows, columns, and cells in will argue that collective terms of their intellectual foundation autoexperimentation allowed the and bibliographical construction. performance of other categories of The printed sixteenth-century medical practitioner to be scrutinised historical table is an History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 221 designed to be absorbed in a glance, in the various Muslim contexts. This yet it rewards the attentive viewer paper will be an engagement with who lingers and zooms in. multiple questions including science, technology, religion, modernity, Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | Renaissance | printing, historiography, knowledge production and power. In chronology, tables, diagrams order to establish connection between multiple themes this paper Printing Science in the Princely Hyderabad: Nawab Fakhruddin will utilize archival data and Khan Shamsul Umara’s biography as primary materials. This Epistemological Interventions paper will also examine the Muhammed Ashraf Thirisseri encounters between the British and University of Hyderabad the Nizam, the ruler of the state This paper will analyze the regarding the introduction of print in epistemological interventions of the state. Rather than analyzing the Nawab Fakhruddin Khan Shamsul princely state of Hyderabad in Umara in the field of science and opposition to British India this paper knowledge production in the will consider it as a distinct and princely state of Hyderabad. He ‘minor sovereign’ space and established a printing press in the contextualize science and state in 1834 and founded an technology in their socio- cultural institute of learning. He translated and political backgrounds. This science books from English and paper will contribute to the studies French to Urdu language. The books on print and science in the princely were dealing with multiple subjects contexts as it has been neglected in including astronomy, geography, South Asian studies. biology, physics etc. Instead of Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | passively receiving ‘western South Asia | 19th century | Modernity, science’ he contested it through Technology, Print, Science, Knowledge bringing religion to epistemological Production terrain and made the science/reason speak to religion/tradition in a mutually constitutive way. He played the role of a ‘middleman’ to introduce printing technology in Hyderabad like many other figures History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 222

Privileged Translations: State- Dutch system of printing privileges. Sponsored Translations in the I then focus on four questions: Early Dutch Republic Which translations were privileged? Marius Buning Why specifically these books, maps, Dahlem Research School Fellow, Freie Universität Berlin and prints? Who was the intended This essay explores the intimate audience? And what was the role relationship between translations and status of translators in the and printing privileges in the early distribution of printing privileges? Dutch Republic (ca. 1581-1621). The answers to this set of questions Printing privileges provided will provide a better understanding temporary monopoly rights to of the patterns of normativity in how produce a variety of printed translations were brought to the materials, including books, market in early modern Europe and pamphlets, engravings, and maps; will clarify their impact on the they are usually understood as building of the early Dutch Republic relatively straightforward means in the context of the early modern used by printers to strengthen their cultures of knowledge. economic market position. This Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | essay argues, however, that printing Europe | 17th century | translation, patent history, book history, history of technologies, privileges were equally part of the normativity, Dutch Republic soft power machinery employed by the Dutch authorities to establish the Prodigious Abstinence and Republic as an important state in its Nervous Consumption: Tracing Medical Discourses of Female own right. Remarkable in this (In)Digestion, 1651-1694 respect are the many privileges Els Woudstra issued for translations. The essay PhD Student, University contends that framing the system of The question of female self- printing privileges in political terms starvation has been widely debated can help us better understand how, in the history of medicine and why, and when specific translations religion, with scholars such as appeared on the market. Based on Silverman (1983) anachronistically extensive and new source materials, diagnosing “miraculous maids”— I provide statistical data regarding women who claimed to have the share of translations within the miraculously survived without food History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 223 for extended periods of time—as food, nutrition, and digestion—and early cases of anorexia nervosa. in particular in the medical-scientific Departing from the attempt to demystification of the female formulate a long history of anorexia relation to food and digestion—this nervosa, this paper addresses the paper offers a closer examination of issue of female self-starvation in the narratives of female abstinence and context of the cultural fascination indigestion in seventeenth century with nutrition and digestion in England. religious and medical-scientific Medicine and Health | Europe | 17th century | discourses of post-Civil War nutrition, digestion, female self-starvation, England, particularly attending to anorexia, miraculous maids, theories of emerging theories of nutrition and digestion digestion, such as Thomas Willis’ Psychiatry in Indian Traditional theory of fermentation. Specifically, Medicine? this paper closely examines three Madhusudan Rimal cases of female abstinence and University of Alberta indigestion: the case of Martha Ayurveda, an Indian traditional Taylor as described in Thomas medical system is an all-embracing Hobbes’ letters, John Reynolds’ system of medical teachings which "Discourse on Prodigious encompasses a number of different Abstinence," and the several historical lines and layers. The term religious pamphlets that advertise āyurveda means, literally, “the her abstinence as a miracle; the two knowledge or science (Sanskrit cases of “nervous Consumption” veda) for longevity (āyus)”. There described by physician Richard are eight branches of āyurveda. One Morton, and the case of Eve in John of the divisions of āyurveda is called Milton’s "Paradise Lost," whose bhūtavidyā (studies of disorders or inability to abstain from eating the possessions). This paper argues that forbidden fruit caused, I argue, the a characteristic of Indian traditional first case of indigestion in Eden. medicine, āyurveda covers important Arguing that popular and medical- aspects of psychiatry even though scientific discourse surrounding the like other traditional and ancients of prodigious abstinence of miraculous medicine there is the absence of a maids should be understood in a distinct discipline that is comparable larger cultural pre-occupation with with psychiatry as it has developed History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 224 in Western medicine. What are those polymath and jurist Jakob Monau indicating factors that show the (1546-1603), and reports of his characteristics of psychiatry in behavior occupy a striking portion āyurveda? Is there any religious of Sennert’s and Döring’s connotation in those characteristics? correspondence throughout the These are the major dealing matters 1620s. Beyond commenting upon in my paper. Keywords: Ayurveda, their intellectual disagreements with psychiatry, religion, possessions, Monau, and especially his manner of traditional writing in his dissertation, Sennert and Döring critiqued his extravagant Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science | South Asia | Cultural and cross-cultural and profligate lifestyle, even down contexts, including colonialism in general | to his manner of dress, which they Ayurveda, psychiatry, religion, possessions, regarded as all of a piece with his traditional adoption of foreign learning. The Pupils Gone Putrid: The Moral two physicians’ agitations about this and Intellectual Perils of Medical student illuminate some of the Peregrinations challenges that arose from Joel Klein increasing cosmopolitanism among The Huntington Library students eager to demonstrate In 1624 the Wittenberg professor of international credentials. The medicine Daniel Sennert (1572- episode reveals concerns about the 1637) wrote to his brother-in-law national identity of medicine during and fellow physician Michael the infancy of the medical Republic Döring (d. 1641) expressing grave of Letters and highlights several concerns about a former student who major boundaries between divergent was peregrinating from university to medical factions, showing how these university and denigrating Sennert’s ran along intellectual but also social, reputation wherever he went. The moral, and confessional lines. situation was so disturbing that Sennert reported he was losing sleep Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | and that his dreams had been Europe | 17th century | Medicine; Chemistry; 17th century; Holy Roman Empire; Republic of invaded by the traitor’s antics Letters; Daniel Sennert; Friedrich von Monau; abroad. The student in question was Michael Doering; Student Migration; Scholarly lifestyle; Student Culture Friedrich von Monau (1592-1659), son of the famous Calvinist History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 225

Quantifying Uncertainty: The quickly revealed difficulties in Failure of the First World adapting the barometer to other Business Barometer countries. Telling the story of the Laetitia Lenel failure to create the first world Humboldt-University Berlin barometer, the paper sheds light on At the end of World War I, when the the ambiguity between a global idea of a “world economy” took economy and various national shape, economists on both sides of economies that still lingers today. the Atlantic embraced the dream of establishing an economic world Social Sciences | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | Economics, business cycle, barometer. The seemingly Harvard University, quantification mechanical working of new forecasting instruments seemed to Queens and Genes: Making allow for that dream to become Knowledge of Microbial Resistance reality. This paper investigates the Andie Thompson cooperation between the members of University of Amsterdam the so-called Harvard Committee on In microbial worlds, resistance is the Economic Research and European response to selective pressures such economists and statisticians in the as antibiotic environments. To 1920s. In 1919, the members of the understand microbial resistance Harvard Committee presented an scientists are acting as multispecies index to the public, which promised ethnographers seeking to narrate to allow for the prediction of microbial worlds and tell the story of business conditions 4-10 months how and why microbial ahead. Fostered by the League of communities emerge as resistant. Nations, which actively promoted Microbial resistance as an object of the expansion of the index in Europe study is called the resistome- the and beyond, economists and collection of genes within any given statisticians all over Europe community of biota that encodes attempted to adopt the index in their various abilities to resist and their respective countries, hoping to mobilization potential within and eventually establish a world across habitats. As a metaphor for barometer. The attempts and various understanding this process resistome meetings between American and scientists are thinking with the Black European researchers, however, Queen Hypothesis (Morris et al, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 226

2012), a reductive evolutionary blossoming material and media theory premised on the card game culture. A growing market of parent Hearts to unpack mechanisms and advice literature, newspapers, and practices used by microbial magazines offered information on communities. While this knowledge topics ranging from baby care and is key in devising “next-generation” nutrition to social and moral antibiotics for human consumption it education. An increasingly broad also travels from the lab to do work range of toys and educational in other spaces, such as in devices, such as baby walkers and agricultural biotechnology where writing helps, sought to assist and resistance has productive capacities. discipline the child during learning. In this paper I follow the theories While this vivid material and media used by scientists to understand culture has obtained some attention microbial evolution and the methods from scholars in the history of used to make microbial interactions childhood, it has hardly been knowable to tell the story of exploited as a source basis for the as a history of science and medicine. microbial technology. Drawing on Yet, this paper argues that the the work of resistome scientists, I evolving media and material culture will describe how “living with of childhood is of considerable resistance” becomes an entangled importance for understanding how pathway of queens, genes, and the child became a subject of future imaginaries in complex knowledge. Notably, a focus on ecological and agricultural systems. media allows tracing how ideas about normal and pathological Biology | Global or Multilocational | 21st century | , Resistance, Antibiotics, development were gradually Modelling, Agricultural Science articulated in the public sphere and thus sheds light on the conditions Raising a Well-Grown Child: Material and Media Cultures of under which children could move Normal and Pathological into the focus of scientific inquiry. Childhood The paper will concentrate on Felix Rietmann newspapers, medical and scientific University of Fribourg journals, and trade magazines in During the 19th century children central Europe (German speaking moved into the focus of a lands and Switzerland) in the early History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 227 to mid-nineteenth century and by Culianu in his examination of explore how children gradually Ficino, Bruno, and the repression of became ‘children of science’ and fantasy during the Reformation and medicine. Counter-Reformation. In my talk, I would like both to extend and Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 19th century criticize that reading by applying it to Cardano, showing how his natural Re-Examining Culianu: Cardano, philosophy offers a highly the Roman Inquisition, and the naturalized, medicalized reception of Power of Spirits Ficino, one very different from Jonathan Regier Ghent University, FWO Bruno’s. Here, the question of Girolamo Cardano writes of how managing desire and its effects people can find themselves in love becomes an issue of understanding against their will: if we imagine how elemental substances circulate something beautiful, we cannot through nature and the human body. withhold our love. Hence, when a I will then suggest that Cardano’s beautiful form enters the Inquisition trial can help us better imagination, the will can be understand the Reformation and submitted through the inflammation Counter-Reformation’s opposition to of medical spirits (Cardano then techniques of imagination. This goes on to discuss the vagaries of opposition was not due to a erectile disfunction). In 1570, the denigration of nature, as Culianu Roman Inquisition put Cardano on believed, but instead to a trial and began compiling censor reaffirmation of divine providence reports on his works. The above over nature. passage did not go unnoticed. A Physical Sciences | Europe | Renaissance | prominent censor identified it as Girolamo Cardano, Renaissance medicine, Renaissance natural philosophy, Roman heretical, saying that the will was Inquisition, sixteenth-century medicine, not necessarily carried toward sixteenth-century natural philosophy anything, however beautiful, except God when He was clearly seen. Only God, it seems, has the true power of the beloved. Above, there emerge a number of themes stressed History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 228

Reading Skulls: An Object-Based craniometrical. The main problem Study of the Vrolik Collection of with the collection is that its Racial Anthropology to catalogue, written at the end of Determine a Change in Focus of Willem Vroliks life, gives us only Collecting, 1800-1860 sparse information about the years Laurens De Rooy Museum Vrolik, Amsterdam University of entry of individual skulls or other Medical Centers information regarding provenance. In the history of nineteenth-century However, by using the actual skulls collections of racial anthropology, a as historical source – the different shift is detectable in the way in styles and systems of numbers and which skulls were collected and labels on their surface and their described. Late-eighteenth century stands-- I argue that a shift in focus and early-nineteenth century within its 60 years of collecting did collections-- like those of occur and can be observed. This Blumenbach-- are typological in the object-based study is thus not only sense that certain races or types were of value with regard to specific represented by only one or a few provenance research, it is also an skulls and, as such, these skulls example of the role it may play in came to be the ‘ideal’ determining broader historical representatives of those races. Due questions. to positivism and objectivism, a Biology | Europe | 19th century | anthropology, more quantitative or craniometrical craniology, collection, material culture, approach took over in the late museums, the Netherlands, classification, nineteenth century. The aim was to objects, race, anatomy collect as many skulls of a certain Reconstructing Human Faces race or group and to take as many from DNA: Competing measurements as possible. The Methodologies and the Quest for nineteenth-century craniological Replicability collection of Amsterdam anatomists Irene Pasquetto Harvard University and collectors Gerard Vrolik and his Forensic DNA Phenotyping (FDP) son Willem Vrolik was brought technologies aim at reconstructing together between 1800 and 1860. In the face of a suspect from samples theory, the collection history may of DNA left at a crime scene. Law demonstrate the shift from the enforcement agencies employ FDP- typological towards the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 229 generated “DNA Snapshots” of driven methodologies for DNA- suspects in their criminal based facial reconstruction, and investigations, and share these with examines the rationales behind their the media. Scholars expressed adoption as the new standard for skepticism towards the “science” replicable research on DNA-based behind FDP. Clinical researchers facial reconstruction. Most argued that the methods upon which importantly, the paper highlights the FDP are based on are hardly persistence of arbitrary choices replicable and do not meet the made by the researchers in defying scientific standards for validity and facial phenotypes over the years and reliability (Hallgrimsson et al., throughout different methods, 2014). Anthropologists pointed out including novel data-driven that FDP-generated portrays are approaches. racially biased, and warned against Technology | North America | 21st century | the ethical issues related to their Forensics, Clinical Research, Race, Ethics, rapid diffusion (M’charek, 2017). Algorithms Meanwhile, novel approaches to Reconstructing the Medical reconstructing faces from DNA Canon: Seventeenth-Century samples keep emerging. In February English Physicians and Their 2018, an international team of Notebooks physical anthropologists and Sietske Fransen computer engineers published on Bibliotheca Hertziana, Max Planck Institute for History of Art Nature Genetics a novel Based on two collections of personal methodology that aims at addressing notebooks I will investigate the role past criticism (Claes et al., 2018). of translation in the re-creation and Central to this novel methodology is reconstruction of the medical canon the use of phenotypic and genotypic in seventeenth-century England. One data from genome-wide association of the results of the so-called studies (GWAS), and of machine- “scientific revolution” on the learning algorithms for the traditional medical corpus was that calculation of facial phenotypes. classical medicine was re-framed Drawing on ethnographic research and interspersed with vernacular, and document analysis from early practical, and local knowledge. The 2000s to present days, this paper medical practitioner John Ward narrates the emergence of data- History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 230

(1629-1681), an Oxford man, left sources was essential in building a seventeen volumes of ‘diaries’ in new medical canon. which he recorded what he read, Medicine and Health | Europe | 17th century | with whom he spoke or Medicine, University, Canon, Notebooks, corresponded, and in which he noted England, Europe. down medical practices and recipes. Reconstructing the Nation: The A contemporary of his, the physician German Institute for Norms Daniel Foote (1629-1700), had Anna-Maria Meister trained in Cambridge. Foote left TU Munich more than thirty-five volumes of The German Institute for Norms notebooks, giving an insight into his (later called DIN), founded in 1917, university education and his many ostensibly aimed to first fuel different interests and occupations. wartime production and later restart The Ward volumes, which have the German economy after the lost been described before, will form the war. By prescribing dimensions and context in which Daniel Foote’s shapes for mass produced objects, collection will be analysed. Foote’s engineers and architects constructed notebooks contain many extractions an entire norm system scaffolding from canonical texts both in Latin their main ambition: to save time and translated into English, but they and resources as response to the also contain translations, from Latin, post-WWI scarcity and mounting German, Dutch, and French lesser- economic crisis. This paper will known texts into English. Apart investigate the different from textual translations the temporalities and ideologies volumes also contain books of embedded in the production of these tables, summarizing and visualizing norm sheets. One was the engineer's classical and vernacular medical projective vision not just of future information into manageable normed objects, but of an entire portions. By comparing the note- nation constructed from (and taking practices of these two through) fitting parts. Another the medical practitioners, this talk will interplay between the idea of the make clear how translation of texts norm system as permanent precisely and practices from a variety of through timely change of its parts due to anticipated technological History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 231 advancements. And lastly, the norms fostering mental and intellectual were a compression of historical and labor and thus for advancing science professional layers, filtered through and innovation in society. One of the multiple institutional layers of proponents promoting research on committees and experts, to eradicate the energetic conditions of mental subjective authorship in favour of labor was the inventor and "neutral" technological entrepreneur Ernest Solvay. Besides advancement. The search for the his well-known institute of best measure systems, units and physiology, Solvay also founded the representational techniques, an Institut des Sciences Sociales in analysis of the attempt to Brussels in 1894 which was standardize transparency and succeeded by the Institut de frictionless production will be Sociologie in 1902. Based on foregrounded by the struggle for empirical research both institutes territorial control and national were meant to develop measures and expansion through bureaucratic legislative policies against social means. inequality. One crucial field of research was the role of progressive Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 20th century, early | norms, social inheritance taxation in redistributing engineering, standardization the resources of wealth and in this way changing the future Redistributing the Resources for Intellectual Work: Ernest Solvay's opportunities of intellectual work. Energetic Sociology and the Call The paper will relate the small-scale for Inheritance Taxation perspective of the physiological Monika Wulz research on the energetic conditions ETH Zurich of individual mental labor at Since the establishment of the laws Solvay's institutes both to his of thermodynamics, the allocation activities in promoting the social and efficient use of energy resources sciences as a big-scale perspective has not only been a major topic for on "social energeticism" and to his the physical labor of man and political advocacy of redistributing machine. Around 1900, the efficient the resources for intellectual work use of energetic resources presented an equally important issue for establishing techniques and policies History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 232 on the long term by means of of historical landscapes such as progressive inheritance taxation. heath and moorland – which they conceptualized as a valuable form of Social Sciences | Europe | 20th century, early | energy, labor, social sciences, taxation ‘half-nature’. And in sub-Saharan Africa, finally, ecology-led Regional Universals: The conservation aspired to maintain a Ecologies of the International ‘pristine’ wilderness that was Union for the Protection of Nature, 1950-1960 seemingly devoid of human Raf De Bont influence. In this paper, I will Maastricht University explore the ambiguities of IUPN’s After World War II, the global ‘global mission’ of the 1950s, and conservation community went explain why – despite a through a period of institutional universalizing rhetoric – its restructuring – which culminated in ecological program would give rise the foundation of the International to such divergent regional Union for the Protection of Nature approaches.

(IUPN, later IUCN) in 1948. From Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | the start, ecology served as the lead Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | science of the new organization. Conservation, environmental science, transnationalism, localism Several prominent voices within IUPN believed that ecology’s Regulating for a Culture of Care: universal laws would give coherence British Animal Research to the Union’s program. Yet, when Legislation in the 1980s in the 1950s IUPN members finally Dmitriy Myelnikov Centre for the History of Sience, got new conservation projects off Technology and Medicine, University of the ground, it quickly turned out that Manchester ecology could inspire very different ‘Laboratory animals’ and the approaches. In the Middle East, the infrastructure that sustained them Union’s ecologists became involved were an integral part of the in highly interventionist and development of the twentieth- utilitarian programs that ultimately century biological and biomedical aimed to ‘make the desert bloom’. In sciences. Until 1986, in Britain, the Western Europe, then, IUPN scientific use of animals was members focused on the protection governed by the 1876 Cruelty to History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 233

Animals Act. For 110 years—during 1876 legislation, were ascribed a period of rapid techno-scientific prominent roles within ASPA as change and exponential expansion of adjudicators of the needs of science the biomedical sciences—a core part and those of animal welfare. In of twentieth-century scientific conclusion, our paper reveals the activity was shaped by Victorian conditions which allowed care to legislation. This paper charts the operate within the experimental reform of animal research sciences to productively align governance in late twentieth-century scientific and societal values. Britain, exploring the social and Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | scientific factors that shaped new Europe | 20th century, late | animal research, legislation culminating in the 1986 biomedicine, care, technicians, science Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act regulation (ASPA). Intended to balance the Relocating the Neurosciences interests of scientific organisations, and Decentering Euro-America: professional bodies, and animal The Ibadan Clinic welfare advocates, ASPA was and The Evolution of Antiracist- Decolonized Neuro- driven by a combination of scientific and Egalitarian Styles of recognition of the importance of Thinking on Intracranial standards of animal care and a Neoplasms in Africa and the societal re-invigoration of animal United States advocacy politics. By drawing on Frank Blibo oral history interviews with animal PhD Candidate, Department of the History of Science, Harvard University technologists and veterinarians, as During the first half of the twentieth- well as the recently opened Home century, neurosurgeons in the US Office records, we chart how ASPA linked differential experiences of contributed to the brain/intracranial tumors such as ‘professionalization’ of care, meningiomas, gliomas, lymphomas, examining how emergent pituitary adenomas, and knowledges and practices of animal craniopharyngiomas to biological care informed the new legislation difference. In 1937, for instance, and were subsequently transformed Harvey Cushing wrote that “brain by it. In doing so, we explain why tumors of any kind were rare in veterinarians and ‘animal negroes.” Having seen only four technologists’, absent in the original History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 234 meningiomas out of some two knowledge production, my paper, thousand brain tumors in his contributes and extends the new practice, Cushing concluded that scholarship on global perspectives negroes were exempt from on science. meningiomas because their skulls Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | were denser and thicker than those Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, including of whites. But differential incidence colonialism in general of brain tumors was not only Responsible Selves: The racialized, but also gendered and Popularization of the Calorie, geneticized; the latter especially in Scientific Expertise, and the 1970s by pathologists like Citizenship in Early 20th Century Joseph Kovi and Kenneth Earle. US However, by the last quarter of the Nina Mackert University of Erfurt century, a more egalitarian style of thinking on intracranial neoplasms The paper discusses the history of would evolve in the US, which held the food calorie as a case study for that these neoplasms also affected the popularization of scientific negroes. My paper argues that the expertise as an ambivalent process evolution of this new knowledge of responsibilization. When chemists was not an exclusively US introduced the calorie to Americans production, but drew extensively on in the last two decades of the the knowledge produced on nineteenth century, food and bodies intracranial neoplasms by African became quantifiable unlike ever neurosurgeons, neurologists, and before. In the early 20th century, pathologists like Latunde Odeku and calorie counting became popular as Adelola Adeloye during the period a weight-loss method among the 1960s-1980s. It examines the why white middle class, suggesting that and how of the production and individuals could and should circulation of this style of thinking determine their calorie needs and from Africa to the US. Thus, by manage their food intake and body locating the evolution of this new weight accordingly. Drawing on style of thinking not in the United popular expertise and personal States, but in Africa, and paying accounts of dieters, the talk attention to the contributions of non- highlights a core ambivalence of Western actors to western self-tracking. On the one hand, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 235 modern possibilities of Revisiting Wilhelm Ostwald’s quantification created the self- Nobel Prize in Chemistry responsible, enlightened subject who Letícia Dos Santos Pereira Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil could be his/her own expert. In contrast to earlier forms of weight- The historical narratives on the loss dieting, calorie counting Nobel Prize in Chemistry granted to promised to grant individuals the the Baltic-German chemist Wilhelm liberty to choose their foods Ostwald (1853-1932) hardly address themselves and to diet on their own the strong support Ostwald received authority. On the other hand, the nor the reasons presented in their “avalanche of numbers” (Hacking) nomination letters. Considering to emerging from modern sciences be relevant presenting the reasons since the nineteenth century was a behind Ostwald’s prize, in this work crucial part of a biopolitical we present and discuss the governmentality subjecting bodies to nomination letters sent in Ostwald’s a new, scientifically authorized, favor in Nobel Prize editions regime of truth. By suggesting that between 1904 and 1909. Analysing body shape was precisely these letters and dialoguing with the manageable through calorie literature, we argue that, for counting, the calorie located the Ostwald’s supporters, his most responsibility for health and weight relevant achievements concerned his within the individual and contributed extra-laboratorial activities, namely to creating powerful norms of proper his role as a teacher and organizer of eating and body shape. In times chemical science. We will also when taking care of one’s body attempt to demystify some frequent became a litmus test for citizenship, discourses on Ostwald’s nomination, the calorie shaped who was such as the negative influence of his acknowledged as a responsible antiatomist posture and the central member of society. role of catalysis for his nomination.

Chemistry | Global or Multilocational | 20th Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | century, early | Wilhelm Ostwald, Nobel Prize, North America | 20th century, early | calories, medical history, history of the body, expertise, Nomination letters. self-tracking History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 236

Roger Bacon's Scientia titled on goiter and North America Experimentalis as Technological and dedicated it to his friend and Manipulation of Nature in mentor Johann Frederick Premodern Europe Blumenbach (1752-1840). Within its Jeremiah Hackett University of South Carolina pages Barton takes the seemingly niche topic of goiter or "swelled Roger Bacon's Scientia neck" and makes an elegant case for experimentalis is driven by a new the pursuit of science in the United apocalyptic Christian vision of States. While many scholars have reform and renovation on earth. It rightly pointed to the patriotic involves the manipulation of light arguments Americans made for and sight in the production of new promoting scientific, Barton's work technologies of war. It involves a goes beyond such concerns. In new vision of Chemistry/ Alchemy addition to political and professional in the renovation of the human body. standing American men of science Since the body is closely united to believed that their unique situation the intellectual soul, in a non- could bring novel information to the Platonic manner, the material, world stage, not as an abnormality physical world is taken up and but a key point on a continuum. transformed in a renewed human Barton's book suggested that a lack world in its return to the divine. This of American knowledge could allow Re-creation of life is the reditus side for the perpetuation of errors in the of the original creation. scientific literature. By the late Physical Sciences | Europe | Medieval | eighteenth century goiter was a Theology, alchemy, Roger Bacon, Experimental disease of the mountains. Theories science, Creation differed as to what exactly caused Same Story, Different Setting: that ailment but medical and travel Using Goiter to Understand Calls literature agreed that inhabitants for American Science at the Turn (especially female inhabitants) of of the Nineteenth Century mountain valleys were threatened by Sarah Naramore Sewanee: the University of the South goiter and the associated mental In 1800 American physician defects of "cretinism". Barton's Benjamin Smith Barton (1766-1815) personal travel and accounts from published a book-length treatise colleagues in the United States, however, proved North American History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 237 goiter to be a western (yet still the critique of German faculty female) disorder regardless of remained: Indian engineering elevation. The book therefore acts as training was too theoretical and a corrective to European literature lacked practice. In my presentation I claiming that study of a disease in want to unpack different one location is not sufficient to make understandings of practice and how universal claims. In an era of they relate to a larger discourse on universal concepts Barton made the science, technical education, the case for American inclusion. caste system and colonial legacies in India. The critique of practice Medicine and Health | North America | 19th century | Medical Topography, Goiter, Benjamin deficiency was not an argument Smith Barton, between scientists on one side and engineers on the other, as it was Science and Engineering Education at IIT Madras: Indian shared by all German professors. and German Perspectives and The physicist Werner Koch, for Practices in Conflict instance, who had studied with Roland Wittje Robert Pohl in Göttingen and had Indian Institute of Technology Madras worked in the electrical industry, The Indian Institute of Technology wanted physics teaching for (IIT) Madras was set up with West engineers to be largely practice- German assistance between 1959 oriented. Koch introduced Pohl’s and 1974. From its beginning, textbooks as well as Pohl’s lecture Indian and German actors differed in demonstrations to IIT Madras. what kind of engineering school IIT Koch’s call for “re-educating” Madras would be and hence how its Indians, I argue, was informed by a engineers should be trained. The narrow understanding of educational Indian planners envisioned IIT transfer from Germany to India that Madras to be an MIT-like research ignored social differences and university while the German hierarchies on both sides. planners insisted that Indian Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | engineers needed largely practical South Asia | 20th century, late | Engineering training. Through the 1960s, the education, Indo-German collaboration, practice nature of the German engagement became more research oriented with competition from the other IIT’s but History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 238

Science Diplomacy and the justified decisions regarding Epistemologies of Ignorance: radioactive protection of the The Nuclear Accident of inhabitants and security measures of Palomares (Spain, 1966) the clean-up actions. The public Clara Florensa Center for History of Science. Autonomous campaign to render nuclear risk University of Barcelona invisible influenced the popular Different authors have highlighted perception of nuclear risk, but not that invisibility, doubt or ignorance only this: it also had epistemic are not natural states of the effects. The criterion of minimizing population, simple absences of public attention shaped also the information or knowledge, but the negotiations on levels and methods outcome of active and effortful of decontamination. At the cultural and political processes. This diplomatic table, scientists from US paper argues that science diplomacy and Spain had to agree on the has played a crucial role in the decontamination methods and on the processes involved in making levels at which various types of invisible nuclear risk. To do so, it decontamination actions would be focuses on a nuclear accident that taken. took place in Spain, 1966. Four Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | nuclear bombs fell onto a town on Europe | 20th century, late the South coast, Palomares, due to a Science Diplomacy on the Road: crash between two US Air Force The IAEA’s Mobile Laboratory planes. Two of the bombs leaked Travels to Greece their radioactive content Loukas Freris contaminating wide areas of the PhD Student, National Technical University territory. I will argue that a key part of Athens of the diplomatic strategy adopted to This paper focuses on the technical solve this crisis focused on making assistance programs of the invisible radiation risk in the public International Atomic Energy domain. Minimizing public attention Agency as both the beginning and to the accident was listed, in the embodiment of modern science scientific and military reports of the diplomacy. According to its statute, accident, as a strong argument the Agency, a political and during diplomatic negotiations. It diplomatic international organization within the United Nations system, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 239 was authorized to provide technical Labs Program, was not just a assistance to those Member States moment of international scientific that required it. This paper brings cooperation but it was essentially an front and center the case of Greece aspect of scientific diplomacy. and unravels the complex Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | negotiations between the Greek Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | Atomic Energy Commission and the science diplomacy International Atomic Energy Science Diplomats: A Hybrid Agency. To do so, we follow the Role in the History of the Greek first Mobile Laboratory on its Nuclear Program maiden trip from Austria to Greece Myrto Dimitrokali and scrutinize the negotiations that PhD Student, National Technical University of Athens took place among central actors in our case. The mobile lab was one of Focusing on the case of Greece, this the two laboratories that the US paper examines the way nuclear government donated to the IAEA for science was introduced to the technical training of new developing countries during the physicists on the use of 1950s as part of Cold War political radioisotopes in medicine, processes. Through the agriculture and industry. From 1959 Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” to 1965, the two units visited sixteen program and before the countries in Europe, Asia, Africa establishment of the International and South America and Atomic Energy Agency, the United approximately 1500 technicians and States sought to maintain and students attended training courses. expand its post-war hegemonic We argue that the laboratory’s trip to position, restructuring Europe as a Greece was much more than a bulwark against the perceived Soviet scientific effort to develop the threat. The proliferation of nuclear country’s nuclear program. It had physics and technology, especially the additional diplomatic mission to in the developing and contested enlist Greece as an ally of the political regions was an effective western bloc. Without doubt, the instrument of soft power to this end. case of Greece demonstrates that the In the case of Greece, the IAEA's technical assistance, as it installation of the country’s first was carried out through the Mobile research reactor and the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 240 establishment of the nuclear center Science Fiction Meets Reality: Demokritos, was a complex Hannes Alfven's 1966 Vision of diplomatic affair between two Future Computers unequal countries in terms of their Rita Meyer-Spasche Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics, diplomatic armamentarium. On the Garching near Munich one hand, the United States had a A few programmable computers well structured diplomatic activity existed already in the 19-thirties and and developed scientific capital. On forties. Around 1955, larger the other hand, Greece was just numbers of commercially produced getting out of a fierce civil war computers became available. In the having little scientific activity and years 1968-1974, researchers complex diplomatic practices. Thus, working in different fields of the process of developing the Greek mathematics and physics met at nuclear program emerged as an international conferences with titles idiosyncratic practice of science like `Computers in Mathematical diplomacy. Significant milestones Research' (1968) or `The Impact of such as the Greece-US bilateral Computers on Physics' (1972). To agreement or the choice of the most my knowledge, the Swedish- appropriate nuclear reactor for the American plasma physicist Hannes newly established center were Alfven (1908 - 1995) did not attend determined by individuals who took any of these meetings. Also, he did up the role of science diplomats. I not mention computers in his Nobel argue that these individuals Lecture in 1970. Under the constituted a special kind of science pseudonym Olof Johannesson, diplomat who, while being neither however, he published a science scientists nor diplomats, acted as fiction story about the future impact such determining in a decisive way of computers, in Swedish (1966), the country’s scientific development. English (1968), and in German

Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | (1970), describing how the Europe | 20th century, late development of computers did lead to a global world society in which everything is automated and organized by computers. Finally computers even reproduce History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 241 themselves and some computers Martlesham Heath, rural England. service the others and prevent the Above BT Labs’ entrance is a whole system from breaking down. plaque engraved with ‘Research is It is amazing to read this text today: the Door to Tomorrow’. BT Labs some of Alfven's predictions did inherited the plaque from its become real in the meantime, others predecessor, the Post Office are still desirable for the future, and Research Station, which BT others are a strong warning or acquired in 1981 after Margaret clearly a satire. It is unclear how Thatcher created BT to take over the much Alfven's booklet influenced British telephone system from the the development of technology and Post Office. The research centre was society. In Germany, Klaus a modernist, corporate lab, designed Brunnstein (1937-2015) used it in to emulate the ‘industrial Versailles’ 1973 to start a public discussion of Bell Labs and General Motors’ about the future role of computers. Tech Centre, but in the 1980s, Brunnstein (computer scientist, amidst a Thatcherist vogue for politician and IFIP officer) had science parks, it became ‘Adastral strong influence on German Park’, a ‘science campus’ whose legislation with respect to IT name referenced the motto of the security, social accountability and Royal Air Force, deliberately information privacy. evoking Britain’s WWII spirit. Adastral Park, however, is not Technology | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | science fiction, automation, Martlesham Heath’s only distinctive impact of computers on society, IT security, feature. From 1975, with the information privacy, social accountability promise of new residents from Science Parks and Instant research staff, an ‘instant village’, Villages: Postmodernism and built like an ‘unspoiled traditional British Telecom in Thatcher's village’, was built on the heath, a Britain postmodern reaction in architecture Jacob Ward and town planning against post-war University of Oxford Britain’s ‘new towns’. Martlesham This paper explores the aesthetic of Heath has multiple, contradictory ‘place’ and the emergence of science expressions of temporality, and in parks in the 1980s through a study this paper I argue that the evolution of British Telecom Labs in of this corporate laboratory, from History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 242 modernist Post Office Research shaped by a plethora of State Centre to Thatcherist ‘science park’ Institutions with distinct missions experiment, invoked history and and objectives (often overlapping or futurity in ways that turned conflicting) through a very dynamic ‘Martlesham Heath’ from a and complex process which ran heathland space into a ‘place’ in its parallel with the maturation of the own right, with a past, present, and Portuguese democratic political future. system. In my dissertation, I follow one of these institutions, the Instituto Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 20th century, late | research Nacional de Investigação Científica laboratories, science parks, postmodernism, (INIC), that, in light of the Actor- Thatcherism Network Theory Framework can be Science Policy in Portugal: The seen, not as a mere intermediary, Instituto Nacional de like current historiography portrays Investigação Científica (INIC) it but, as an influential mediator, Hugo Soares deeply entangled and influential in CIUHCT, New University of Lisbon the complex institutional dialogue Like many of its European from which the present Portuguese counterparts, the Portuguese Scientific Research System Scientific System went through a emerged. radical transformation throughout the 20th Century. To a limited Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 20th century, late | Science Policy, extent, these changes were a Portuguese Scientific Institutions response to some internal pressures (Higher Education and Colonial Science Reigns Supreme: Conceptualising Public Science Enterprises) and in tune with the in the Illustrated London News international/European tendency for Chi Chi Huang the development of transnational History Department, University of Hong policies and practices. These Kong transformations accelerate from The Illustrated London News (ILN) 1976 onwards, with the Carnation published a regular column on Revolution (1974), when the country science in society from the late transitioned from the Estado Novo 1880s. Titled under various labels, fascist regime to a democratic “Science Jottings”, “Science and system. These transformations were Natural History”, “The World of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 243

Science”, this column sought to disseminating “soundbites” of provide the British public with a science and the “chatter” they scientific engagement of the world created at the beginning of the around them. From the late 1880s to twentieth century. 1946 the column was written by five Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 20th men, curating the scientific century, early | Popular Science, Newspapers, knowledge of the ILN’s readership. Public Engagemnt The first editor, Dr. Andrew Wilson, Science, Democracy, and the wrote in April 1906 that “Science Pursuit of Aliens reigns supreme” given the Bruno Strasser “widespread range of interests … University of Geneva with which she is largely In 1902, a contributor to Popular concerned”. Wilson’s claim was that Science affirmed that “The era of the science proliferated into every amateur scientist is passing; science tendril of society and was must now be advanced by the indispensable to present-day living professional expert.” Throughout the and it was the column’s mandate to twentieth century, amateurs have detail how. In order to cover the vast been increasingly excluded from the expanse of science, topics jumped production of scientific knowledge. from crime one week to morals the But since the 1990s, under the next followed by noise and dust. banner of “citizen science”, a This paper explores the ILN’s growing number of initiatives have science column from the late 1880s involved, once again, amateurs in to 1946 to understand how five science, with the goal of science editors defined and mapped democratizing science, promoting out the contours of the concept of scientific literacy, and solving big “science” in the British public in a data problems. The creation of haphazard and undirected manner. SETI@home at UC Berkeley in The ILN was one of the most read 1998 embodied all these aims. periodicals in the nineteenth and Within six month, it had attracted early twentieth centuries, providing more than one million participants a good case study for exploring the analyzing radio signals from space spread of scientific knowledge in on their personal computer searching society. At the core of this paper, I for signs of . The reflect on the role of periodicals in History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 244 initiators of the project and the Science, Falsely So-Called? media constructed the image of the Pseudoscience, Anti-Darwinism, participant along the lines of an and the Science-Religion Debate at the Victoria Institute imagined amateur scientist making Stuart Mathieson discoveries outside of scientific Queen’s University Belfast institutions, while contributing to the By the mid-nineteenth century, making of a global scientific works by scientists such as Charles citizenship. Infused by libertarian, Lyell, , and countercultural, and cyber-utopian Charles Darwin had threatened ideals, SETI@home seemed to traditional conceptions of the natural capture the scientific aspirations of a world, drawn heavily from scripture new generation. But the tens of and from the natural theology of thousands of online biographical William Paley. Much attention has sketches left by the participants been paid to debates with the present a more nuanced picture. scientific community about These traces offer a unique window evolution, human origins, and the into the self-fashioning of the age of the earth. Yet much of this participants into different kinds of has concentrated on the rapidly “amateurs”, “volunteers”, and professionalising area of the natural “hobbyists” with various views sciences in academia. Debates about professional science and its within other fields, particularly those place in society. These sources helps of well-educated amateurs, have us better understand the recent received rather less attention. This reconfigurations of the amateur paper attempts to remedy that scientist and, more generally, the situation, by examining the struggles over the legitimacy of nineteenth century’s leading anti- professional expertise. evolutionary organisation. Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Established in 1865, the Victoria Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | Institute had as its prime objective citizen science, public participation, expertise, democracy, computers the defence of ‘the great truths revealed in Holy Scripture’ from ‘the opposition of science, falsely so called.’ Bringing together professional scientists, clergymen, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 245 and gentlemen amateurs, the sides of the conflict. These scientists Victoria Institute aimed to were convinced that it could no investigate the latest developments longer suffice to study film as an in science from a religious aesthetic phenomenon: it had to be perspective. Initially, this resulted in studied also as a psychological and attempts to buttress religious belief social phenomenon. Mobilizing all against scientific discoveries; later, existing human sciences, they tried it developed into an opportunity for to develop scientific methods to scientists of faith to discuss their study the effects of film on man and beliefs with a sympathetic audience. society. Several of these Drawing on lectures delivered at the Filmologists tried to bring the Victoria Institute, correspondence, complex problem of cinema to the and proceedings, this paper charts laboratory. Here, often the use of the relationship between religious animation film was promoted, in an belief, anti-Darwinism, and attempt to obtain scientific control pseudoscience in Victorian Britain on the elusive medium of film. and and offers a perspective Experimental psychologists such as on scientific developments from an the Belgian Albert Michotte and the underexplored viewpoint. British Frederic Bartlett took a leading role. In this paper, I study Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 19th century | Science and religion, the history of animation as a shared Darwinism, Baconianism history of science and media. I explore the use of animation as a Scientific Animations: Filmology, Experiment, and the Human scientific experimental tool and Sciences examine what its role in these Sigrid Leyssen experiments can tell about the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar changing notion and practice of Just after the Second World War, a experiment in the post-war human large interdisciplinary group of sciences. The Filmology episode scientists from all over Europe and shows how closely media and some of overseas, joined efforts to science have been intertwined: how found a new science called scientists have investigated media, Filmology. The war had and how this study of media has demonstrated the pervasive effects challenged their experimental of film as a propaganda tool, on both practice. When telling the stories of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 246 science, science’s animations, as material analysis required scientific abstract and short as they are, are methods. What is still largely worth showing. unknown, is that historians therefore cooperated with chemists or Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 20th century, late | History of Science botanists, who e.g. microscopically and Media, Instruments and Experiments in Art analyzed plant fibres in ancient and Science, Material and Sensory Cultures of manuscripts or Babylonian Science, Moving Images in Science, History of Techniques, History of Psychology and the enameled tiles, and thus were able to Human Sciences answer historico-cultural questions about ancient civilizations lacking Scientific Archaeology: Materially Linking Humanities textual sources. My project and Sciences since 1880 investigates cooperations between Josephine Musil-Gutsch the aforementioned disciplines in Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich terms of their formation and The sciences and the humanities development in German speaking have not only been sharing practices, countries from 1880-1930. Using concepts or epistemic virtues with two examples of cooperations, one another, they also cooperated in between paleography and botany a concrete, practical and material and assyriology and chemistry, I will way. Around 1880, scientific uncover cooperative networks and archaeology emerged. In several transfer of knowledge among instances, “historians of material cooperators. In addition, through the culture”, meaning archaeologists, analysis of the actor’s research orientalists, (art-)historians and objects (such as paper samples) and paleographers, and scientists shared the construction of the scientific a research interest in archaeological methods applied to them, I explore objects and the material analysis the cooperations’ underlying shared thereof. Objects excavated during practices of knowledge organization, nineteenth-century colonial knowledge production, and expeditions shifted the research innovation processes. Generally, my focus of historical disciplines case studies provide insights into the towards material sources. The dynamics of cooperative research materiality of artefacts held across disciplinary boundaries information about the object’s date, origin and manufacturing. However, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 247 between the sciences and the science, the event was also humanities around 1900. ostensibly organised in close collaboration along with communist Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 19th century parties from North Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Japan. Attendance at Scientific Cooperation and Asian the event itself reflected the Socialism: Chinese Ambitions centrality of these regional and Regional Cooperation in the 1964 Peking Science collaborators, with over 60% of the Symposium delegates came from these countries, Gordon Barrett while the influence of Japanese University of Oxford scientists and science, in particular, The 1964 Peking Science looming large in the proceedings. Symposium was the largest This paper examines the nature and international scientific congress held significance of the involvement of in the People’s Republic of China regional collaborators – both during the Mao Era. This event was scientific and political – in the the centrepiece of China’s strategic Peking Science Symposium. In pivot in terms of its approach to doing so, it elucidates both crucial international scientific outreach vectors of influence from within during the 1960s, away from Asia on Chinese science as well as existing structures and organisations the significance of regional like the World Federation of collaboration in China’s drive to Scientific Workers and toward the establish itself as a centre within the creation of a new scientific order in scientific world during one of the which China would be a scientific hottest periods of the Cold War. superpower within the developing Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | world. Accordingly, the event was East Asia | 20th century, late | Asian socialism, open only to scientists from the politics of international cooperation, countries in Asia, Africa, Oceania, regional cooperation, the 1964 Peking Science Symposium, global Cold War and Latin America, pointedly excluding those from other parts of the world. Yet for all that the Peking Science Symposium was a vehicle for Chinese ambitions toward increased influence in international History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 248

Scientific Facts and Alternative and sun. Drawing on the Facts: The Detzner Affair and investigation notes and other Fieldwork after Empire original archival sources, this paper Daniel Midena seeks instead to recuperate the The University of Queensland Detzner affair as a serious object of In 1928, the Berlin Geographical study for historians of science for Society launched an investigation two reasons. Firstly, the loss of into whether Hermann Detzner Detzner’s notes brings into even (1882–1970), a former colonial sharper focus—for us, as for the surveyor, had misrepresented his investigators at the time—the status New Guinean expedition in his of notebooks as witnessing devices book, Vier Jahre unter Kannibalen within the field sciences. And (1920). The investigation stretched secondly, Detzner’s calculated on for four years and drew in a efforts to disseminate genuine ‘facts’ who’s who of New Guinean within a fictional telling of his research and politics at the time expeditionary activities raises from Germany, Australia, and the interesting questions about the role United States. The investigators’ of context in justifying the validity task was made all the more difficult of scientific data. because Detzner wrote his expedition reports from memory Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | after Australian soldiers had notebooks, fieldwork, scientific fraud, German destroyed his fieldnotes during colonialism in the South Pacific, Berlin field World War I. In 1932, Hermann sciences, geography, surveying Detzner eventually admitted that his Scorpion Suicide: Experiments book was ‘a factual scientific report and Anecdotes in Colonial only in part’ and contained an England (and beyond) ‘alternative depiction of […] Evan Arnet facts’—in large part to protect the Indiana University - Bloomington identity of those who shielded him I examine conflicting accounts of from Australian troops. “scorpion suicide” to explore the Consequently, historians today entanglement of colonialism, typically dismiss Detzner as an anecdotes, and nascent scientific amusing anecdote—yet another journals in the late 1800s. The tale August Engelhardt, consumed with of the scorpion surrounded by fire History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 249 choosing to turn its sting on itself is yahoo answers and pet shop owners one of the most striking images of forums, and even in non-biology animal self-destruction. While the academic papers, reminds of us the experimental tradition on scorpion complex nature of not just the suicide is almost 300 years old, development, but also the dating back to work by the French distribution, of scientific findings. natural philosopher Maupertuis in Biology | Global or Multilocational | Cultural and 1731, the British were relative cross-cultural contexts, including colonialism in latecomers. They had a distinct general | entomology, British, colonialism dearth of scorpions until Secrecy and the Early Dutch- encountering them in colonial Norwegian Nuclear Collaboration holdings like South Africa and India. Machiel Kleemans I show how venues for the University of Amsterdam international circulation of animal In spite of the constraints of the anecdotes and at-home experiments Anglo-American nuclear monopoly like Nature magazine, mixed with in the early Cold War, Norway and British colonial access to scorpions, the Netherlands managed to build mixed with concerns about the and operate a joint nuclear reactor evolutionary implications of a self- by July 1951. They were the first destructive instinct, led to vigorous countries to do so after the Great debate over the reality of scorpion Powers. Their success was largely suicide in the 1870s and 1880s. due to the combination of the Ultimately, I argue, it was not just strategic materials of heavy water the grisly experimental evidence, but (Norway) and uranium (the also shifting epistemic standards in Netherlands). Nonetheless, they had scientific journals and a denial of the to overcome significant political and implicit epistemic authority granted technical obstacles. These existed to the reports of explorers and partly because of strict secrecy colonialists in exotic places that led policies. Diplomats and scientists in to the British scientific community the Netherlands, Norway, Britain, turning against scorpion suicide. France and the United States However, despite this century-old interacted to provide or sometimes scientific conclusion, the present day prevent technical and political persistence of the tale of scorpion support. We highlight the interplay suicide, on Youtube and Reddit, on History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 250 of three elements: strategic nuclear techniques in agriculture, focusing materials, the scientists’ particular in particular on Africa. It aims at transnational networks and state exploring how arrangements of power politics. The transnational nuclear and agricultural things gave network of scientists and diplomats birth to a third class of objects, i.e. was instrumental for the Dutch- biofacts (irradiated organisms). The Norwegian collaboration to obtain questions at stake here are firstly, the required support from third whether and how irradiated countries. In the end, Norway organisms as biofacts acquired obtained important reactor design meaning on the basis of the information plus reactor graphite competing grammars of both nuclear from France. The Dutch quietly and agricultural systems, and exchanged their unpurified uranium secondly, to what extent biofacts (of ore for ready to use British uranium the nuclear age) have impacted the fuel rods. All this eventually semantics of its constituent realms received the reluctant blessing of the (nuclear technology and agriculture). United States. In the process, Arrangements of nuclear and various nuclear secrets were tacitly agricultural things, each emerging or explicitly shared. By tracing the from distinct technical and spatial development of these secrets, we contexts and each based on differing will show how they were co-owned rules/principles of composition, by scientists and the government. require processes of translation and This illuminates the broader co- mutual adaptation, resulting in construction of science and transformations such as irradiated diplomacy. organisms. The paper will explore how these transformations gave rise Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 20th century, late to new grammars as techniques of composition, enabling the biofacts Semantics of Biofacts: of the nuclear age to work. This will Introducing Atomic Agriculture help us to understand the success or in Africa failure of nuclear projects in Karin Zachmann Technical University of Munich agriculture because these projects The proposed paper will narrate the will only work when they build on a story of projects to establish nuclear new grammar that imbues agricultural biofacts with meaning History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 251 and significance. The paper will first for example, are a typical symbol for introduce the historical context and sandbanks. Often, the cartographers one main actor for the development were not seafarers themselves but of nuclear techniques in agriculture. had to rely on other sources for Then, two applications – radiation compiling the maps. Some breeding and the sterile insect cartographers talked to seafarers, technology – will be highlighted. others only relied on previous maps Special attention will be payed to and written sources. This leaves the attempts to install these applications question how useful the maps were. in Africa, based on sources from the Were they accurate enough (i.e. IAEA, especially with respect to mapping all the dangers) for Ghana and Nigeria. seafarers to actually use them or did they only serve to satisfy the Technology | Africa | 20th century, late | Atomic agriculture, Mutation breeding, Sterile insect curiosity of the learned elite? technology, Biofacts, IAEA Comparing the Chinese coastal maps with other sources – contemporary Shallow Water at China’s Coast: Depicting Dangers on Early European maps, as well as modern Modern Chinese Maps surveys of the coast – allows to Elke Papelitzky establish the usefulness of the maps. NYU Shanghai Which dangers did the cartographers Sailing in unknown territory is a choose to depict, which did they dangerous matter. To make sailing leave out? By studying selected safer, sailors all over the world coastal maps from the 17th and 18th created maps and rutters, sharing century, this paper aims to examine their experience and knowledge. the relationship between seafarer, Early modern Chinese seafarers are cartographer, and the dangers at sea no exception and we know of in China. several Chinese maps that include Earth and Environmental Sciences | East Asia | warnings of dangerous places along 17th century | maps, cartography, shallows, the coast of China and beyond. The danger, maps mark sandbanks, rocky waters, and sometimes include information on previously sunk ships. To depict these dangers, the cartographers used a range of methods: Little dots, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 252

Shattered Tubes and Spilled the time because it was, for the most : Meteorological part, not a laboratory science. Instruments and Their Rather, the whole point of the Challenges, ca. 1790-1850 observations was to expose the Linda Richter Goethe University, Frankfurt instruments to the elements in stationary (often household) settings Historians of the atmospheric or during travel, leaving these fragile sciences are often quick to specify objects particularly vulnerable. In the threshold of meteorology’s addition, I will present the strategies modernity as the invention of developed over the course of the meteorological instruments (most 19th century to meet such problems. famously the barometer and Standardized meteorological data thermometer) in the early 17th thus emerges as something which century. Such a narrative conceals, had to be actively created, despite however, the failure of instrumental continuous “states of disrepair” weather observations through the (Schaffer, 2011), through a following two centuries at least to cumbersome and labour-intensive produce quantifiable natural laws of dialogue between humans and the weather. And although a more instruments. diversified history, of the barometer as “weather glass” and salon Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | furniture has emerged (e.g. Golinski, Europe | 19th century | Meteorological instruments, Germany, data, observations, 2007), the manifold problems which instrument failures instruments created for the numerous “lay” weather observers Silent Film in the History of Science: Jean Comandon, a remains in the dark. Based on the Case Study presentation of archival material Maia Woolner from German archival sources of the PhD Candidate, UCLA late 18th and early 19th centuries, Between 1918 and 1924 French this talk aims to survey more doctor and cinematographer Jean generally things that could go wrong Comandon (1877-1970) collaborated when acquiring, transporting, using, with prominent medical practitioners repairing, and reading an instrument. including Édouard Claparède, Jean- Recording precise and reliable data Athanase Sicard, and Édouard Long, was a challenge in meteorology at to produce over fifty films of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 253 patients with neurological and the pathological mind and body in neuropsychiatric conditions. Now the aftermath of World War I. . archived, these films often show Medicine and Health | Europe | 20th century, graphic images of twitching limbs, early | Silent film, neuropsychiatry, medical motor disorders, and bodies deemed pedagogy, Jean Comandon pathological. Most likely they were Skulls and Statistics: Karl produced for medical practitioners Pearson and Competing and students, but how their intended Methods of Classifying Races in audience was meant to interpret or the Early 20th Century understand them isn’t immediately Iris Clever obvious. Indeed, all of the films are PhD Candidate, UCLA silent: no sound or text accompanies Historians often assume that them. This paper explores the physical anthropology before 1945 challenges and opportunities relied on a simple typological, provided by silent films as historical descriptive method to analyze skulls sources in the history of science. It and classify races, which was only aims to contextualize Comandon’s successfully challenged by films—many of which were populational genetics after World produced by the French production War II. This paper revisits and company Pathé—within a wider complicates this history by turning image economy during the silent our attention to a fundamental attack motion picture era. Though on the typological tradition before Comandon’s microcinematographic 1945: by Karl Pearson, his films of bacteria have been studied introduction and development of in the secondary literature, his statistical methods in anthropology, neurological and neuropsychiatric and the racial research his Biometric films have been largely overlooked. Laboratory produced between 1900- What emerges from an analysis of 1938. The application of complex Comandon’s neuropsychiatric films statistical formulae to the study of and their place in the history of skulls and race unsettled long medical imaging is his contribution standing anthropological methods to a larger landscape of and theories. Whereas measurement and film research on anthropologists had long studied the skull by itself, identifying racially- representative “types,” biometricians History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 254 turned crania into means, standard that appeared in Atlantic slave- deviations, and probable errors fit trading circuits during the sixteenth for statistical analysis. “Pearsonian and seventeenth century. Using anthropology” greatly expanded a governmental, corporate, and private geometric approach to craniometry records from archives in Spain, which was already present in older Portugal, France, England, the anthropological practices. This paper Netherlands, The United States, argues that Pearson’s approach to Brazil, Colombia and Cuba, the craniometry set the stage for a paper explores the emergence in durable relationship between Atlantic slave-trading societies of a biometry, geometry, and the skull new epistemology that conceived of that continues to live on in present- fungible and universal bodies whose day biometric practices and parts were measurable and technologies. At the same time, the comparable, as the diseases that paper discusses how anthropologists affected them, in quantifiable and questioned Pearson’s approach and reproducible ways on the basis of only partially adopted statistical normalized, constant, standards. I methods, suggesting that the argue that these ideas about bodies, relationship between skulls and which scholars traditionally identify statistics was not sturdy but shaky as related to the rise of the New and not fully trusted. The history of Science and political and medical Pearson’s interventions in physical arithmetics in late seventeenth and anthropology thus reveals deep eighteenth-century English, French divisions concerning the methods of and northern European learned classifying races well before 1945. circles, first emerged in sixteenth and seventeenth-century South Biology | Europe | 20th century, early | Biometry, Craniometry, Statistics, Physical Anthropology, Atlantic slave-trading societies. Race, Standardization These transformations came about as a consequence of slave trading Slave Trading and the Ideation of Quantifiable Bodies in the communities’ need for the Seventeenth Century quantification of the risks involved Pablo Gómez in trading and investing in human University of Wisconsin-Madison corporeality and its afflictions in a This paper studies the development vast Atlantic network of increasingly of novel ideas about the human body complex, commercial, technical, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 255 political and legal dimensions. As a Cornaro (1484-1566), a long-lived result, human bodies’ characteristics Paduan nobleman who wrote a (height, gender, age, weight, among series of short treatises in the others), and diseases became vernacular extolling the “sober life” quantifiable and normalized as as the source of his own longevity. groupable and predictable within a Cornaro revised, expanded, and new language of commerce, and republished this treatise five times appraisal of the flesh. The history of between 1558 and his death in 1566. the African slave body, thus, travels The treatise sold widely in early (and precedes by several decades) modern Italy and is a continued the same paths followed by the bestseller today. I have examined history of the quantifiable and most surviving sixteenth-century universal bodies of public health, copies of Cornaro’s treatise. Using a epidemiology, and biomedicine. bibliographical and book historical approach, I trace readers’ marks and Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, including provenance to recover contemporary colonialism in general responses to the possibilities Cornaro peddled. I then situate Sobriety, Longevity, and Readers’ Responses to Alvise Cornaro’s Cornaro’s treatise and its readers Discorsi della vita sobria within the context of popular works Hannah Marcus in dietetics and secrets. Cornaro sold Harvard University the virtues and possibilities of The sixteenth and seventeenth longevity to a non-elite readership centuries, a period commonly who were accustomed to turning to described as the Scientific cheap printed sources that integrated Revolution, have been characterized alchemical, occult, and medical by religious war, seasonal outbreaks ideas for popular audiences. of epidemic disease, and an Medicine and Health | Europe | Renaissance ambitious and expanding sense of what was possible politically, religiously, and scientifically. Lived and imagined longevity pushed the boundaries of what it meant to be human in this dynamic era. This paper takes as its protagonist Alvise History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 256

Soviet and Russian Studies of at Vostok had reached a depth of Long-Term Climate Change in 3623 metres revealing patterns of Antarctica: The International climate change over a period in Context excess of 400,000 years – the Denis Shaw University of Birmingham, UK world’s deepest ice core at the time. The discovery of subglacial Lake The 1959 Antarctic Treaty declared Vostok, whose existence was first Antarctica a zone of peace and a detected in the 1970s, is then ‘continent for science’. A number of discussed as involving international scholars, however, have pointed to collaboration and oversight by the geopolitical factors which SCAR. Finally, attention is paid to inevitably underlie international the overall contribution of Vostok to scientific collaboration. Whilst our understanding of climate change accepting this view, the aim of this and to the view that Vostok serves paper is to suggest that to paint too as an ‘iconic record’ for global dichotomous a picture of science climate science. during and after the Cold War is to oversimplify a complex situation, Earth and Environmental Sciences | Global or especially in regard to Antarctica. Multilocational | 20th century, late | Soviet Union, Antarctica, Climate Change Having outlined factors both hindering and favouring scientific Specimens of Trade: Medical co-operation in Antarctica, and the Treatments and Knowledge from role of the Scientific Committee on Herbal Texts over Time and Space Antarctic Research (SCAR) in Marianne Jennifer Datiles fostering Antarctic Science, the University College London (UCL), UK paper moves on to consider the Recent research in the area of drug origins of Vostok station as a Soviet discovery highlights both the value scientific base during the IGY and challenges of utilising historical (1957-8). It then discusses the botanical sources to identify plant development of deep ice drilling at species with pharmaceutical Vostok, an exercise undertaken for potential. Focusing on herbals, this both glaciological and paleoclimatic paper reflects on the use of reasons, eventually involving close digitisation in research that seeks to collaboration with France and the trace the exchange of food and USA. By the late 1990s the ice core medical plant species across cultures History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 257 and time. The plant knowledge Those accused of crimes against the exchanged will be considered within body could and did claim that the both the sociocultural contexts of the harm they were accused of was indigenous medical systems and caused spontaneously by the political climates in which they were victim’s body rather than through documented and the context of this their criminal actions. These knowledge transfer over time. To spontaneous capacities were varied demonstrate this, an ethnobotanical and various, ranging from the database was created from archival possibility of ‘spontaneous sources. The traditional uses, combustion’ whereby a human being preparations, and scientific evidence could allegedly self-ignite, to the for selected species of this ongoing notoriously common claim of project will be presented as spontaneous splenic rupture often reflections of the individuals used by Europeans charged with responsible for their documentation beating their Indian servants to and case studies of the circulation death. Such spontaneous capacities and exchange of medical were also frequently specified by knowledge. race and gender. The marking or unmarking of spontaneous harm Tools for Historians of Science | Global or Multilocational | Cultural and cross-cultural along of race and gender draws contexts, including colonialism in general | attention to the ways in which traditional medicine, ethnomedicine, claims of innocence remain a form , ethnopharmacology, history of , natural history, spices and medicine, of situated knowledge thickly museum collections, herbarium, trade and enmeshed in contextual articulations empire of plausibility and power. There has Spontaneous Innocence: been significant scholarly interest in Physiological Knowledge in some of these capacities, such as the Medical in British tendency to splenic rupture, but they India, ca. 1856-1918 have been looked at in isolation and Projit Bihari Mukharji without much attention to medical University of Pennsylvania jurisprudence. In this paper, I want The capacity of a human body to to pursue three inter-related spontaneously harm itself was a questions. First, what were the types major concern for medical of spontaneous capacities attributed jurisprudence in the British Raj. to the body that could absolve an History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 258 accused of any guilt? Second, can elements together, in a very these various types of spontaneous successful feedback loop across activity allow us to detect a coherent different platforms and formats, to physiology of spontaneity in the actively engage audiences in textbooks on medical jurisprudence? naturalist-like (scientific, activist) Finally, I will explore precisely how practices in their everyday-life much of this notion of spontaneity endeavors. This study, situated in was specific to British India. the last years of Franco’s regime in Spain, such a noticeably changing Medicine and Health | South Asia | 19th century | Forensics, Medical Jurisprudence, Colonial context regarding politics, the Science, Physiology, Chemistry, natural sciences, the public perception of animals at large, and Staging the Natural Sciences: An Influential Cross-Platform media, will allow us to discuss Natural History Storytelling historically the relationship between Strategy (Spain, 1960s-1970s) natural history media and Carlos Tabernero educational content, and will thus Centre for the History of Science (CEHIC) - contribute to the understanding of Autonomous University of Barcelona - ESQ0818002H key features of contemporary, This paper will explore the huge and media-driven science highly influential natural history communication. media output, including television, Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 20th radio, encyclopedias and comics, as century, late | Natural history, Media, Natural Sciences, Activism, Education well as contributions to the mainstream press and scientific Standing with Science: Ideology journals, by Felix Rodríguez de la and Advocacy for Developmental Fuente (1928-1980), a pioneering Disabilities after 1980 and highly influential naturalist, Andrew Hogan Associate Professor of History, Creighton activist and natural history author University and broadcaster in turbulent 1960s The prominence of disability and 1970s Spain. Specifically, it will advocacy grew significantly after focus on how he blended the 1980. While research, assessment, portrayal of local wildlife with the and therapies for mental retardation depiction of scientific and media and related developmental practices, and how he played these disabilities were traditionally in the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 259 realm of specialist psychologists, debates. Sociologist Sydney Halpern burgeoning advocacy organizations has argued that clinical specialties began challenging the classifications associated with scientific innovation and interventions of these experts. have greater prestige than those who This included calls by advocacy address social problems. Building on organizations like the American the work of Halpern, as well as Association for Mental Retardation historians of psychology Jill (AAMR) for research on aversive Morawski and Deborah Coon, I forms of behavior modification— argue that these specialist involving electric shocks and other psychologists, who defended their punishments—to be banned. In approaches as scientific, sought to 1992, AAMR also significantly maintain their central role in revised its longstanding and highly developmental disabilities research influential Manual on Mental and support, while enhancing the Retardation, shifting its focus for status of a historically low prestige classification away from individual field. impairments and toward societal Medicine and Health | North America | 20th supports. Some psychologists who century, late | developmental disabilities, specialized in developmental psychology, advocacy, scientific ideology, disabilities pushed back, calling classification these policies and revisions Stargas Models of the Universe “postmodern,” “politically correct,” and the Rise of Statistical and anti-science. They defended Astronomy scientific research and evidence- Scott Walter based care, framing their approaches University of Nantes as advocating for people with At the turn of the 20th century, disabilities’ right to scientific William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), knowledge and effective treatments. inspired by kinetic gas theory, Advocates countered by arguing that calculated the dimensions of the reframing disability as a social issue universe based on stellar velocities was not an attack on science. The in the vicinity of the Solar System, identity of developmental disability giving rise to "stargas" models of specialists as either primarily star clusters -- and of the universe -- scientific or social problems- pursued from 1904 to the early oriented was central to these 1920s by J. C. Kapteyn, Henri History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 260

Poincaré, Arthur , Karl pastures, was a paradise for cattle, Schwarzschild, James Jeans, C. V. but had been plagued by a livestock L. Charlier and Albert Einstein. The disease that the Zulu called uNakane attraction of stargas models, and (Anglicised as nagana). Its cause, subsequent formation of statistical Zulu farmers insisted, was the astronomy as a subfield of presence of legally-protected big- astrophysics, is clarified by the game. David Bruce, a Scottish correspondence of Kapteyn and surgeon-major was commissioned to Schwarzschild, in particular. Stargas investigate the disease. His models of the universe, including revelations would stimulate a thirty- Kapteyn's island universe, did not year controversy into the “game- stand up well against observations nagana link” – whether big-game afforded by the big new North- were the source of the disease, and American telescopes, as E. R. Paul whether exterminating them would pointed out in 1981. However, the eradicate nagana. In 1920, this demise of stargas cosmological culminated in a field-experiment models in the 1920s did not spell the dubbed “The Great Game Drive”, in end of stargas models of star and which two-thousand settlers and six- clusters. On the contrary, the hundred Zulu attempted to theorems and methods introduced in exterminate all wildlife south of the this context served as the foundation Umfolozi Game Reserve. This for stellar dynamics in later decades. ‘experiment’ and its reception shaped nagana science in Zululand Physical Sciences | Europe | 20th century, early | statistical astronomy, cosmology and entangled the fate of the fauna in a web of class and race conflicts. Starving Flies, Exterminating The game-nagana controversy Animals: The Game-Nagana complicates ideas about the Link, the Great Game Drive, and the Dynamism of ‘Zulu relationship between African Knowledge’, ca. 1890s-1920s knowledge and the sciences as being Jules Skotnes-Brown one of appropriation and erasure. University of Cambridge ‘Zulu knowledge’ was a dynamic In the 1890s, the British sought to construct: some settler scientists open the Colony of Zululand to mobilised it as a form of ancient European settlement. The country, wisdom, while others took it as a characterised by abundant green touchstone of ‘primitivity’ and used History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 261 it to challenge their opponents. In the indispensability of international the wake of the Great Game Drive, it health work,” perhaps by lost its intellectual currency as the eliminating epidemics altogether. purview of science narrowed. The This paper traces how the Health Umfolozi Game Reserve was Organization standardized the transformed into a field laboratory in content and forms of which big-game extermination epidemiological intelligence during became yoked to ‘African the interwar period, how this primitivity’, while bionomics and solidified particular European bacteriology became the ‘official’ understandings of disease, and why means of nagana control. the Health Organization became the indispensable intermediary between Earth and Environmental Sciences | Africa | 20th century, early territories whose notation systems had not been mutually Statistics and Public Health at comprehensible. Just as patient the League of Nations histories were standardized over the Heidi Tworek Assistant Professor, University of British late nineteenth century, League Columbia officials sought to mold the numbers The League of Nations Health that they received. The boxes of Organization was created as submissions from 74 countries, policymakers grappled with the colonies, or territories around the cataclysmic consequences of two world show myriad methods to pandemics: global influenza and represent disease: narrative, typhus in Eastern Europe. drawings, maps, graphs, or tables Contemporaries drew one with signs like circles or pluses that understudied lesson from those bear little resemblance to statistics pandemics: the value of information, today. League officials both particularly statistics, to prevent the solicited more statistics and pushed spread of infectious disease. The government officials to generate Polish head of the League of Nations statistics that fit the League’s vision Health Organization from 1921 to of how disease should be 1939, Ludwik Rajchman, believed represented. I show how these fervently that statistics would initiatives fit into the League’s “demonstrate the practicability and broader push to standardize financial and economic data. Finally, the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 262 paper explores how the League’s Netherlands, the number of hospital system directly laid the groundwork births remained low, a remarkable for the international health statistics contrast still visible today. In this of the United Nations. paper, I investigate this difference, which so far, I argue, has not been Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | Public health, sufficiently addressed. Most epidemiology, Ludwik Rajchman, statistics historical work on the Dutch birthing system focuses on the Staying Home: Modernity, Science, and the Absence of strong position of Dutch midwives, Hospital Birth in the Netherlands, but although midwives are necessary 1918–1940 for home births, their presence is in Hieke Huistra itself not a sufficient explanation for Utrecht University the lack of hospital births. In other Around 1900, almost all European European countries with similar and American births happened at numbers of midwives, home births home, but soon after, birth moved did decline nonetheless. To figure into the hospital. Historians such as out what made the Netherlands Judith Leavitt have analyzed the role different, I analyze scientific of obstetrical science in this shift. textbooks, practical handbooks, New scientific insights on how to medical case notes, and women's prevent infections favoured the diaries. Together, these sources help strictly controlled birth environment me explain why, in the interwar only the hospital could offer. Netherlands, the 'scientific' hospital Furthermore, pregnant women birth did not acquire the same strongly believed modern science popularity as elsewhere. could make birth safe and Medicine and Health | Europe | 20th century, comfortable – a modern, 'scientific' early | birth, obstetrical science, hospitals, hopsital birth was seen as a good women birth; a traditional home birth was Storied Sex: U.S. Sex Education not. Thus, in the 1920s and the Films in Sweden, 1925-1933 1930s, birth started to move into the Saniya Lee Ghanoui hospital in most western countries – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign with one major exception: the Activist Elise Ottesen-Jensen Netherlands. Although trust in founded the Swedish Association for science was high in the interwar History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 263

Sexuality Education (RFSU— from public theaters, thus Riksförbundet för sexuell intersection the educational border. upplysning) in 1933; by that time In 1928, elementary school teacher she had been corresponding with Sven Karlung deemed sex education American birth control activist “the most delicate subject” but Margaret Sanger for several years argued it needed to be taught in and had established a strong schools through the use of film; the working relationship with Sanger. In schoolteacher praised film as a this paper I trace the build-up of medium for education. I contend that Ottesen-Jensen’s sex education work the years leading up to RFSU’s prior to the founding of RFSU. I founding were formative for the examine three borders— transnational relationship of sex geographical, ideological, and education and its films between the educational—to show how United States and Sweden. conversations on sex instruction that Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | occurred in the United States during 20th century, early | sex education, the early- to mid-1920s begin arising transnational public health in Sweden at the turn of the decade Stradanus' Nova Reperta: A Tory and helped secure moral support for Interpretation of History RFSU’s existence. First films Daniel Margocsy traversed geographical borders, from HPS, University of Cambridge the United States to Sweden, This article examines the reception including the well-received film history of Jan van der Straet Motherhood: Life’s Greatest Miracle (Stradanus)’ Nova reperta, the iconic (1927, Moderskap). Second, films visual account of the modern crossed ideological borders. While inventions of the scientific previously exported American sex revolution. It reconstructs how instruction films contained messages contemporary publics responded to on birth control and abortions, these Stradanus’ prints within Europe and newer films examined the across the globe. As I argue, the consequences of drinking and drugs Nova reperta had a rather limited and filmmakers targeted them to reception compared to the rest of younger audiences. Third, sex Stradanus’ oeuvre; modern instruction films began to enter inventions seem not to have been Swedish school systems, moving History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 264 popular in the seventeenth and Stress, Strain, and the eighteenth centuries. Interest in Nineteenth-Century Medical Stradanus was limited to the circles Marketplace of the Medici in Florence, who used Melissa Dickson Lecturer, University of Birmingham his prints to invent a tradition of This paper considers the supporting learnings and overstrained nervous system as a craftsmanship, and to a few critical component of the framework humanists and antiquarians who within which late nineteenth-century used the Nova reperta within a medical, literary, and popular culture highly religious framework. The talk defined itself as modern. Amidst the focuses on two case studies: the overwhelmingly fast pace of modern French engraver Melchior Tavernier, life, the nervous body emerged in who relied on the prints of the Nova this period as an elastic site of stress reperta in a court case agains the and overload, which teetered booksellers’ guild in the Paris of the constantly on the verge of collapse. 1620s, and the Oxford antiquarian This created a lucrative market for a Thomas Hearne, who used the Nova range of tonics that would reperta to learn more about the the supposedly relieve the sufferings of early history of printing in order to the modern populace. Bolstered by criticize the 18th-century book trade prevailing medical orthodoxies, a in the wake of the Copyright Act of host of individuals and companies 1710. As these two cases reveal, the eagerly capitalised on this cult of Nova reperta’s images were used for nervous valetudinarianism, and highly political purposes in this popular tonics, often containing period, and were not taken to be as powerful narcotics and stimulants, unproblematic accounts of artisanal were patented, marketed, and or scientific work. experimented with as a means of Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science countering nervous exhaustion. The | Global or Multilocational | Longue Durée proliferation of such medications prompted, this paper argues, an array of scientific and cultural fantasies of nervous evolution and adaptation in which the body might be continually fashioned and re- History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 265 fashioned in order to produce a high- passageway built on a navigational functioning social subject in a fast- vocabulary that revealed surgical paced modern society. interest in colonizing the female body by way of the explorer. Medicine and Health | Europe | 19th century | Medical Advertising, Nervous Disorders, Obstetrical 'atlases,' not unlike Science Fiction contemporary cartographic ones, mapped the female body using such Stripped Down to Bare Bones: Navigating the Pelvis in navigational terms as pelvic inlet, Enlightenment France delta, and birth . This Margaret Carlyle terminology provided a new Postdoctoral researcher, University of paradigm for exploring the female Chicago body as a kind of ‘terra incognita’ Eighteenth-century birthing manuals that was matched by visuals of the presented the maternal body as an pelvis, often in grid form, which obstructive factor in natural charted her anatomy in terms of childbirth. This impulse is best oceans and landmasses. Both forms exemplified in visual culture, of mapping relied on the wherein infant delivery is often development of new tools—for reduced to bare bones: the oft ill- obstetricians, the pelvimeter fated interactions between maternal quantified the pelvis, while for pelvis and fetal skull. The tendency navigators, the marine chronometer to pictorially disembody the mother measured longitude at sea. In both reflected on a new approach to cases, the aim was to create a childbirth that pathologized the universal lexicon and iconography pelvic passageway in ways that by which obstetricians, as paved the way for surgical cartographers, could map bodies in intervention. In this disciplinary communicable ways. reconceptualization, the pelvic parts were assigned the role of a faulty Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | instruments, obstetrics, body, colonialism, mechanism in the ‘woman machine’ France that must be fixed through tools like forceps, which promised to safeguard delivery in cases of infant malpresentation. This paper argues that the rationalization of the pelvic History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 266

Substitute Materials during the understood as a more gradual and Twentieth Century quotidian series of material Matthew Paskins transitions and coexistences. LSE Examining these more chronic Attempts to discover whether or not attempts to substitute gives a way to one material can be used in place of relate histories of chemistry to another run through the history of geographies of production, and their science from antiquity to the present. associated ideologies. This paper gives an overview of twentieth century histories of Chemistry | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | autarky, chemurgy, substitution substitute materials as a technoscientific-political project. Successful at Second Attempt: Successful substitution typically Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration on Flower Pigmentation and the involves a coordination between Emergence of Chemical material availability, narratives of Genetics use, experimental practices to Caterina Schürch discover similarities and differences LMU Munich, History of Science between material affordances, and In the course of their study of the regimes of testing and regulation. heredity of flower color, William Substitute materials are also invested Bateson, Edith Rebecca Saunders with potent narratives which and Reginald Punnett observed that connects them with political aims. in Sweet and Stocks, the During the twentieth century crossing of two white-flowered historians have associated substitute strains produced purple flowers. materials primarily with a range of Bateson’s student Muriel Wheldale political projects, notably the quickly recognized the potential of chemurgical movement in the USA this observation for advancing “a during the 1930s, British colonial chemical basis for Mendelian development schemes in the post- phenomena”. She assumed that by world war two period, and the ersatz combining the Mendelian methods economies of the Soviet Union and for determining the laws of Nazi Germany. It is thus framed as inheritance with chemical methods arising in exceptional condition, for the isolation and analysis of arising with conditions of war and these , it should be possible emergency. Substitution can also be to elucidate the mode of action of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 267

Mendelian factors, and at the same Surgeons and the Medicalization time solve the problem as to what of Urban Italy: Print and chemical processes underlie the Manuscript Evidence production of anthocyanin pigments. Maria Pia Donato C.N.R.S. / Institut d'Histoire Moderne et In her view, chemists interested in Contemporaine, Paris, France explaining anthocyanin biosynthesis, Surgeons were key agents in the and geneticists whose goal was to medicalization of early modern understand the operation of genes Italy, where a sophisticated medical were in fact interested in one and the economy combined medicinal same mechanism. However, consumerism with a widespread Wheldale didn’t make the culture of hygiene. From the modest breakthrough she had hoped for. It bloodletter up to the university- was her student Rose Scott- trained surgeon, they provided all Moncrieff who, in collaboration kinds of health and beauty treatment with chemists Robert and Gertrude for the urban society, including its Robinson and geneticist William lower strata. Excellent studies have Lawrence, was able to establish in delved into the Italian tradition of the 1930s that gene action is Renaissance learned surgery. In essentially a control of chemical contrast, with few exceptions processes. This second attempt was (notably S. Cavallo), the culture, so successful, I will argue, because work and intellectual output of the Scott-Moncrieff managed to common practitioners remain largely convince the chemists and unexplored. Although they are geneticists that joining forces with unanimously viewed as go- researchers from other disciplines betweens, relatively little attention would help them to solve their own has been devoted to the role played research problems in an adequate by surgeons in sustaining way. Furthermore, I will use the case medicalization across different of anthocyanin research to highlight social groups, as well as in the significance of interfield objects promoting change in the and interfield practices in cross- physiological and pathological ideas disciplinary collaborations. that underpinned it. This paper aims

Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th at bridging this historiographical century, early | genetics, botany, biochemistry, gap. By analysing printed surgical interfield practices, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 268 books in the period 1650-1800 both that event (1876). Obstetricians as texts and objects, it tackles the performed the craniotomy technique circulation of surgical knowledge in with the Smellie scissors, created by multiple audiences and the social English obstetrician William Smellie diversification of health care, while in the 18th-century, for use in cases shedding light on surgeons’ of either a restricted pelvis or an strategies of self-fashioning excessively voluminous fetal skull. according to their background and These scissors decreased the volume professional profile. Manuscripts, of the fetal skull by removing the however, reveal other aspects and cerebral mass. The decision to trajectories of this process. Indeed, conduct the craniotomy on such a in this same period, manuscript high-ranking woman caused surgical texts – transcripts of controversy in the Brazilian medical lectures, compendia, surgery world. Most medical literature casebooks- continued to be produced understood craniotomy as a and circulated. I will argue that they procedure more dangerous than offer new insight into the evolution forceps because it caused fetal death. of surgical culture, as well as into Disagreement over the use of the ways it was transmitted and craniotomy showed that, while this appropriated by different milieus. technique ensured maternal survival, it also led to the inevitable Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | Surgery, lithotomy, innovation in science and mutilation of the fetus and damage medicine, medical marketplace, apprenticeship. of the maternal perineum. For these reasons, the procedure was Surgical Instrumentation in the Practice of Craniotomy in 19th- considered to be inherently violent. Century Brazil This paper argues that a tension Isabela Dornelas remains between having knowledge Federal University of Minas Gerais of a technical resource and the use This paper focuses on the use of of it. Technical resources, even craniotomy in the exhausting and when deemed violent by medical long labor of the imperial heiress of opinion, were nonetheless used Brazil, Isabel de Bragança, in 1875. when necessary. It analyzes the arguments around the Medicine and Health | Latin America | 19th use of this technique using as its century | instruments, obstetrics, craniotomy, main source the medical report of body, gender, politics, Brazil History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 269

Symbol and Knowledge: them with the understanding of the ‘Absolute Infinity’ in Georg symbol by later Florensky and other Kantor and Pavel Florensky interpreters. I also examine the view Tatiana Levina of theologian Christian Tapp, who Higher School of Economics (National Research University) researched Cantor’s interest in The research theme is the reception theology. He understands symbol as of Georg Cantor's ideas in Russia. a minimal in the theory of Cantor. Russian philosopher Pavel Johanna Van der Ween and Leon Florensky have been influenced by Horsten represent Cantor's Georg Cantor’s ideas and wrote a conception in the context of paper “On the symbols of infinity” European philosophers, whom in 1904. In this paper he says that Cantor read. The main problem of transfinite mathematics of Georg the paper is how symbol and Cantor is an example of symbolic absolute infinity could be connected vision of God. Cantor’s idea from and whether the meaning of symbol the "Grundlagen einer allgemeinen implies understanding of the higher Mannigfaltigkeitslehre” is that being or it is not necessarily “absolute can only be acknowledged incorporated into the concept. but never known”. The absolutely Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science infinite sequence of numbers thus | Europe | 20th century, early | Absolute Infinity, Pavel Florensky, Georg Cantor, Metaphysical seems to him to be an appropriate Realism, Symbol, Transfinity, Platonism symbol of the absolute. Symbol, as Pavel Florensky wrote in his Teaching Entomology through memoirs, was the most important Images: Insect Representation in Wallcharts between the concept in his philosophy Nineteenth and Twentieth throughout his life. Symbol has Century distinctive ontological modus of Elena Canadelli existence and its property is to be University of Padova the reference for the higher being, The presentation focuses on how namely God. It could also be insects have been represented and associated with the concept of taught in schools and universities minimax by Nicolaus of Cusa. I between the nineteenth and analyze the meaning of symbol in twentieth centuries, often in relation Cantor and Florensky and juxtapose to matters like public health, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 270 economic botany or agriculture. As both history of science and history argued by Massimiano Bucchi of education, this presentation aims (1998), the “golden age” for such a at highlighting the different ways in genre of didactic communication is which insects have been represented to be located between 1870 and and used in science education as 1920. In this period several different popular visual educational tools and kinds of wallcharts were produced, tries to understand the circulation of printed, and sold in large quantities some “favourite” motives. thanks to the improvement in Biology | Europe | 19th century | Entomology, lithography: from the collection Education, Images, Universities, Zoology, published by the German Rudolf Collections, Pedagogy Leuckart and Hinrich Nitsche (1877- Technical Assistance and 1892) to the collection edited by the Socialist International Health French Rémy Perrier & Cépède Dora Vargha (1880-1930). Insects were present in University of Exeter many of these collections with From the establishment of the World peculiar visual languages and styles Health Organization in 1948, the of representation. In many question of technical assistance was universities handmade wallcharts hotly debated by Eastern European were also prepared by students and countries. Recuperating from the professors. It was the case of the war and undergoing radical political anonymous collection realized by change, countries of the Socialist the zoologists of the University of Bloc were both recipients and Padova at the beginning of the donors of technical assistance in a twentieth century newly forming system of (https://phaidra.cab.unipd.it/detail_o international health. These countries bject/o:12794), which tells us a lot had specific ideas about the about the importance of visual obligations of states and the role of representation in zoological technical aid in health that did not education and knowledge-making of necessarily map on the dominant, the time. It reveals how subjects US-led interpretation. While there is were chosen and how to represent a growing literature on technical insects by looking at the major assistance and development between printed collections, which marked a Eastern Europe and the so-called standard in the field. Looking at History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 271

Third World, the role of technology course, these same technologies and expertise at the intersection of could also be turned against the liberal and socialist international defendant and thus become health has been little explored. ‘technologies of guilt.’ This paper Through the case of hospital explores the processes by which new building projects and expert forensic technologies are networks from a Hungarian conceptualized as ‘technologies of perspective, this paper asks how we guilt’ and ‘technologies of can understand socialist engagement innocence.’ To that end, I look at the in international health, and how introduction of several forensic technical aid among the Second and technologies in the Dutch legal Third worlds fitted into a broader system in the twentieth century, system of technical aid and including lie detection (briefly international health. introduced in 1956) and DNA (first used in the Netherlands in 1988). Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late Characterized as an inquisitorial system, which relies on supposedly Technologies of Innocence and ‘neutral’ court-appointed experts, Guilt: The Introduction of New the Dutch legal system might be Forensic Technologies in Dutch Courtrooms seen as an unlikely site for such an Lara Bergers analysis. I contend, however, that, in PhD candidate, Utrecht University practice, technologies and expertise No criminal defendant, in principle, are not significantly more neutral in has to prove his own innocence. It is the Dutch inquisitorial system than enough to sow doubt about the in adversarial systems. argument that the prosecution is Technology | Europe | 20th century, late | Lie making: in dubio pro reo (when in Detection, DNA, Forensic Science, Science & doubt, for the accused). Yet suspects Law, Dutch History, Objectivity and their defence attorneys frequently attempt to do just that. In their efforts they may enlist forensic technologies that are thereby presented as what one might term ‘technologies of innocence.’ Of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 272

Telling Histories of the Republic table-talks and the expanding of Letters in the 18th Century: scholarly apparatuses accompanying “History of Learning” as these editions. The scientific and Expression of Growing Self- scholarly community started to Awareness of an International Community of Scholars and assert its own independence from Scientists state and church, and retroactively Dirk Van Miert projected their own enlightened Descartes Centre, Utrecht University ideals back onto the earlier history It is a historiographical orthodoxy of the Republic of Letters. This is that the 18th century witnessed the causing the modern historian rise of a historical consciousness, considerable problems: we are still partly in response to what Hazard reading the 16th- and 17th-c. socio- called the crisis of the European cultural history of learning through mind. Within this rise, we can the prism of Newton, Bayle and identify a particular historical sub- Voltaire and fail to appreciate the genre: that of History of Learning. variegated history of the deceptively This ‘historia litteraria’ marks the stable term ‘Republic of Letters’, beginning of History of Science. It is which in fact experienced many ups by now a well known albeit still and downs through time and across understudied phenomenon, prevalent space. in Germany from the late 17th Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | century onwards. I will show how, Europe | 18th century | republic of letters, within this historiographical history of knowledge, history of historiography, tradition, which takes its cue from scientific communities Bacon’s Advancement of Learning, Text Mining and the Conceptual the emphasis shifted from the History of the "Republic of remote to the more recent past. The Letters" 18th-c. history of recent learning Karen Hollewand points at a growing self-awareness Utrecht University of the Republic of Letters as a social All that we know about the early phenomenon, noticeable also from modern Republic of Letters, from the rise of the scientific journal, the heterogeneity of its membership editions of complete works of recent to its continued significance in the scientist and scholars, the learned world of the sixteenth, posthumous editions of letters, and seventeenth, and eighteenth History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 273 centuries, is based on traditional principal dataset, comprising of historical research: the close-reading more than 80,000 early modern of historical documents. Yet, as the letters, and discuss the complexities number of primary sources shared of conducting experiments with a online keeps growing, it is time to historical and multilingual corpus. discover how computational Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | approaches can advance our Europe | 17th century | Republic of Letters, understanding of this complex correspondence, text mining, digital humanities community. In my paper, part of my Text-Mining Early Modern research for the SKILLNET project, Collective Lives of Scholars for I will explore the use of digital text Scholarly Virtues mining in the study of the Koen Scholten conceptual history of the ‘Republic PhD candidate, Utrecht University of Letters’, investigating if and how The respublica litteraria, the the distant reading of a large corpus imagined community of scholars in of letters can trace key concepts that the early modern period, was kept relate to a sense of commonality and together beyond confessional to the ideal of sharing knowledge. borders through collective ideals. Looking at the frequency and spread These ideals were celebrated and of words, I am mapping the main embodied by exemplary scholars – ethical notions which held this most notably Erasmus – who served learned community together. Did as role models for virtue and these notions change over time or participation in the learned differ according to, for example, community. By presenting an region, language, or religion? Can overview of the virtues ascribed to they tell us if this knowledge society exceptional and exemplary learned represented a utopian idea, detached men we gain insight into the from religious and political development of the concerns, or if we should explain its transconfessional respublica long-term significance in relation to litteraria in the sixteenth and its pragmatic value, allowing seventeenth centuries. Early modern scholars to share their thoughts and collective scholarly life-writing texts with each other? Exploring often referred to as "vitae" or these questions, my paper will touch "elogia" offered an overview to upon the construction of my early modern readers of the most History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 274 eminent scholars, their deeds and Casseri, professor of anatomy at the virtues. This paper will present the University of Padua for his Tabula results of a text-mining analysis of a Anatomica (1627). These are some variety of collective scholarly life- of the most remarkable examples of writings. Vitae and elogia from both representational choice in the history sides of the confessional divide will of anatomy. The evidence of be taken into consideration and dissection is contrasted with plants compared against each other. Do and trees in the height of summer Italian or Dutch compendia of foliage. These images show people scholars include the same scholars? disrobing themselves of their skin, And, more importantly, were or as though an invisible hand were scholars ascribed the same virtues casting their skin aside like fabric. throughout Europe? All in all, this The conflation of skin with cloth in paper addresses the scholarly virtues these images reinforces a expressed in collective scholarly paradoxically lively presentation of life-writing in the early modern the cadaver, and blurs the period. relationship of the human body to the surrounding environment. This Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 17th century | scholarly life-writing depiction is in remarkable contrast memory identity to the circumstances of bodily dissection in the early seventeenth Textures of Anatomy: Images and Practice at the University of century, which occurred by Padua in the Seventeenth necessity in the winter. The seasonal Century experience of medical teaching at Megan Baumhammer the time reflected the availability PhD Student, Princeton University and ease of use for teaching In this paper I explore the materials. University medical relationship between skin, skin education centered on the teaching represented as fabric, and fabric of the experiential sciences of covering skin within this context of botany and anatomy. In this paper I seasonality in the representation of analyse the practice of anatomy at human bodies in anatomical works Padua in the context of costume of the seventeenth century. I begin books and the fabric trade in the with engravings by Odoardo Fialetti, Republic of Venice. I show that the commissioned by Giulio Cesare novelties of the early modern world History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 275 and the novelties of anatomy are key ultimately contributed to new ideas in knowledge in Renaissance about energy, work, and migration, medicine. and to studies in epidemiology and agricultural production. Medicine and Health | Europe | 17th century | Anatomy, representation, history of medicine Technology | Near and Middle East | 20th century, early | agriculture, epidemiology, The “African Horse Sickness” animal labor, movement, Middle East, animal- and the Threat of Movement human relations, energy Tamar Novick Max Planck Institute for the History of The “Skins” of the Earth: Artisan Science, Berlin Expertise and the “Discovery” of This talk centers on the “African Geological Strata in Fifteenth- Century Italy Horse Sickness” that plagued the Ivano Dal Prete Middle East for the first time in History of Science and Medicine, Yale 1944, resulting in the termination of University thousands of animal lives. In that The idealized representation of context, equines were cardinal to geological strata is one of the most agricultural work and economy, to striking aspects of late fifteenth- connecting rural and urban areas as century Italian pictorial landscapes. transporters of goods, but also to the Yet medieval learned governing rule and its policing “meteorology”, which also included powers under the Mandate system. today’s geology and mineralogy, The disease hit the region in a largely ignored this highly visible transformative period, moreover, as feature of the Earth’s surface. In this the role of animals as global paper, I argue that the investigation migrant-laborers was shifting. Soon of Earth strata (or “skins”, as they after, automated machines relieved were called) was indeed an their burden, and transformed the empirical skill, practiced by artisans relations between farmers, involved with mining and civilian or veterinarians, the state, and the hydraulic engineering. The global market. Debates about the knowledge of different “soils”, of nature and management of this their properties, and of their vertical disease, which never threatened differentiation was a practical tool, human lives, but influenced them in employed by water prospectors to fundamental ways nevertheless, locate water sources or by builders History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 276 to design the foundations of edifices. environment around two The common understanding that the archaeological sites of 20th-century crust of the Earth was composed of Central America (Quiriguá in “page-like skins”, made then its way Guatemala and Copán in Honduras) into paintings whose authors made these sites contested spaces. It belonged to the same cultural and follows thematic trends across the social environment (and were records of several North American sometimes the same person). archaeological expeditions between Literary masterpieces of the Italian the 1890s and 1940s, chiefly the humanism, like Leon Battista Harvard Peabody Museum Alberti’s On the Art of Building, expedition to Copán in Honduras in attest that this knowledge did not 1892-3 and the expedition to remain confined to trade expertise Quiriguá in Guatemala, led by and to oral and vernacular William Duncan Strong for the communication. Leonardo da Bureau of American Ethnology in Vinci’s discussion of Earth strata 1936. Field sites were not self- has often been touted as an example contained scientific spaces, but of unique genius ahead of his time. embedded in a rural landscape with On the contrary, I suggest that the all its social, agricultural and Tuscan artist built upon a decades- commercial relationships. Local, long tradition of artisanal knowledge regional and transnational actors all and practices, which he framed had a stake in controlling the natural within a theoretical template mostly and built environment, and foreign derived from Aristotelian and local scholars, farmers, and meteorology. labourers interacted in different ways with these environments. In Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | Renaissance fact, by paying attention to the micro-geographies of the The () Landscape and archaeological field site, we can Archaeology in Central America, uncover facets of daily life and 1890-1940 labour relations in the rural Sophie Brockmann De Montfort University, UK landscapes which were fundamental This paper explores how different to Guatemalan and Honduran history interpretations of the landscape and in this era. Archaeologists and local farmers argued about agricultural History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 277 practices within the supposed program and contributed essentially boundaries of the archaeological to the advent of biology. I argue that sites. In the case of Quiriguá in C. fontinalis was so important for particular, which was located in the this development because it midst of a United Fruit banana functioned as a proto-model plantation, the terrain’s primary organism, in that Blumenbach function as an agricultural landscape selected it precisely for its (the archetype of ‘tropical epistemological and practical agriculture’ for North Americans) advantages. First, he recognized that permeated all aspects of the its physiological simplicity enabled archaeologists’ practice, from him to overcome foregoing finding suitable labourers to difficulties in embryology, which fashioning themselves ‘tropical freed him to formulate a new explorers’. theoretical foundation of biology that contributed to knowledge of Earth and Environmental Sciences | Latin America | 20th century, early | environment, living beings as such. Second, archaeology, field science, , because C. fontinalis was easy to Guatemala, Honduras procure, maintain, and propagate, The Algal Organism at the Blumenbach knew that any Beginning of Biology naturalist could replicate his Ryan Feigenbaum experiments. This self- History of Science Society consciousness in selecting a subject In the eighteenth century, algae were of study predates the reasoning that wretched organisms, receiving scant stands at the beginning of Gregor attention from naturalists, who Mendel’s famous work on peas by largely preferred animals as their 84 years, the latter often cited as the subjects of research. This first example of a model organism. predilection held true for J. F. In the history of biology, then, the Blumenbach, who devoted less than model organism is not a 5% of his influential Handbuch der phenomenon that occurs after the Naturgeschichte to plants and even science has already begun, but one less to algae. It is surprising, then, which is concomitant with its that a species of algae, Conferva beginning. Blumenbach’s work on fontinalis, played a crucial role in C. fontinalis forces us to reassess the Blumenbach’s own research History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 278 inauguration of biology, in its of life. This paper addresses the history and its present. question of child and adolescent development and its interpretation Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 18th century | Blumenbach, Algae, within psychiatric discourses in both Model Organism France and Scotland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth The Alienisation of Childhood and Adolescence in France and centuries. It will stress out how Scotland, 1870-1914 paediatrics became a separate field Axelle Champion of study in both countries, signing University of Edinburgh off different perspectives to the During the last quarter of the question of the young body in health nineteenth century, the medical gaze and sickness. This will allow us to turned itself upon the child and the understand how the medicalisation adolescent, promoted them as new of childhood and adolescence, under objects of science. In both Scotland the influence of evolutionary and France, an alliance between psychology and pedagogy, political and medical men was concurred to form different formed to deal with their respective discursive traditions on mental demographic crisis: public health, abnormality in young people. In hygiene, as well as personal other words, this paper will show behaviours were targeted to improve how the emergence of child and child health. Both nations developed adolescent psychiatry sits at the similar anxieties and fears over their crossroads of competing, yet population growth, and addressed complementing, medical, these challenges in a similar way - psychological, social and through the introduction of pieces of educationist discourses. legislations as well as formulating Medicine and Health | Europe | 19th century | social and medical precepts psychiatry, paediatrics, development, young promoting child welfare. Yet, some people crucial differences in their implementation emphasise distinct approaches to the medicalisation of childhood and adolescence, which would ultimately bear consequence to the ‘alienisation’ of both periods History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 279

The Amateur’s Gaze vs. the scholarly French élite referred to the “Learned” Eye: Theorizing “taste vs. method” opposition as a Natural History Collections in the strategy to discredit non- Second Half of the 18th Century professional collectors in order to Rossella Baldi SIK-ISEA Zurich legitimize the practice of scientific collecting as the only one able to The flourishing practice of natural formulate a valid scientific content. history collecting, which As a matter of fact, was the characterized the second half of the opposition between amateurs and 18th century, was supported by a scientists truly operational? Was it major theoretical effort to define really possible to exhibit nature in a how samples should be collected, cabinet without using any decorative preserved and displayed. This artificialities which, according to specialized literature was mainly scientists, prevented the visitors of produced within the French natural history cabinets from academic world to educate the non- experiencing and understanding the specialized readership and to natural order? provide naturalists with the right methods to set up their cabinets. As Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | a consequence, texts theorized two Europe | 18th century | Art, Collecting, Gaze, Amateurs, taste, cabinet, museum, readers, opposite views on collecting, publics reflecting two different approaches to nature. On the one hand, the The B.S. Degree: A New Objective in Nineteenth-Century scientific collection, aimed at the American Catholic Higher most faithful reproduction of nature Education and its laws through a rigorous and Dana Freiburger methodical display of the specimens; University of Wisconsin-Madison on the other hand, the amateur My talk surveys issues coincidental cabinet, conceived a space for visual to the introduction of the Bachelor pleasure where to contemplate of Science (B.S.) degree at natural beauty and inside which nineteenth-century American aesthetic choices offset the difficulty Catholic institutions of higher of making natural order visible. This education. Starting with Santa Clara paper will question this theoretic College, a Jesuit school in California dichotomy. I will argue that the that conferred a B.S. degree in 1859 History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 280 and continuing to 1900 (and beyond) curriculum that provided a desired with the College of Notre Dame of knowledge of science. Maryland that awarded B.S. degrees Social Sciences | North America | 19th century | to women, a total of nineteen science education, academic degrees Catholic institutions deemed the Bachelor of Science a fitting The Background of the Umwelt Concept: Jakob von Uexküll’s academic honor alongside the Theoretical Biology venerable Bachelor of Arts (B.A) Carlo Brentari degree. Essential to a B.A. was its Researcher, Department of Humanities, objective of inculcating mental University of Trento (Italy) discipline in a student, an ideal The concept for which Uexküll is usually achieved through the study best known is his notion of the of Latin and Greek over several environment (Umwelt) as a species- years. In contrast the B.S. dispensed specific subjective construction. with these dead languages and in This concept, however, takes its full their place granted more emphasis to meaning when situated in the the various sciences along with the context of Uexküll’s overall modern languages, practical reflection on biology. The substitutions made in response to the constitution of the perceptive and escalating demand for Catholic operative Umwelt is seen by colleges to offer a more useful Uexküll as part of a wider complex education. Based on my ongoing of organized morphogenetic, dissertation research, I argue that physiological, anatomical, and this new objective to award behavioural processes. This clearly Bachelor of Science degrees evolved emerges from the two editions of out of an existing Catholic Uexküll’s Theoretische Biologie educational commitment to teach (1920; second, expanded edition science to students. Moreover, it 1928). Starting from these demonstrated how Catholics found a considerations, this paper aims to way to package a science education provide an overview of the links which remained in touch with their between Uexküll’s theoretical long-held classical educational biology and related scholars and practices, like those found in the debates. The discussion will center Ratio Studiorum, while offering a on two chief issues. Firstly, the influence of other authors (Johannes History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 281

Müller, , The Categorisation of Hearing Jacques Loeb) on Uexküll will be Loss through Telephony in Inter- outlined. This will give us the War Britain opportunity to discuss Uexküll’s Coreen Mcguire University of Bristol reception of Immanuel Kant’s The telephone in inter-war Britain transcendental approach; through the was an important tool for both the mediation of Helmholtz, in fact, identification and categorisation of Kant’s theory of perception assumes individual hearing loss. Between a great relevance for Uexküll’s 1912 and 1981, the British Post physiology and theoretical biology Office had control over a (not by chance, the first two chapters nationalised telephone system. of Theoretische Biologie are titled Linkage between telephony and respectively "space" and "time). hearing has long been noted by Secondly, the paper addresses historians of sound and science and Uexküll’s position in some long- Post Office engineers in the inter- term biological debates in the 19th war period had considerable and early 20th Centuries: the expertise in both mechanist-vitalist debate; the telecommunications and hearing discussion about nature and function assistive devices. This talk will first of cellular protoplasm; the issue of demonstrate how the interwar Post teleology (in Uexküll’s terminology, Office categorised different kinds of Zweckmässigkeit, “purposefulness”) hearing loss through standardising in biological phenomena. A final the capacity of its users to engage evaluation will be offered on the effectively with the telephone, and possibility of updating Uexküll’s secondly investigate how successful theoretical biology. it was in doing so. By utilising the Biology | Europe | 20th century, early | substantial but little used material Theoretical Biology, Jakob von Uexküll, held by BT Archives, we can trace Immanuel Kant, Umwelt the development of the Post Office’s 'telephone for deaf subscribers’, and explore how it was used to manage and standardise the variability of hearing and hearing loss within the telephone system. This talk will History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 282 highlight that institutional decisions evolutionary mechanisms was “long about the types of measurements we popular in continental Europe,” it prioritise and the types of bodies we was almost entirely absent in choose to measure as standard have English-language biology. Given been heavily weighted with this background, how did this historical biases and discrimination. “European” perspective come to Examining the creation of 'normal form the basis for a major theoretical hearing' in inter-war Britain thus challenge to Adaptationist thinking? allows for wider consideration of the What were the sources of this technological construction of perspective? In my talk, I point out disability. that this rethinking was possible through an exchange and transfer of Technology | Europe | 20th century, early | telephony, disability, hearing-loss, users, practices, data, technologies, and standardisation. knowledge between biologically oriented students of form and The Circulation of Morphological Knowledge: Twentieth-Century architects, and engineers. Science of Form between Specifically, I analyze how Evolutionary Biology and morphological knowledge traveled Architecture from evolutionary biology into Marco Tamborini architecture and back during the Institut für Philosophie, TU Darmstadt 1960s. As a case study, I focus on In 1971, biologists Stephen Jay the Stuttgart Collaborative Research Gould and Richard C. Lewontin Center on wide span surface criticized the agenda that had structures. In this research center, “dominated evolutionary thought in architect Frei Otto and biologist England and the United States” Gerhard Helmcke developed a according to which natural selection structural analysis of is seen as an “optimizing agent”. morphogenesis. According to this Conversely, they proposed a analysis, an efficient form is different standpoint on evolution, in obtained by using as little material which body plans are “constrained as possible in line with the by phyletic heritage, pathways of lightweight principle. Hence, by development and general showing how morphological architecture”. As they admitted, knowledge traveled during the while this different focus on 1960s, my presentation will provide History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 283 preliminary insights into a different conference theme “Telling the Story history of twentieth- and twenty- of Science,” I situate Smythe’s first-century science of form. illustrations of reef architecture, rendered as chromolithographs by Biology | Europe | 20th century, late the celebrated Vincent Brooks, The Collected Letters of Sarah within the public education on the Maria Smythe: Communicating science of geology during a robust Darwin’s Coral Growth Theory to schedule of public lectures in Belfast Readers, Ten Months in the Fiji Islands (1864) Belfast. I argue that Smythe, member of a prominent household in Anne Ricculli Drew University Protestant Northern Ireland, engaged In Ten Months in the Fiji Islands with theoretical geology during (1864) Sarah Maria Smythe narrated Belfast’s self-identification as active her military husband’s recent participant in networks of British evaluation of the strategic and colonial-region resource economic feasibility of British plans management. More broadly, the to annex the Fiji archipelago. Her Belfast education series framed published letters described her own Darwin’s coral research to general contributions to concurrent Royal audiences in the context of Botanic Gardens, Kew-sponsored environmental change, themes explorations of the islands’ floral subsequently conveyed to the public resources. Her drawings of coral as Origin of Species (1859) reefs, however, document her circulated in Ireland through lending application of the science of libraries and in printed reviews. geology, and Charles Darwin’s Smythe’s volume demonstrates the theory of reef growth, to explain nineteenth-century public embrace configurations of Fijian marine of contemporary geological theory regions. Sarah Maria Smythe’s and field research as one element in correspondence in Ten Months in a Victorian-era scientific toolkit the Fiji Islands (1864) has been used to evaluate resources in briefly studied under the genre of changing imperial environments.

Victorian women’s Pacific-region Earth and Environmental Sciences | travel narratives (Claudia Knapman Australasia/Oceania | 19th century 1997). Keeping with the HSS History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 284

The Cosmic Eros of Renaissance alongside cosmographers and Vitalism: A Reassessment cosmologists. The linkage of science Pietro Deniel Omodeo and magic constituted the vitalist ERC EarlyModernCosmology, Ca' Foscari University of Venice philosophers’ specific path to useful knowledge. Culianu regarded Vinculum vinculorum amor est. Tommaso Campanella as Giordano Bruno’s statement, “the paradigmatic of this trend, although chain of chains is love,” served Ioan he did not expand on the Petru Culianu, in his classic on conceptions of this “attardé de la Renaissance magic, to summarize Renaissance en pleine Réforme.” It the conception that eros is the is worthwhile considering universal principle agitating nature. Campanella’s philosophy of cosmic The living cosmos is sentient in all eros, and the continuity he of its parts; desire keeps together established between scienza and reality at the micro-scale of magia, magic and technology terrestrial beings, and at the level of (particularly the three Baconian celestial motions and their technologies: compass, gunpowder metaphysical aspiration towards and press) as a manner to reassess, their unitarian source. According to continue and deepen Culianu’s vitalistic vistas from Ficino to Bruno inquiry into nature and desire à la and beyond, an adequate knowledge Renaissance, 35 years on. of the driving force of eros is the precondition for the effective Physical Sciences | Europe | 17th century channeling of nature towards The Data of Development: North- individual and collective goals. The South Tensions in the spirit of the incipient “Scientific International Hydrological Revolution” conferred an Decade, 1965-1974 operational connotation to these Etienne Benson ideas of neo-Platonic origin. The University of Pennsylvania speculative character of classical The International Hydrological Platonism was dismissed in favor of Decade (1965-1974) was a practice, while Scholastic UNESCO-led program of research constructions were cast into doubt as and training in the water sciences inapt to account for the new worlds that laid the foundation for the opened up by scientific novatores International Hydrological History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 285

Programme, which is still active disregarded the practical water needs today. Inspired by the International of developing countries. This paper Geophysical Year (1957-1958) and examines data collection, storage, other Cold War-era projects of and sharing in the IHD as sites for scientific internationalism, the IHD the negotiation of an alternate view was initially launched with the aim of scientific internationalism that of modernizing hydrology in a way focused less on establishing that would solve urgent global universal standards and creating problems. One of its leaders, the centralized databases than on U.S. hydrologist Raymond L. Nace, ensuring equitable access to justified the IHD in the following expertise and resources. terms: “Studies on continental, Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | hemispheric, and global scales are Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | necessary to cope with the future Conservation, environmental science, problems of water supply in a world transnationalism, localism that seems destined to be The Delayed Arrival of the overpopulated, defaced, and Future: The Case of General polluted.” With these anxieties in Mills’ Bontrae in Cold War mind, Nace and the other architects America of the IHD sought to standardize Nadia Berenstein Independent scholar international water data collection in Much of mid-twentieth-century US ways that would serve both basic food science and technology had a science and applied needs and would prospective and promissory appeal to hydrologists in both orientation — one that combined developed and developing nations. dire forecasts of a food-scarce future At the IHD’s Mid-Decade with robust claims by industry to Conference in 1969, however, it provide solutions that could mitigate became apparent that developing- the effects of the coming nation hydrologists were deeply catastrophe. Such was the case with unsatisfied with the IHD’s many of the novel protein-based implementation of these aims. They food sources under development were particularly vocal in their during wartime and in the postwar criticism of efforts to standardize years, including chlorella algae, water data in ways that served powders made from fisheries developed-world hydrologists but History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 286 bycatch, and plant-based protein The Early History of the Nuclear products. But what happened when Research Center SCK•CEN: industry failed to commercialize on Politics, Industry, Scientific Manpower and Nuclear Science this research, or when consumers in Belgium rejected these products in the Robert Van Leeuwen marketplace? This paper will KU Leuven; Belgian Nuclear Research consider the case of General Mills’ Center SCK•CEN Bontrae, a unique “spun” soy protein The major historical picture for the product developed over more than a postwar nuclear landscape is the decade and at the cost of millions of thesis of American ‘co-produced dollars in R&D investment, only to hegemony’ (Krige, 2008). vanish from the US market within a According to this picture, the US few years of its launch in the 1970s. government used its access to This paper will tell the story of nuclear knowledge in order to both Bontrae’s development and failure help postwar Europe rebuild its in the US marketplace in the 1960s scientific infrastructure as well as and 1970s and its global afterlives. securing US hegemony. More The story of Bontrae is not only recently, however, the active role of about a consumer technology that European nations in the flopped; it also has cultural development of nuclear research implications for the technoscientific infrastructure has been stressed by narrative of Malthusian crisis that historians of science. The Belgian justified, at least in part, its intensive response to postwar nuclear research development — and for our own era has until now received only scant of promissory technologies. I will attention from historians. This paper ask, what is the fate of the imagined describes the early development of futures embedded in failed nuclear energy research in Belgium technologies? via Belgium’s nuclear research center SCK•CEN, founded in 1952. Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Science | North America | 20th century, late To what extent can the domains of politics, industry and science be seen as independent in the construction of Belgium’s nuclear research infrastructure? In which way was the training of nuclear scientists and History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 287 engineers, as well as the channels. By making it a question of construction of nuclear technology, scientific knowledge sharing, Soviet shaped through national and scientists hoped to gain access to international politics? And how did sensitive US technology. Before this in turn affect the organization of agreeing, Ewing asked permission nuclear science in Belgium/at the from political and military SCK•CEN? institutions, who concurred that the exchanges were as a matter of Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 20th century, late national security that would benefit USA more than the USSR. Over the The Exchange of Seismic next four years, the two regularly Technology and Knowhow keeping in contact and, guided by between USA and the Soviet Union, 1961-1965 their political and military Lif Lund Jacobsen hinterland, expanding the initial Danish National Archives scope of the exchanges to include Designed to study earthquakes, visits of scientists and experts. At seismographs was from the times of high tension under the Cuba beginning of the 20th century Missile Crisis, both parties used installed across the globe. In the third-parties’ like scientists from 1950s it became clear that global Denmark or international seismic monitoring was the most organisations like UNESCO, to reliable method to detect further depoliticize the situation or underground nuclear tests. In 1961, act as a go-between. Based on M. Ewing of Columbia University material from USA, Denmark and was contacted by E. Savarensky of Russia this study exam how science the Institute of Physics of the Earth, and scientists was used as Moscow, who suggested that the two diplomatic tools to facilitate nuclear institutions exchanged seismographs test-ban negotiations and discuss the on a scientific basis. The underlying findings in the context of science interest was to gain access to the diplomacy. counterparty's technology to Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | increase its own verification Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | possibilities, a goal that could not be Cold War, Nuclear Teast Ban Treaty, Military funding, Seismology, Earth science achieved through diplomatic History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 288

The French State and “Useful” institutionally) assessed and Medical Knowledge: The Clinical occurred outside of the auspices of Judgment of Guy-Crescent these bodies. I argue that Fagon’s Fagon, Royal Physician to Louis testing practices testify to the XIV importance of embodied expertise, Justin Rivest University of Cambridge personal judgment, and authoritative My paper explores the role played witnessing by trusted practitioners. by the king’s first physician They also suggest a coherent (Premier médecin du roi) in research programme, one aimed at organizing and evaluating a cheap, “useful” drugs that could be particular form of medical used indiscriminately by large experimentation, namely, clinical populations in order to further the trials of novel therapeutic goals of the French state— substances. Although the primary particularly in military contexts— responsibility of the first physician but they occurred outside of the was supervising the health of the institutional spheres that historians royal body, he also had a customary usually associate with state- role in passing judgment on whether sponsored science in this period. or not a given drug was safe or Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | useful for the king’s subjects. This Europe | 17th century | Fagon, Medicine, Louis extended into the realm of state XIV, patents, drugs, jardin du roi, testing, expertise venality through the granting of royally-sponsored drug monopolies. The Future as We've Shown It: As a case study, I examine the career The Human Future in Space as Seen in Science Fiction of Louis XIV’s final first physician, Guy-Crescent Fagon (1638-1718), Matthew Shindell Smithsonian National Air and Space who organized patient trials and Museum granted monopolies for dozens of Historians of the Space Age have drugs. Fagon was a graduate of the pointed to the importance of space Paris Faculty of Medicine, popularization, including the work superintendent of the Jardin du roi, of space illustrators like Chesley and a member of the Académie des Bonestell and his contemporary sciences, but the trials he organized science fiction authors and were personally (rather than filmmakers, in selling a space future History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 289 to the American public. But what and others to reform the psychiatric was this future, and who was system in Italy in the 1960s and allowed/expected to participate in it? 1970s. This movement transformed If space was the next frontier, who individual asylums in Italy and the would be the pioneers? And what treatment of patients, and led to the alternative visions of space and the 1978 180 Law (also known as the human future in space were ‘Basaglia Law’), which eventually available? Moreover, why has the closed down the psychiatric hospital field of space history tended to focus system entirely (although this unreflexively on the white producers ‘closure’ remains controversial at a and consumers of space culture? number of levels). The impact of the This paper examines multiple ‘Basaglian movement’ and the 180 visions of the future, and futurist law was vast across the world, but images, to attempt to answer these very different from country to questions. Going outside of the country and even from city to city. traditionally defined space literary This paper will trace the different cannon, this paper also looks at forms of acceptance, rejection and Latino- and Afrofuturist images in non-interest in a number of an effort to expand our notion of the countries, drawing on research that cultural meaning and value(s) of will (in part) be published in a book American space activity and co-edited by myself and Professor exploration. Tom Burns, to be published by OUP in 2019. This impact or non-impact Social Sciences | North America | 20th century, late | Space, Futurism, Afrofuturism, will also shed light on the varying Latinofuturism, Science Fiction, Popular outcomes of the Italian experience Culture, Art itself, and the debates within Italy The Global Impact of Franco over the Basaglian legacy which are Basaglia and the Italian Radical ongoing today. Psychiatry Movement Medicine and Health | Europe | 20th century, John Foot late | anti-psychiatry, deinstitutionalization, Italy, Historian, University of Bristol Basaglia Franco Basaglia was the acknowledged leader of a vast movement of psychiatrists, patients, administrators, students, politicians History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 290

The Great Correlation Era in The Importance of Well- Astronomy Proportioned Wholes: From David Devorkin Archytas’ Division of Before astrophysics became truly Mathematics to Ptolemy’s All- Emcompassing Philosophy physical in the 1920s, it was typically described as either Cristian Tolsa AvH Postdoc "photographic" or "spectroscopic," The Inspiration Machine: where empirical mapping campaigns Positive Pressure and the made it possible to intercompare the Boundaries of the Breathing Self observed properties of the stars. Oriana Walker From this effort, many correlations This paper traces a long-standing-- were established including the HR and perhaps surprising-- resistance diagram, spectroscopic parallaxes, a to forcing air into the body. Brain mass-luminosity relation and a death, , and period-luminosity relation. But what complex life support all depend on did they mean?, some astronomers positive pressure ventilators only asked. Some speculated about what developed post-war. But, already by they implied about stellar the end of the nineteenth century, development, or about the history of such machines were regularly the structure and nature of the breathing for a veritable Noah’s Ark universe. But what did these of German laboratory animals. A correlations really mean, physically? century earlier, in a pitch that failed, And were they even real? We late eighteenth-century Humane explore this question and explore Societies had attempted to promote how it resulted in the creation of positive pressure resuscitation, the modern astrophysical practice. forcing of air into an unconscious

Physical Sciences | Europe | 20th century, early body against its natural pressure | astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology gradient, as modern; the ancients admitted no space between breathing life and unbreathing death, while moderns did. One of many protesting voices was Harvard founder Benjamin Waterhouse who replied in 1811 that the “bizarre and pernicious practice” History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 291 of blowing breath into the lungs depict recently-discovered Pacific could never give life to “dead flora and fauna for a European matter.” From this time forward, audience. Yet Stubbs – whose every introduction of the seemingly paintings of animals were valued for ordinary (and perhaps urgent) act of their anatomical precision rooted in forcing air into the lungs was direct observation – had never rejected as soon as it was suggested. actually seen these creatures. The It was not until 1957 that mouth-to- evidentiary authority of the images mouth resuscitation completely rested, instead, on their relation to replaced long-used and studied the work of a rarely discussed but methods that involved compressing crucially important figure: the the chest to change its shape, Scottish natural history illustrator causing air to passively flow in and Sydney Parkinson, who had died out of the body. Why was there such while serving as an artist on Captain persistent resistance to introducing Cook’s first voyage to the Pacific. ostensibly life-saving air into a This paper examines the tension dying body? What changed, between observation and invention allowing new kinds of ventilation in the visual culture of scientific technologies? And what did it have discovery from Cook’s first to do with changing boundaries of expedition. The paintings and prints the self? that circulated in Britain following Cook’s return deployed a number of Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | Medical technology, competing – and at times even animal-human boundary, defining the self contradictory – pictorial strategies to shore up their scientific credibility The Kangaroo and Other Natural Wonders: Picturing Pacific and to enhance their popular appeal. Exploration ca. 1770 Situated between specimen and Stephanie O'Rourke spectacle, this paper will show, these Lecturer, University of St Andrews images created a framework for In 1773, visitors crowded one of visualising Pacific exploration that London’s preeminent exhibition shaped not only how British venues in order to see two recent audiences imagined the remote paintings by George Stubbs. region but also how scientific Portraying a dingo and a kangaroo, these images were among the first to History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 292 knowledge about it was a woman of Jewish descent, and her disseminated to a wider public. potential involvement in her husband's family's resistance to Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Australasia/Oceania | 18th century Hitler. Placing her diary and other texts in the context of the recording The Known and the Lived: and note-taking practices that were Melitta Schiller-Stauffenberg developed as part of the Daniela Helbig University of Sydney professionalization of scientific test flying, I argue that the construal of In the rapidly growing recent Schiller's predicament in terms of historical and literary scholarship on politicized ethnicity alone leaves the genre of biography, a quote from aside her own understanding of her Virginia Woolf has achieved classic work in aviation research as status: "How can one make a life out epistemically and morally of six cardboard boxes full of tailors' meaningful. Hers is a case where bills, love letters and old picture biography can serve to examine how postcards?" It pointedly frames the scientific practice shapes the biographer's unresolvable dilemma practitioner by reconfiguring older in terms of her sources. How to cultural technologies of self- navigate between an empiricist faith articulation. in a subject speaking through these paper traces, and the constructivist Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 20th awareness of the biographer's role in century, early "making" this life? My contribution The Languages of Sound: Pitch is concerned with how scientific Data across Fields, Disciplines, practice changes the generic forms and Nations in Europe and the in which the biographical subject is United States (1877–1900) traditionally taken to speak --- such Fanny Gribenski Max Planck Institute for the History of as letters or diaries --- in the case of Science, Berlin the German test pilot and physicist Over the late eighteenth and the Melitta Schiller-Stauffenberg (1903- nineteenth century, classical music 1945). The fragmented records of was increasingly perceived as a Schiller's life have left room for universal language in Western much biographical controversy countries. At the same time, about her work for the Luftwaffe as however, intensifying processes of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 293 globalization and growing historical fields of application, whether knowledge about the musical past musical performance, instrument revealed the plurality of musical making, or psychophysics. systems in use across nations and Examining these intersections in a time. In response to this comparative and transnational complexification of the Western perspective allows me to recover the musical field, attempts were made to political implications of pitch data standardize pitch as a way of helping and stress the significance of sound to regulate and secure such historical for the study of nationalism and and geographical exchanges. internationalism. Collections of pitch data, based on Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 19th methods from the natural sciences, century | History of Humanities, technology, were a first step towards gaining sound, politics control over tuning practices. But The Lure and Corruption of the production of this knowledge on Saturn in Sixteenth-Century pitch was embedded in different Central European Mining and material, professional, scientific, and Metalworking linguistic contexts, a diversity that Tina Asmussen challenged the universalist aims of ETH Zürich pitch data collection and in some This paper investigates the ways exacerbated the existing chaos ambivalent character of Saturn in the in sonic and musical practices. context of sixteenth and early Analyzing the epistemic struggles of seventeenth literature on mining and two scholars (the British Alexander metalworking in relation to desires, J. Ellis and the American Charles R. vices and virtues. The mythical Cross) who attempted to create a figure Saturn, the son of Father Sky unified language to represent and () and Mother Earth (Gaia), circulate pitch data in the late was in medieval and renaissance nineteenth century, my paper alchemy and astrology related to the highlights the variety of metal lead. As the last of the seven disciplines—natural sciences, planets and in greatest distance to musicography, linguistics—involved the sun he was qualified as dry and in the production of acoustic cold. In literature and art, he enjoyed knowledge at the time and their an ambivalent reputation entanglement with their diverse representing plenty and wealth but History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 294 also death, sexual violence The Making of a Science of (castration), cannibalism, and Substance after Quantum transience. He was perceived as the Mechanics in Japan : the Emergence of "Busseiron" patron over the earth, woods and around 1940 stones. Along with deviant figures— Hiroto Kono such as criminals, witches, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Research magicians, frauds—miners and Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science peasants were regularly depicted as the children of Saturn. Representing It is well known that the appearance the changing fortunes of mining, he of quantum mechanics caused appeared as protagonist in drastic changes in sciences of allegorical mining festivals or as substance in many aspects, such as emblems on artworks and coins until their methodologies, objects, and the eighteenth century. Saturn in his disciplines. By the mid of 20th dual nature as evil and promising century, some disciplines—solid- figure is both an image of desire, state physics, chemical physics, and offering wealth and affluence, and quantum chemistry, for example— an image punishment, infamy and had been made in the field of death. These characteristics turned sciences of substance. Given their him into an appropriate rapid developments and significant personification of the uncertain, impacts on the society, the sciences dangerous, but at the same time of substance have enough reasons to promising mining industry. In order attract historical interests. In Japan, to analyze the promotion, a discipline called "busseiron" was provocation and management of formed around 1940, and this was desire in Renaissance natural one of the emerging sciences of philosophy, it is essential to consider substance—studies or theories economics and markets as well. In ("ron") of properties ("sei") of this sense, this paper seeks to qualify matter or substances ("butsu"). This and continue Culianu’s thoughts. newly formed science contained the contents from the various fields, Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | such as statistical mechanics, solid- Renaissance state physics, chemical physics, quantum chemistry, and so on, but corresponded to none of the above— History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 295 this discipline became an successfully raised awareness of epistemological research frame traditional healing among Malays unique to Japan; there is no word featuring the museum’s collection of corresponding to "busseiron" in Malay medical and divination other languages. In this talk, I will manuscripts. Malay medicine and briefly present the historical process traditional healing are known to be a of the formation of "busseiron", form of sacred knowledge and art considering the context of making of that is usually passed down from one sciences of substance after quantum generation to another or to a trusted mechanics—this formation was apprentice. The practice comprises guided mainly by the physicists in using natural resources, spiritual the University of Tokyo under the practices, divination approaches, and strong influence of Japanese way to Quranic verse recitations. accept quantum mechanics and the Manuscripts detailing this medical tension among the existing research knowledge were still being produced traditions, such as metallography, and used when the British came to , spectroscopy, nuclear colonize the Malay Peninsula in the physics, and so on. late nineteenth century. The start of concerted British efforts to Physical Sciences | East Asia | 20th century, early | physics, chemistry, solid-state physics, understand the medical history and chemical physics, quantum chemistry, circumstances of the Malay statistical mechanics peninsula in order to better extract The Malay Kitab Tibb at the resources saw efforts to collect local Intersection of Malay Medical knowledge, prompting colonial Practices, Islamisation of administrators such as Richard Knowledge, and Colonial Winstedt, John Gimlette and W. W. Medicine Skeat to record their experiences and Sandra Khor Manickam Department of History, Erasmus University perceptions of Malay medical Rotterdam practices inscribed in written A recent exhibition of medical manuals known as Kitab Tibb manuscripts at the Islamic Arts Melayu (Malay Book of Medicine) Museum Malaysia (IAMM) entitled and Kitab Faal or Kitab Ramalan Al-Tibb: Healing Traditions in (Books on Divination). Contrary to Islamic Medical Manuscripts seeing Malay medical practices solely as part of traditional History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 296 medicine, this paper situates Malay meant it often unfitted one for duty. medical manuscripts or Kitab Tibb Most importantly, unilateral at the intersection of Malay, Islamic deafness was easy to fake and and colonial medicine. This paper difficult to detect. This paper will present some preliminary examines one front in the state’s findings on situating the Malay turn-of-the-century war on Kitab Tibb in the fast changing malingering—the use of hearing medical and colonial environment of tests as a form of surveillance. Malaya in the late nineteenth Beginning around 1900 physicians century. associated with corporate and military employers developed Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Southeast Asia | 19th century | Malay medicine, audiometric techniques to sort colonialism, Islam malingerers from those with genuine hearing damage. In so doing they The Malingering Ear: Audiometric Surveillance in the participated in an intensification of Early Twentieth Century United the logic of surveillance, peering States past workers’ behaviors and J. Martin Vest utterances to probe directly the University of Michigan content of their sensory experience. In the late nineteenth century, new In this respect, audiometry opportunities arose for practicing represents a close relative (and that most venerable and ancient of predecessor) of the polygraph. military arts—malingering. The Technology | North America | 20th century, expansion of workplace benefits early | surveillance, measurement, audiometry, made "playing sick" profitable in a hearing, sound, military, states, corporations range of new occupations while the The Manifold Meanings of growth of the workforce militated Nineteenth-Century against close surveillance of sick Mathematics: Bernhard workers and soldiers. Feigned Riemann’s Construction of the deafness, in particular, presented a Manifold promising field of endeavor for the Jenne O'Brien malingerer. The cacophonous Princeton University modern battlefield and factory made This paper scrutinizes the revisions hearing damage plausible and the of mathematician Bernhard technical demands of modern labor Riemann’s (1822-1862) 1854 History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 297 habilitation lecture at the University described mathematics as though it of Göttingen. It argues that the could act, and act against him; he lecture is a reflection of how frequently was so captivated by his mathematicians developed non- research that he could not pull Euclidean geometries in the himself away until he became nineteenth century, breaking with physically ill. By using Riemann’s long-standing professional revisions to temporally reconstruct conventions and philosophical the creation of the manifold, this convictions in order to do so. paper challenges two narratives, one Riemann’s concept of the historiographical and one cultural: “manifold,” which he presented in the myth of non-Euclidean geometry this lecture, was one of the most as a total rupture, and the notion that widespread non-Euclidean mathematics is immaterial and frameworks in the nineteenth disembodied. century, and endures as a Mathematics | Europe | 19th century | foundational concept in mathematics mathematics, geometry, Bernhard Riemann, today. This paper argues that, while nineteenth century, Germany, Göttingen, the manifold (and non-Euclidean theoretical sciences geometry) was a “rupture,” it was The Mechanical Life of Plants in also continuous with the 17th-Century Natural Philosophy mathematical practices that came Fabrizio Baldassarri before it, including the study of ICUB, University of Bucharest minimal surfaces. More broadly, In early modern time, vegetal bodies Riemann’s papers reveal surprising fell under the investigations of aspects of mathematical practice, at natural philosophers, who used exactly the moment when plants as tools to investigate nature mathematics purportedly became and, even, to propose an alternative abstract, immaterial, and interpretation of nature and overturn unempirical. Riemann’s the Aristotelian ontology. René mathematical research directly Descartes’ mechanical philosophy of addressed questions of religion and nature embodies one of these cases, metaphysics: he argued that the as he considers plants nothing but “world manifold” was the living machines deprived of soul and mechanism connecting human souls constituted of particles of matter. to the “world soul.” And Riemann Within this framework, vegetal History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 298 bodies are such as clocks or The Migration of Medical automata, i.e., self-maintaining Dissertation Techniques from machines. In this talk, I will inspect One Generation to the Next Descartes’ interpretation of plants: Anja Goeing Harvard University the mechanical description of their By comparing 17th-century medical internal structure and functioning in dissertations we can study how the terms of particles and motion, the strategies of disputation and physiological explanation of their dissertation changed and migrated virtues and therapeutic uses, and from one generation of students to their geometrical representation. In the next. My case study is the this case, I will also briefly span prolific thesis writer and supervisor from what I consider Descartes’ Daniel Sennert (1572-1637), sources, such as Isaac Beeckman, professor of medicine and alchemist and followers, such as Henricus at the university of Wittenberg. Regius and Florent Schuyl. I will Among the more than one hundred then compare Descartes’ study of dissertation students he supervised plants with Pierre Gassendi’s several went on to become atomistic interpretation of vegetal professors themselves who bodies and Thomas Hobbes’ supervised theses in turn. I will mechanization of vegetation. I will study the dissertations supervised by finally show how much these three of Sennert’s intellectual interpretations affected a mechanical offspring: Daniel Beckher (1594- study of plants in the second half of 1655) at the Prussian university of the seventeenth century, and Regiomontanus or Königsberg (now especially in Nehemiah Grew, John Kaliningrad in Russia); Laurentius Ray, and . Eichstaedt (1596-1660) at the Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Academic Gymnasium of Gdansk in Europe | 17th century | Descartes, the Kingdom of Poland; and Werner Mechanization of nature, Gassendi, Hobbes, Malpighi, Grew, Ray Rolfinck (1599-1673) at the (Duchy of Saxe- Weimar in the Holy Roman Empire). Comparing the theses supervised by Sennert with those supervised by these three student of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 299 his brings to light changes and The Modeling of Alchemical continuities in the methods of Decknamen: On the Potential of writing and orally defending theses Digital Representation for Deepening Understanding in the in 17th-century European Humanities universities. We can expect that Sarah Lang professors drew on their own Centre for Information Modelling (ZIM) of experience in modelling oral Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz performance for their students. The Alchemical language is an example culture of academic performance of scientia poetica, its Decknamen permeated universities not only are coded, ornate and instable. But through the circulation of texts, but alchemical language shouldn’t also through the geographical remain ultimate riddle it has come to movement characteristic of many represent. Couldn’t a computer bring academic careers, including those of clarity into the poetics of alchemy? Sennert and these three students. My After all, poetry is a system and paper connects the development of systems can be modeled. Alchemical early modern dissertation practices language is full of ambiguity but in medicine through the experiences modern Digital Humanities tools of two generations of doctoral allow to model exactly this students defending their theses in the uncertainty. Computational methods descendance of Daniel Sennert. like Natural Language Processing (NLP), Named Entity Recognition Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Europe | 17th century | Student Migration, (NER) and knowledge Scholar Migration, 17th century, Holy Roman representation technologies, for Empire, Poland, Russia, Daniel Sennert, Werner example using thesauri of the terms Rolfinck, Laurentius Eichstaedt, Daniel Beckher, Dissertations, Medicine, Disputations of alchemy in SKOS-standard- conformant XML, allow to handle the typical ambiguity of alchemical data. We can make implicit instances of knowledge explicit in a digital thesaurus while the linking between the concrete word (a string or label) in a text to the thesaurus remains loose enough to allow for imprecise poetic language. Modeling History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 300 is the iterative process of systematic with a new view of the lunar representation of certain aspects of surface; installed in the reality. In order to model, we need Astronomical Exhibits lobby in front make knowledge explicit. Once a of the Hayden Planetarium, a model is created for the purpose of sweeping ten-by-forty foot mural study, the failings of the model teach immersed visitors in a detailed us new insights: Computational recreation of the Moon’s models are “temporary states in a topography. The mural was painted process of coming to know”, in by America’s leading space which computers are not illustrator, Chesley Bonestell, whose “knowledge jukeboxes” but collaborations with well-known “representation machines” (McCarty scientists lent his paintings a 2004, 255). They create an singular degree of technical systematic approximation of reality credibility. However, the mural’s and from its shortcomings we learn installation in the Science about the reality we aimed to model. Museum as a “scientific” view of the This paper aims to show uses of Moon would only temporarily be the modeling alchemical terms in a case. In 1969, Apollo astronauts digital thesaurus using the example landed on the surface of the Moon of Michael Maier’s (1568-1622) and produced photographs that writings. countered the dramatic topography described in the mural. This paper Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 17th century | Digital Humanities, knowledge explores the conventions that helped representation, alchemical language, modeling the painting read as an authoritative view of the lunar surface in the pre- The Moon as It Should Have Been: Chesley Bonestell and the Apollo period, and the post-Apollo Pre-Apollo Lunar Landscape breakdown of these legitimizing Lois Rosson elements. What functioned as an UC Berkeley empirical representation of the Even by the late 1950s, the easiest Moon in 1957 was by 1969 recast as way to produce a clear image of an artistic interpretation. Despite this outer-space was to have someone revision, Chesley Bonestell’s paint it by hand. In March of 1957, depiction of the Moon’s surface was this was exactly how the Boston defended as scientific by some of his Science Museum presented visitors most famous contemporaries. I History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 301 explore how Bonestell’s biography other cultures. The namban screens was edited to support claims about represent the nexus between Europe the empiricism of his work, and why and the Orient; and the maps of the this was useful to the scientists with RGI the imperial territories of the which he collaborated. Spanish Crown. Together they speak of a significant way of knowing and Physical Sciences | North America | 20th century, late | Art, Astronomy, Lunar connecting the entire world. By Exploration, Apollo Program associating the two instances, I argue that these visual and material The Namban Screens and the Maps of the Relaciones objects are documents that allow for Geográficas De : Two a clearer understanding of the early Visual Representations of the stages of European modernity since Global Encounters in the Early they both circulated within a Modern Europe network of data, visual Marina Lopez representation, luxury, and power. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo - Mexico Tools for Historians of Science | Global or In the history of the circulation of Multilocational | Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, including colonialism in general | knowledge certain objects may be Spanish and Portuguese empires, namban considered as paradigmatic of the screens, colonial maps, Modernity, sixteenth- ways through which information century about territories and people was The Object of Secret Science: produced. The namban screens and Censoring Hormone Herbicides the maps of the Relaciones in the Second World War Geográficas de Indias – RGI, both Alison Mcmanus produced in the second half of the Princeton University sixteenth century, provide two visual In the final year of World War II, representations of the encounters scientists advising the U.S. resulting from the Spanish and government on hormone herbicide Portuguese largescale empires. research struggled to develop These two sets of objects brought censorship practices that blended novelty in the forms of conventional modes of publication representation of space used, and with the comparatively draconian reflected particular relationships model of atomic secrecy. Botanist established between Europeans and Ezra J. Kraus encountered this History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 302 dilemma in his capacity as referee Kraus’s short-lived censorship for the Advisory Committee on committee. Scientific Publications (ACSP), Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | under the aegis of the National North America | 20th century, early | World War Academy of Sciences. Officially, his II, censorship, dual-use, Agent , Advisory task was to review manuscripts prior Committee on Scientific Publications, Ezra Kraus to their publication and to withhold those of military significance. In The Outbreak Report as Paper practice, particular features of Technology: Epidemiological Reasoning in the Early 20th hormone herbicide research, Century including its disciplinary affiliations Lukas Engelmann and preexisting publication Science, Technology and Innovation practices, rendered Kraus’s project Studies (University of Edinburgh) difficult. This paper examines The paper will introduce the Kraus’s work with the ACSP in the outbreak report as an context of his own herbicide epidemiological paper technology. research at the U.S. Department of Since the late nineteenth century, Agriculture, chemical weapons epidemiology has not only research at Camp Detrick, and his developed statistical instruments and advocacy of prompt publication stochastic models, but the following V-J Day. By restoring formalisation of the budding Kraus’s project of censorship to its discipline included also the proper disciplinary and institutional consolidation of a consistent context, I demonstrate that decisions narrative practice. As example for on censorship were not exclusively this paper serves a series of outbreak questions of civilian versus military reports from the third plague applications but rather intersected pandemic from 1894 to 1952. The with a desire to preserve priority for period coincides with the formative military-contracted researchers after decades of formal epidemiology as the war. These interlocking an academic discipline. Outbreak questions of dual use and priority reports were a genre of claims came to characterize the communication for and between 20th-century history of Agent epidemiologists. Each report aimed Orange, the most infamous object of to cover the range of complex local History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 303 characteristics, which have turned a often indifferent to questions of series of cases into an epidemic causation. event. The reports collected general Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | observations, individual case 20th century, early | Epidemiology, public reports, mortality and morbidity health, paper technology, casuistry, plague statistics, brief descriptions of The Overcoming of the Cartesian bacteriology, of treatment and Paradigm in Physiology: The prevention practices as well as of Case of Burchard de Volder living conditions. They worked as Andrea Strazzoni places of explanation and cohesion Independent scholar, guest researcher at the Gotha Research Centre of the for quantifiable data, such as case University of Erfurt numbers, climate details or Descartes' medical reception can be chronologies. But beyond their separated into several phases in the explanatory purpose, the reports did seventeenth century, starting with its also reinstate and safeguard first introduction and extending to epidemiological practice as an its sophisticated refinements. This empirical art, dedicated to fine- talk examines a final moment in its grained, systematic and inductive reception in the Low Countries in observation. The reports give deep the work of the Leiden professor insight into the historical formation Theodoor Craanen who can be of modern epidemiology as a broad credited with bringing to the fore the interdisciplinary project, suspended consequences of Descartes' between historical, anthropological, reduction of physiological sociological, statistical, and medical phenomena to the interaction of approaches to disease. Furthermore, invisible particles. Craanen's fellow my paper will show that the Leiden professor Burchard de narrative structure of the reports also Volder, most famous for opening the sustained epidemiological reasoning first experimental cabinet in a as an inductive practice, based on European University, forcefully the correlation of an open-ended criticized Craanen's reductive range of data and perspectives, and approach as "speculative". As an alternative, De Volder proposed an experimental-mathematical approach to medical questions that History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 304 was firmly rooted to the The Pacific’s Black Current: consideration of visible processes China, Japan, and the only, and on their interpretation in “Cooperative Study of the Kuroshio and Adjacent Regions” the light of mechanical principles. (CSK), 1965-1978 The treatment of respiration is a case Christine Luk in point, figuring prominently in this Department of the History of Science, polemical exchange. If, on the one Tsinghua University hand, the standard Cartesian The Kuroshio–––literally known as treatment of respiration was based the “black current”––is the Pacific on the circular thrust of air caused counterpart of the Gulf Stream in the by the dilatation of the thorax moved North Atlantic. It is a west-to-east by animal spirits, De Volder flowing warm current in the proposed an account based on the Northeast Pacific region. During the elasticity of the air and on the law of Cold War, a 13-year international Boyle-Mariotte whereby the lungs program known as the “Cooperative are inflated and deflated by different Study of the Kuroshio and Adjacent conditions of pressure within and Regions” (CSK) was launched outside them. By examining the between 1965-1978, incorporating dispute between Craanen and De participation from British Hong Volder we can learn how one Kong, (Republic of) China, Japan, extreme of medical Cartesianism Vietnam, the Philippines, Korea, the met resistance in the Netherlands US, and the USSR. This paper and how English virtuosi played a explores the complexity of scientific hand in this resistance. cooperation manifested in the divergent interests held by Chinese Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | 17th century | Craanen, De Volder, and Japanese scientists in the CSK. Experimental Philosophy, Reductionism, Leiden Just as Japanese oceanographers held different sets of concerns and expectation over the CSK than their Soviet counterparts, the Chinese delegates of the CSK also expressed different interests than their Japanese colleagues. Through studying the national differences in the international survey of the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 305

Pacific current, this paper aims to of how these later astronomy authors shed light on the politics of of the ninth through the seventeenth oceanographic internationalism as centuries diagrammatically intertwined along the Pacific coasts. responded to the planetary I argue that the participation of uncertainty? The answer, in many China and Japan in the mid- instances, was with innovation. By twentieth century study of the discussing several of these celestial Kuroshio seem to highlight their diagrams, this paper demonstrates divergent commitments and that attempts to adjudicate planetary motivation in approaching the locations resulted in a variety of Pacific’s black current. novel planetary configurations: circumsolar epicycles, double and Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | East Asia | 20th century, late | Cooperative triple intersecting orbits, and implied Study of the Kuroshio and Adjacent Regions epicycle-on-deferent schemes. Of (CSK), the pacific, the politics of international particular focus for this presentation cooperation, global Cold War were unusual epicycle-on-epicycle The Places of the Sun, Mercury, arrangements for Mercury and and Venus: Diagrammatic Venus, which permitted a large Innovation in Medieval and variety of planetary orders to ensue. Renaissance Planetary Order These planetary arrangements James Brannon Independent scholar evolved from the fifth-century writings of Martianus Capella and Pre-modern celestial observers had Macrobius. The former sought to difficulty understanding the reconcile the ancient misgivings by positions of the sun, Mercury, and suggesting that Mercury and Venus Venus in a geocentric planetary traveled in circumsolar epicycles, order. Prominent ancients – Plato, while the latter was widely (but Aristotle, Archimedes, Cicero, and perhaps incorrectly) interpreted to Ptolemy – were inconsistent in their suggest intersecting planetary statements regarding the placement circles. These diagrams greatly of the inferior planets. The same impacted medieval and Renaissance misunderstandings carried over into ideas on planetary arrangements, a plethora of medieval and including those of Copernicus. He Renaissance Latin manuscripts. The explicitly acknowledged the role of modern historian faces the question Capella – and other Latin writers – History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 306 in developing a sun-centered system the numerous turns in the fortune that relegated the earth to planetary and acceptance of Galieian-inspired status. astronomy, on the one hand, and of astrology, on the other, as well as Physical Sciences | Europe | Medieval | planetary order, medieval diagrams, the strategies that each of the circumsolar Mercury and Venus historical actors had to put in place to overcome censorship (or worse) The Polemic between Pierre Gassendi and Jean Baptiste and to credit themselves as Morin on Galileism, legitimate “scientists.” Copernicanism, and Galileian Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Astrology Europe | 17th century | History of Astrology, Rodolfo Garau History of Astronomy, Galileo Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, ERC EarlyModernCosmology The Politics of Botanical The polemic between Pierre Objecthood in Nineteenth Gassendi (1592-1655) and the Century Correspondence Networks astrologer and mathematician Jean- Elaine Ayers Baptiste Morin (1591-1659) – which New York University followed the publication of In December of 1822, Danish Gassendi’s “Galileian” letters De naturalist Nathaniel Wallich (1786- motu impresso a motore translato in 1854) left his home in , and 1642 – is widely regarded as a visited British colleagues in defining moment for the destiny of Bengkulu and Singapore on a astrology in early modern France. It collecting mission that was designed is believed to have marked a “public to unite the flora of the East Indies execution,” and the subsequent and India. During his months progressive passing of astrology abroad, Wallich collected thousands from modern scientific discourse. of plants in the East Indies, Less emphasis has been paid, transported them both alive and dead however, to the significance of such back to India, and shipped out debates in the establishment of sample sets and descriptions to Galileian science in early modern Britain, France, and the Netherlands. France. This presentation Wallich’s objectification of these reconstructs the phases of this tropical plants functioned as a way debate, and argues that they show of managing and facilitating global History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 307 trade, even amidst the Napoleonic Ocean in the early-nineteenth Wars, which enabled him to century. continue building natural history Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | institutions within South and Global or Multilocational | 19th century | Botany, Southeast Asia. The process both Natural History, Science and Empire, Collecting, exploited and complicated colonial Globality, Correspondence, Circulation, Material Culture competition. The history of botany has largely been told as a circulation The Politics of Future Images: of goods between “center and Visions of the Future in Dutch Scientific Advisory Councils, periphery” or, in more recent 1967-1980 studies, between colonial botanic Tom Kayzel gardens that upheld imperial Universiteit van Amsterdam structures. The realities of collecting During the height of the Cold War, in situ, however, present a far more the future as an object of scientific complicated story: one in which inquiry gained traction among both middle-class practitioners worked Western and Eastern nations, across national alignments, resulting in new fields such as future sometimes double- and triple-timing studies. Yet future studies was a their patrons in supplying rivals with motley field with a variety of duplicates and triplicates of techniques, conceptions of the specimens. Indeed, many of these future, and political vision. The “professional” collectors occupied relation between state and science; liminal spaces alongside their between science, democracy and indigenous colleagues, acting as citizenship were constantly at stake political prisoners, commercial in the images of the future that nurserymen, and illustrators for hire. future studies provided. This paper Pairing circulating herbarium takes a look at the specimens with correspondence institutionalization of scientific records and the glass and paper expertise on the future in the technologies that accompanied them, Netherlands from 1967 to 1980, and I trace the complex networks of investigates the ideas on democracy, “global” botanical transfer and citizenship and state planning communication across the Indian present in the competing imaginaries of the future at the time. By History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 308 investigating the different modeling organisms. Through a case study of techniques of the different future the work of biochemist Fritz Albert research group active in the Lipmann and his associates, this Netherlands during that period, I paper will describe the changing role will argue that these ideas were of the molecule adenosine intrinsic to the scientific practices of triphosphate (ATP) in bioenergetic future researchers. Modeling was research. In the course of his work instrumental for forming images of on phosphate metabolism, Lipmann the future, while the politics of developed the notion of the “high- future images informed the energy” or “energy-rich” phosphate modeling practices. I will thus try to bond, which he symbolized by the show that different research groups “squiggle” notation, or ~P. with different models also adhered According to Lipmann, ~P’s stored to different political ideals. At the large amounts of energy that could end of the paper, I want to shed be released when these bonds were some light how future research has broken; for example, in a molecule influenced the organization of of ATP, which has three phosphate advisory councils and policy groups next to each other. analysis by considering how Lipmann’s work on ~P suggested modeling techniques from the 60s that energy from carbohydrate and 70s have been repurposed to fit breakdown could be “captured” in neoliberal agendas. the phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP, which biochemists Social Sciences | Europe | 20th century, late | Future Studies, Scientific Expertise, Democracy, increasingly began to refer to as the Modeling, Images of Science universal “energy currency” of the cell. The “currency” of ATP The Power of Phosphate: Energy and the "Cellular Economy" in circulated within a metaphorical Twentieth-Century Biochemistry “cellular economy,” in which Gina Surita energy-requiring metabolic reactions PhD Candidate, Princeton University were often linked to energy- This paper will examine an oft- releasing metabolic reactions. overlooked development in the Building upon recent work on the history of twentieth-century biology: history of metabolism, this paper the rise of bioenergetics, or the study aims to articulate a new of energy transformations in living interpretation of twentieth-century History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 309 biology by arguing that the understood as an attempt to create a bioenergetic metaphor of the radical conception of sex in which “cellular economy” shaped the all existing people are considered to development of modern biology in be sexually intermediate (between ways distinct from the metaphor of male and female) in one form or “genetic information,” which has another. This theory simultaneously received a great deal of normalized the bodies of sexual historiographical attention. minorities (such as homosexuals and transvestites) and complicated the Biology | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | Biochemistry, Cell Biology, bodies of heterosexuals. As I will Bioenergetics, Metabolism, Metaphor in argue, Hirschfeld was guided by two science occasionally opposed intellectual The Radical Sexual Biology of aims: toward categorization, and Magnus Hirschfeld toward individualization. In putting Tom Butcher forward his theory, he sought Tom Butcher, University of Virginia simultaneously to explain the In recent years, thanks to scholarship existence of any given sexual from Wolff, Mancini, Bauer, and variation within a system of others, the sexologist and gay rights biological masculinity and activist Magnus Hirschfeld has femininity; and also to emphasize returned from obscurity to claim a the unique nature of every person’s place at the forefront of European sexual configuration. It was because LGBT history. But, with the major of this uneasy alliance of aims that exception of Sengoopta’s work, Hirschfeld’s theory could become a Hirschfeld is less prominent in potent political tool. In Foucauldian recent histories of twentieth-century terms, Hirschfeld used his theory to science. This uneven development in create sexual knowledge, and thus Hirschfeld’s historiographical bio-power, which he then leveraged presence is unfortunate, as it implies for the purposes of sexual liberation. that his science was somehow Biology | Europe | 20th century, early | Sexology, secondary to his activism, rather sex, gender, sexuality, biology than intimately intertwined with it. In this paper I will offer a partial corrective to this trend by arguing that Hirschfeld’s work can be best History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 310

The Right Kind of Experience: included careful markers of their Physicians, Empirics, and Poison learning, such as references to the Trials hours of the clock, pulse checks, and Alisha Rankin allusions to learned medical theory. Tufts University They described these trials using This paper will examine sixteenth- scholarly terms designating century physicians’ attempts to experience, such as historia, portray contrived tests of poison observatio, or experimentum. Some antidotes as a learned endeavor. of these accounts were recorded Poison trials had long been used by privately; others circulated at courts; charlatans and other empirics, who and still others were shared publicly, hawked their nostrums in such as Pietro Andrea Mattioli’s marketplace shows that involved detailed account of a poison trial in self-poisoning and poisoning his popular commentary on animals. From the 1520s, however, Dioscorides. The similarity between some physicians began to test these documents, however, suggests antidotes using poison on a conscious narrative of a “right” condemned criminals – first at the way to conduct contrived medical papal court in Rome and then at trials with poison. other European courts. Their newfound interest in poison trials Medicine and Health | Europe | Renaissance | Experiment, experience, poison, trial, invited comparison with empirical physicians, print culture, medicine, practitioners’ marketplace shows. Physicians thus came up with The Rise of a Utilitarian Concern deliberate narrative strategies to in Seventeenth-Century Moon- Mapping: The Case of Giovanni differentiate their trials from Domenico Cassini’s Grande empirical practitioners’ “misguided” Carte de la Lune (1679) tests. One strategy involved explicit Antoine Gallay contrast between physicians’ tests University of Geneva / University Paris- and the fraudulent shows put on by Nanterre “itinerant country swindlers,” in the After Galileo’s remarkable words of German physician demonstration of the rugged surface Eurichus Cordus (1540). More of the moon, several attempts to subtly, physicians penned detailed provide a comprehensive accounts of poison trials that cartography were conducted, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 311 culminating with Johannes practices to a more utilitarian view. I Hevelius’s lavish Selenographia will then attempt to discuss how (1647). By representing each phase such a shift was partly determined of the moon, Hevelius did not only by the economic policy of the intend to give an accurate Bâtiments du Roy, but also by description of the satellite, but also internal conflicts within the to provide a detailed physical Academy. explanation of its behaviour. Such a Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | clear purpose contrasts with the Europe | 17th century | Moon-mapping, Grande Carte de la Lune completed Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Royal Academy of thirty years later in the Royal sciences, utilitarian conception of science Academy of Sciences. The project, The Role of International directed by Giovanni Domenico Journals in Epistemic, Political, Cassini, began in the early 1670s, and Community-Building soon after the construction of the Processes in Postwar Science: BBA’s Celebration Volume of Observatory. Once achieved, the 1989 map was deemed the most precise Dorien Daling ever done, and yet its purpose and University of Groningen, Department of application have hitherto remained History mysterious. While the print was For more than two hundred years directly financed by the after the origin of the learned Surintendance des Bâtiments du journal, the modes of scholarly Roy, the few scarce copies retained communication remained highly in public collections lack any diverse. Only in the later nineteenth dedication or legend, suggesting that century did the scientific paper the project was not deemed as achieve privileged status. It took desirable as it may have been at the another half century before the beginning. Indeed, a few years later, formats and uses of scientific Cassini felt compelled to justify the journals began to fully correspond to usefulness of moon-mapping. contemporary conceptions of Through the careful analysis of the scientific publishing. Those journals, fabrication and reception of the “invented” after World War II by Grande Carte de la Lune, I hope to commercial publishers rather than detail the shift from a conception of scientific societies, had specialized science closely associated to courtly orientations, international editorial History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 312 boards, established peer-review political agendas in the procedures and relatively fast commemorating present. publication schedules. Due to these Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | features, they were more apt than Europe | 20th century, late their forebears to provide analysis of scientific fields and developments, The Schenberg’s Work and the Beginning of Physics Research direct those developments through in Brazil: Political Context, categorization and selection, bring Institutional Projects, and about social cohesion, and negotiate Dynamics of Knowledge meanings and social rules. As Production scholars have only recently begun to Ivã Gurgel approach questions regarding the University of São Paulo nature and legitimacy of science The main purpose of this study is to from the perspective of changing analyze the first researches in communication formats, the Physics held at the University of São (twentieth-century) scientific journal Paulo (USP), an institution that has not yet received much attention would become a reference in Brazil. as a social institution. By presenting Three important dimensions that the case study of Biochimica et characterize the episode are Biophysica Acta (BBA), founded in considered: i) The Sociopolitical 1946 at Elsevier, this paper probes Context: São Paulo's political and into the role of international journals economic elite seeks to restore this in epistemic, political and state as the most influential of the community-building processes in nation; ii) The Institutional Context: postwar science. It also explores the The first generation of USP role of commemorative practices in intellectuals was formed from the the performance of journals as social missions in Europe led by Theodoro institutions, specifically the 1000th Ramos. The Italian mission first volume of BBA, published in 1989 brought Gleb Wataghin to Brazil as a celebration volume with reprints and, four years later, Giuseppe of “particularly significant articles”. Occialini; iii) The Scientific This paper argues that journals Context: the arrival of foreign sometimes invoked the professors inserts USP in a context commemorated past to serve of international circulation of conceptual, institutional, social, and knowledge. Cosmic rays, a History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 313 prominent theme in the researches The Scientific 'Centrality' of a carried out, are of worldwide 'Peripheral' Laboratory: The relevance to Nuclear Physics. The University of Coimbra Experimental Phonetics development of the research is based Laboratory (1936-72) on documentation of the Physics Quintino Lopes Institute archive, focusing mainly on Institute for Contemporary History [New the initial work of Mario Schenberg, University of Lisbon; University of Évora] first physics full professor. A The aim of this paper is to provide a narrative that seeks to make evident contribution to the historiographic tensions between the three presented agenda regarding the idea of the dimensions is established as the circulation of knowledge, the Global main result. Seeking to move away History of Knowledge and the from a linear narrative that debate surrounding scientific establishes very immediate 'centres' and 'peripheries' (1, 2). We causalities between historical examine the University of Coimbra occurrences, the work shows that the Laboratory of Experimental dynamics of knowledge production Phonetics (1936-72), traditionally carried out at USP oscillate between regarded as ‘peripheral’ space, but works that seek to place Physics in which nevertheless attracted an international context and others scientists from all over Europe, the that try to establish dialogues with USA, Brazil and Africa seeking the traditions previously present, specialist training. This phenomenon especially the works produced by contributed to the development of engineers. teaching and research at other 'peripheral' laboratory spaces (for Physical Sciences | Latin America | 20th century, early | Physics in Brazil, Mario example, the University of Bahia) Schenberg, Cosmic Rays, Mechanics and at 'central' scientific institutions (for example, Harvard University). With the growing trend in historiography for the recognition of 'invisible technicians' (3) and 'outsiders' (4) in the production and circulation of knowledge, there is a need for surveying the work of this Portuguese laboratory, whose History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 314 director, Armando de Lacerda, medicine, along with its use in created new research tools in the entertainment, beauty and other field of Experimental Phonetics industries rapidly unveiled radiation which were appropriated by hazards such as skin burns, cancer institutions and scientists on both and ultimately death. Nonetheless, sides of the Atlantic. 1) James A. factors such as the immediacy, Secord, 'Knowledge in Transit', Isis certainty, transparency and (2004) 95, pp. 654-672. 2) Mark obviousness of the benefits of Thurner, ‘Historical Theory Through radiation applications, together with a Peruvian Looking Glass’, History people’s confirmatory bias, delayed and Theory (2015) 53, pp. 27-45. 3) the appearance of radiation risk Steven Shapin, 'The Invisible perception among the scientists and Technician', American Scientist the public. Perception about (1989) 77, pp. 554-563. 4) Richard radiation thus went through an Drayton and David Motadel, evolving process with varying ‘Discussion: the futures of global velocities, from an unknown history’, Journal of Global History phenomenon to suddenly being a (2018) 13, pp. 1-21. miraculous cure of all ailments and then from being a danger, in the Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, early | sense of something that is out of Global History of Knowledge, Scientific 'centres' people’s control, to entailing a risk and 'peripheries', circulation of knowledge that can be measured and prevented The Slow Appearance of through implementation of Radiation Risk Perception protective actions. Today, radiation Ana Rita Melo risk is one of the most thoroughly Coimbra University, Portugal studied among all health risks. The After the discovery of X rays and present proposal intends to give a radioactive elements in the turn of snapshot of what experts knew about the 19th century, the deleterious radiation risk during the initial health effects of radiation were stages of research and use of greatly ignored. Most experiments ionizing radiation. Finally, the talk regarding the physiological effects aims to show briefly the evolution of of radiation were about the the scientific knowledge about possibilities of their therapeutic use. Radiation widespread application in History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 315 radiation risk illustrated by dose medicine participated in a medical limits. epistemology that interfaced with contemporary theories and Medicine and Health | Europe | 19th century | risk perception, ionizing radiation, radioactivity, experiments on air quality and dose limits composition in relation to human health.In this paper, I explore the The Smell of the Sick: Odor in Eighteenth-Century French ways in which scent figured into Medicine medical thought, and the social Abigail Fields ramifications of this development. PhD Student, Yale University My analysis centers on the Eighteenth-century France was relationship between odor and marked by distinctly “odored” disease, focusing on (1) the role of phenomena. The rise of industry led odor in explaining the cause of to the emission of mephitic aerial diseases, (2) the importance of odor pollutants while disease outbreaks as a symptom in disease diagnosis, caused an overcrowding of and (3) aromatic and olfactory hospitals, which became noxious treatments of diseases that were institutions in many cities. These supported in the period. I conclude smelly realities and the anxieties that by showing how representations of they provoked led to an increased odor helped to define what it meant attention to atmospheric aromas and to be healthy and normal in personal bodily odors. While French eighteenth-century France, in the cultural historians such as Alain medical realm and beyond. Corbin (Le Miasme et la Jonquille, Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | 1982) and Robert Muchembled (La France, medicine, sensory science Civilisation des Odeurs, 2017) have studied scent and smell during this The Species Transmutation Debate and Agricultural Science period, the topic has been largely in the Antebellum United States, ignored by historians of science and 1820-1859 medicine. This lacuna is striking, Anahita Rouyan given that the medical literature Independent researcher & consultant from this period demonstrates a The paper traces a debate about heightened concern with the species transmutation that unfolded importance of odor and odorants in in agricultural periodicals published medical practice. The use of odor in History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 316 in the Northeastern United States agricultural matters. Their between 1820 and 1859. During the engagement with the transmutation nineteenth century, numerous debate contributed to the members of New England farming democratization and communities believed that particular professionalization of agrarian environmental conditions could improvement, laying the prompt wheat seeds to produce a groundwork for the activities of variety of called cheat or agricultural research institutions that chess. The widespread belief in the emerged in the second half of the “transmutation” of wheat into chess nineteenth century. was mobilized by testimonies shared Biology | North America | 19th century | by farmers in letters to agricultural evolution, agricultural science, botany, science periodicals where the topic was popularization, agricultural periodicals widely debated. The group of The Struggle Over Politicized agricultural reformers that curated Scientific Facts in a Post-Truth the content of these publications at Age: The Union of Concerned the time promoted agricultural Scientists’ Altercations with improvement by disseminating Presidential Science Advisors, knowledge about relevant science 1969-2008 and technology topics. The Julia Marino Princeton University widespread discussion about the Who defines the terms of American transmutation of wheat offered these public discussion over science issues editors an opportunity for sharing such as nuclear policy, healthcare, scientific knowledge about plant and climate change? Exploring the heredity and botanical classification conflicts between presidential systems, encouraging Science Advisors and the Union of experimentation among audiences Concerned Scientists between 1969 prejudiced against “book farming.” and 2008 provides a window into In their assessment of the theoretical this question. During the Nixon contributions of botanists and administration, the president’s practical experiments conducted by Science Advisor shifted from farmers, the reformers negotiated the serving as a technical expert in the authority of scientific expertise in executive branch to working the study of nature and delineated primarily as a public relations standards of scientific inquiry into History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 317 spokesman, bolstering the and priorities for science in the past president’s credibility as an fifty years. objective scientific voice in the Physical Sciences | North America | 20th public eye. The Union of Concerned century, late Scientists (UCS), a group of researchers, emerged in 1969 at MIT The Synthetic and the Natural in Chemical Control in the United to protest the militaristic policies of States and Europe the Nixon administration and Lucas Mueller criticized Science Advisor Lee Université de Genève Dubridge. The UCS was a In the twentieth century, the continuous thorn in the side of proliferation of synthetic chemicals subsequent presidential prompted US and European administrations and competed with governments to introduce regulatory the Science Advisor to set the terms regimes for the control of chemicals. of public debates over science. It was especially consumers’ Historians have not fully explored concerns about artificial food the role of Science Advisors and the additives and synthetic pesticides Union of Concerned Scientists since that inspired environmentalism and the Nixon administration and instead prompted a wave of environmental have focused largely on the role of regulations in the postwar decades. Science Advisors in the early Cold However, aflatoxin, a mold- War period. Drawing on archival produced carcinogen, has challenged material from five different scientists’ and regulators’ notions of repositories, this flashtalk will toxic substances and control ever explore three specific instances of since its discovery in 1960. This conflict between the Union of paper describes how scientists of the Concerned Scientists and the US Food and Drug Administration presidential Science Advisor in the (FDA) and the Scientific Committee Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and on Food of the European George W. Bush administrations Commission studied this “naturally- over nuclear policy, the Strategic occurring” toxic substance and Defense Initiative, and climate developed regulatory strategies from change respectively. I argue that 1960 to the early 1990s. The Science Advisors and the UCS have agencies quickly devised ways to competed to shape public language History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 318 classify and regulate aflatoxin within The Synthetic Illness: the legal frameworks for synthetic Intoxication and Schizophrenia, contaminants. In the early 1980s, ca. 1920-50 Bruce Ames challenged the whole Jelena Martinovic University College London (UCL), UK regulatory framework by arguing The common tale about the that the health effects of synthetic “chemical revolution” in psychiatry chemicals were insignificant is that it begins with the introduction compared to the ones of unavoidable of neuroleptics in the 1950s. The natural toxins, such as aflatoxin. In latter led, as most historians argue, the meantime, agricultural scientists to the dismantling of mental had shown that the formation of asylums: patients suffering from aflatoxin depended as much on mental illnesses were increasingly human agricultural practices as on treated as out-patients. This paper environmental conditions. This starts from a different standpoint. It paper analyzes when, how, and why discusses a series of works that were Ames, Philippe Shubik, René published in an era that predates the Truhaut, and other key figures so-called “chemical revolution”: the evoked aflatoxin’s naturalness. The first half of the twentieth century. paper argues that evoking the The paper argues that the foundation difference between synthetic and of chemical interpretations of mental natural chemicals served the illness (and pharmacological justification and legitimacy of treatment) was laid in the interwar regulations at specific points, rather period within clinical and than reflecting different ontologies experimental studies with mescaline. or research practices in the study of Research on the alkaloid mescaline, toxic substances extracted from peyote and first Chemistry | Global or Multilocational | 20th synthesised in 1919, focused from century, late the early twentieth century on possible analogies between mescaline intoxication and psychosis. This led to claims that biochemical or hormonal imbalances were the cause of mental illness (illustrated in particular with the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 319 example of schizophrenia and the association with Dru Drury, a so-called "m substance" in 1952). jeweler and amateur entomologist, Focusing on published works by who sponsored both artists’ psychiatrists and (i.e. journeys. These artists worked in John Raymond Smythies, Humphrey difficult conditions, including Osmond, Roland Fischer, Kurt rugged terrain, political instability, Beringer, Heinrich Klüver), the illness, isolation, and the scarcity of paper highlights the determinant role art supplies, all of which put stress that biochemistry played for brain- on their job of depicting as centered explanations of mental accurately as possible arthropods illness, and conceptions of found in remote and exotic locales. personality. It furthermore discusses Even small annoying things like how the senses (in particular flies eating the paint off watercolor eyesight) were examined in drawings disrupted the art-making experiments to further the clinical process. Perhaps the biggest obstacle association between mescaline to producing entomological intoxication and schizophrenia drawings was the necessity of building an extensive insect Medicine and Health collection. Lewin and Abbot had to The Travails of Traveling Natural become specimen hunters as well as History Artists accomplished artists and field Beth Tobin naturalists. Both Abbot and Lewin University of Georgia were ambitious and planned to This paper explores the material return to London to publish their conditions under which two English drawings as illustrated natural artists, John Abbot and John history books, following the William Lewin, produced tradition established by Maria magnificent entomological drawings Sibylla Merian and Mark Catesby. in foreign settings. In the 1770s However, neither artist returned to Abbot travelled to southeastern Britain, and their paths to backwoods of North America and publication turned out to be much Lewin travelled in the 1790s to more difficult than they had Australia. Although Abbot and expected. This paper describes how Lewin did not know each other, their these artists produced art in British stories are joined by their imperial outposts and how this History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 320 artwork fared as it travelled through kinds of linguistic skills. I draw on global networks of exchange. manuscripts of medical texts composed between the 14th and Biology | Global or Multilocational | 18th century | Entomology, Art, Illustration, Travel, 16th centuries in Yemen and India to Colonialism investigate the iterative and collaborative process through which The Urge to Gloss: Multilingualism in the Making of these glossaries were produced -- ibb and their role in the formation of the Shireen Hamza medical tradition known as "ṭibb." Ṭ Harvard University, History of Science Modern scholarship on ṭibb, called Manuscripts of medical texts Graeco-Arabic or Islamic medicine, composed in medieval and early has focused on texts composed in modern South Asia frequently Arabic in the Near East. However, included glossaries (“farhang”) of this focus neglects the life of ṭibb technical terminology. These were around the Indian , structured around entries for disease where it underwent some of its most categories in Arabic, with lasting developments. By analyzing translations in Persian and "hindī" the profusion of multilingual (vernacular South Asian languages). glossaries transmission from the Medical glossaries, titled “farhang-i western Indian Ocean World, I aim ṭibb,” or less commonly “lughat-i to understand ṭibb across a fuller ṭibb," were part of a broader literary geography, in which physicians practice of producing farhangs in worked continuously across Persian literature. Glossaries were linguistic regimes to pursue composed to accompany a variety of efficacious knowledge. texts, from the Quran to epics of Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | poetry. The medical glossaries were Medieval iteratively produced through reading, citation, medical practice The Use of Sensory Stimuli in Linguistic Fieldwork and writing. Translation in these Judith Kaplan glossaries is not just the “transfer” of University of Pennsylvania knowledge from one language to The 1874 edition of Notes and another; rather, it acknowledges the Queries on Anthropology was continued use of multiple languages, written, like other such protocols of and enables readers with different History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 321 the nineteenth century, “to promote linguists into unlikely collaborations accurate anthropological observation with artists, industry, and other on the part of travelers,” enabling scientific disciplines. While those who were not “anthropologists highlighting the networks that gave themselves to supply the rise to these tools, the presentation information…wanted for the will simultaneously trace theoretical scientific study of anthropology at implications for how researchers home.” It was an attempt to conceptualized correspondences discipline a potentially unruly between linguistic forms, concepts, observer—officers, administrators, and things in the world. missionaries—one who was Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | nevertheless charged with collecting Global or Multilocational | 19th century the ‘raw data’ of anthropology. But new disciplinary constellations, The Visual Culture of Alfonsine Astronomy: The Case of Getty methodological norms, and attitudes Museum, Ludwig XII.7 toward experimental subjects, were Laura Fernández Fernández beginning to shift the ways in which Universidad Complutense de Madrid ERC questions were asked and answered ALFA, Spain during this period. Increasingly, The constellations pictured in the emphasis moved from the observer manuscripts commissioned by to the observed, corresponding to a ‘Alfonso X el Sabio’ (Lapidario, El raft of new fieldwork instruments Escorial, RBME, Ms. h-I-15, Libro that engaged experiences across the del saber de astrología, Madrid, sensorium. This presentation will UCM BH, Ms. 156, Libro de focus on exchanges between astromagia, Città del Vaticano, students of language, culture, and BAV, Ms. Reg. Lat. 1283a) stem the mind, attending to practices of from the figurative cycle illustrating interrogation that eschewed the use the text of al-Sufi´s Kitab Al- of language—spools of yarn, color Kawakeb Al-Thabita, the Book of chips, illustrated flip books, the Fixed Stars. This repertoire naturalia, and the like. As this partial adapted Classical representations of list already suggests, attempts to the constellations, adding specific innovate assays of the mind that elements from the Islamic and the were not mediated by translation Bedouin tradition. Al- Sufi´s forms brought anthropologists and also changed the Classical aesthetic History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 322 and attributes and adapted them to the League of Nations developed the Eastern fashion, just as the from 1936 to 1938 was arguably the figures of the Alfonsine manuscripts first scientific representation of a later added a Western touch, more national economy. This paper suited to the cultural context and the examines the relationship between audience for which this visual this seminal model and diplomatic repertoire was designed, while and ideological disputes that simultaneously respecting al-Sufi´s pervaded daily life for researchers at iconographical structure. The the League. Tinbergen’s Ludwig XII.7 manuscript, nowadays methodology was a formal analogue preserved at the Getty Museum, a of internationalism, the League’s scientific miscellany provably made predominant political philosophy. in Oxford in the last quarter of the Internationalists assumed that the 14th century, has a direct true character of phenomena was relationship with the Alfonsine independent of specific national or production. One of its parts seems to cultural contexts, and that science be inspired by a fragment of the could therefore be a force for unity Libro de las estrellas fixas, the first and peace. Likewise, Tinbergen treatise of the Libro del saber de mathematically distinguished astrología, keeping the same societal, cultural, or other so-called iconographical features than the “structural” factors that might vary Alfonsine manuscript, documenting with time and place from the the circulation and preservation of fluctuations of an abstract, idealized the visual culture of Alfonsine business cycle. Describing and astronomy in other territories and predicting these fluctuations, he chronologies. argued, was the purpose of the new science of econometrics. His Physical Sciences | Europe | Medieval methods satisfied the requirements The World Economy as Scientific of the League’s permanent staff, Object, 1930-1939 who sought to avoid the constant Max Ehrenfreund strategic conflicts among diplomats Harvard University in Geneva by presenting scientific The mathematical model of the U.S. knowledge as disassociated from business cycle that Jan Tinbergen any one national point of view. and other economists employed by Tinbergen’s work was an early History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 323 example of how, later in the 20th arriving drugs of all kinds, promises century, certain claims about the particularly valuable insights into character of economic life would how an early modern French enable economists employed by physician approached these governmental agencies to present substances and sought to employ their advice as neutral and technical. them. I will open with a brief The idea of the economy as an overview of the seventeenth-century object of scientific investigation, Parisian medical marketplace, predictable and universally followed by an illustration of accessible to researchers and Vallant’s strategies in acquiring non- observers regardless of their political European remedies and associated allegiances, originated in part as a knowledge and an analysis of his response to the intrigues of the recipes, where non-European and League. European substances met and interacted. These cross-cultural Social Sciences | Europe | 20th century, early | Statistics, economics, business cycle, Jan encounters reveal that imported Tinbergen, quantification remedies like clove, ginger, or turmeric were not uncommon among The World in One Recipe? Noël Vallant (1632–1685) and Non- the Parisian nobility around 1650 European Remedies in and became frequently entangled Seventeenth-Century Paris with magic or traditional European Dorit Brixius therapies in processes which Institut historique allemand Paris produced novel forms of therapy. Examining the recipes of Noël Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Vallant (1632–1685), private Europe | Cultural and cross-cultural contexts, physician of Parisian nobility, this including colonialism in general paper focuses on non-European Theory and Practice of Eclipse substances used in medical therapies Computations by John of Genoa in seventeenth-century France. The in the 1330s question of what happened to Laure Miolo ‘exotic’ remedies entering the CNRS SYRTE European market has been Before 1332 in Paris, John of Genoa previously neglected. The example elaborated an original table of Lunar of Vallant, who was well-positioned and Solar hourly velocities to access and prescribe newly combined with a table of the radii of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 324 the Sun, the Moon and the shadow Thinking in Averages: On the of the earth, including a column for Conceptualization of the Level of the variation of the shadow of the the Sea as a Mean earth – variatio umbre – used as a Wilko Graf Von Hardenberg Max Planck Institute for the History of function of the motion in anomaly. Science This table was probably composed In recent decades mean sea level has for renewing two tables embedded become the almost unavoidable in John of Lingères’s set of tables reference point of an impending (1321). It is the starting point of a environmental cataclysm. Before whole project focused on eclipse that it had been naturalized as the theories and calculations. Indeed, most common, almost intuitive John of Genoa wrote a canon vertical datum. The idea to neatly associated with his table, and then conceptualize the vertical boundary eclipse canons entitled Canones between land and sea as an average eclipsium (1332). The climax of his is however a fairly recent one. By all work was a thorough computation of its allure as a global baseline it is the solar eclipse of the 3rd March also the product of very specific 1337. It is the most detailed local environmental and cultural calculation of the late Middle Ages. conditions. As such it is the outcome Three manuscripts contained this of a process of social construction work, which is an important witness that begun in the early modern for the history of calculation period in two very specific, quite practices. In this paper, I will muddy regions of Europe: Venice compare the calculation provided for and the Netherlands. In this paper I the 3rd March 1337 with the explore how and why the idea to methods for establishing a measure the level of the sea first calculation of eclipse that John of developed where and when it did, Genoa described in his Canones discussing extensively the eclipsium. With this analysis, I will geographical constraints of its consider the link between theoretical conceptualization. Furthermore I knowledge and a real practice of relate how the level of the sea was, computation. around the turn of 1800, rethought

Physical Sciences | Europe | Medieval | Eclipse as an abstract, averaged version of the different levels that can be History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 325 physically apprehended along coasts description of Newtonian “fluxions” and littorals. I proceed, in other as the “ghosts of departed words, in the analysis of a crucial quantities.” Tracing the path from case study in how local Cavalieri’s indivisibles through measurements were morphed into Leibniz’s infinitesimals, my paper standardized, discrete, and more will suggest that early modern legible features to then become attempts to render calculable the global in the wake of Europe’s minutiae of space and motion have a imperial and colonial ventures. wide cultural resonance, one that becomes especially visible in literary Earth and Environmental Sciences | Europe | 18th century | abstraction, sea level, and metaphysical experimentations globalization with sequences and progressions, in such diverse writers as Gaspara da Thinking Small: Infinitesimal Thought in Early Modernity Stampa, Shakespeare, and Milton.

Shankar Raman Mathematics | Europe | Renaissance | limits, Massachusetts Institute of Technology differentials (MIT) As is well known in the history of Time, Sense Perception, and Experiential Knowledge in John mathematics, the path to the of Saxony’s Epochs of Nations invention of calculus in late Nicholas Jacobson seventeenth-century Europe passed CNRS SYRTE through Buonaventura Cavalieri’s During the late fourteenth and early geometry of “indivisibles,” the fifteenth centuries, the calculating infinitesimally small slices into techniques described by the canons which he proposed dividing found in the Alfonsine Tables geometric figures in order to became a topic of general compute the total area contained epistemological interest at the within their boundaries. The University of Paris and other major ontological status of these centers of learning in Latin Europe. indivisibles was, however, a vexed Scholars and ecclesiastical issue, and the problem of how to administrators, such as Nicole deal with the infinitely small would Oresme (d. 1382), Pierre d’Ailly (d. remain a source of much contention 1420), and Nicholas Cusanus (d. for centuries -- as is suggested by 1464) correlated these iterative and Bishop Berkeley’s withering History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 326 approximating methods of certainty and convertibility of calculation with practical modes of different epochal radices. knowing, which they associated with Physical Sciences | Europe | Medieval a distinct realm of human experience and political action. Drawing on Too Many Cook(books) Spoil the Aristotelian natural philosophy, Broth: Handbooks as Objects of these scholars often questioned the Disciplinary Division reliability of the data established in Joanna Behrman Johns Hopkins University the tables for being based on Handbooks and manuals are where conjecture and the particularities of the knowledge and practices of a sense perception rather than the discipline accumulate. In their use, exact, invariable principles professional standards can be necessary to establish universally disseminated and enforced. But even accurate predictions. In this paper, I in their rejection handbooks be used argue that the early Parisian to construct disciplinary boundaries. astronomers who shaped the This paper offers a historical Alfonsine Tables in the 1320s may example documenting the have already been aware of these tenuousness of a manual’s authority epistemological judgments, and and role as an instrument of sought to mitigate such criticisms in professionalization. In the early their canons with recourse to twentieth century, disciplinary Aristotelian definitions themselves. boundaries were being created We see this particularly in the first within the larger field of industrial two propositions of John of chemistry. Denouncing the use of Saxony’s 1327 canons, which manuals, pejoratively termed “cook provided instructions for converting books,” helped to solidify epochs of different nations contained professional prestige among in the tables. In these propositions, individual or groups of industrial John of Saxony cited Aristotle’s chemists through the exclusion of treatment of the commensurability chemical technicians, in part along of time and physical motion, the gendered lines. The rejection of infinite divisibility of continua, and “cook books” for use in research or the importance of observational industry soon extended into a experience in order to establish the rejection of their use for education. History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 327

Although handbooks are no longer anorganischen Chemie” (8th edition, an object of common contention >700 volumes). How did the among scientists, the term “cook hundreds of involved “paper book laboratory” has lasted to the scientists” and clerks extract and present day among science compile knowledge deemed education reformers. reliable? How was the editing of this megalomaniac book organized by a Physical Sciences | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late state institute in the rapidly changing linguistic and technological Total Knowledge in Teutonic environment of the post-war Tomes? Encyclopedic decades? While the concept of book Handbooks in the Chemical Sciences, ca. 1930-1960 informing Gmelin and other Mathias Grote Germanophone handbooks was Humboldt-University Berlin framed in a holistic discourse on The question of how the pre-digital knowledge, the rapid increase of modern sciences have coped with journal articles subverted this knowledge inflation is as open as concept, leading to a crisis of the timely. Handbooks, understood as project after 1960. Looking at the heavy, multivolume reference works handbook as a past solution to claiming to present a discipline’s knowledge inflation does not only essential knowledge in a systematic permit to re-evaluate the role of order, were an innovation to deal books among the modern sciences’ with this problem, which flourished media, it may also be informative particularly in Germanophone for the history of our own discipline, science. The tomes of such scientific since Gmelin and other handbook encyclopediae were consulted for projects contributed to reference, and often became historiography e.g. by collecting or canonical. This paper contours the editing sources.

“Handbuchwissenschaft” (Fleck) as Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | an ensemble of specific actors and Europe | 20th century, late | book, chemistry, practices by scrutinizing the making classification, Germany, media of a central reference work on inorganic chemical substances, “Gmelins Handbuch der History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 328

Traces of the Plant World: How reflections on texts, books, natural to Read Botanical Prose things and related practices Julia Heideklang discussed in the paratexts of Andrea Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Cesalpinoʼs De plantis and Pier Throughout the 16th century the Andrea Mattioliʼs Commentarii most influential scholars of the time (first edition 1550 in Italian) with as well as interested laypeople my findings of inserted natural started collecting, sending, and things and their traces in some amassing immense herbaria of plant remaining copies of these works. specimens. In this way, plant This gives us new insights into how specimens gradually gained readers perceived those two quite importance and meaning, being different works and their positions increasingly perceived by naturalists on debates over how to write as equivalent to quotations and botanical prose as well as into how paper slips. Eventually, herbaria natural things, their traces, and their transformed into printed textual-visual representations in the publications, which in turn had to be printed books interacted with one read in a certain way. As the student another. of medicine and Italian poet Christoforo Paganelli wrote in one Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | Renaissance | collecting, herbaria, of his dedicatory poems for Andrea herbals, traces, objects, plants, texts Cesalpinoʼs De plantis (1583): “...whether picking up (legens) a Tracing Racial Illustrations in Historic Cranial Collections, fruit of the greening garden, or 1790-1850: Camper, herbs, or pleasantly smelling little Blumenbach, and Morton flowers, you want nothing less than Paul Wolff Mitchell to leave.” Keeping in mind the University of Pennsylvania different semantic meanings of In comparative racial craniology, the legere—picking-up, reading, foundation of physical anthropology, collecting—introduces an analogy of authoritative knowledge about reading the book like one reads racialized bodily difference was fruits, herbs, and flowers in the produced through intertwined garden, thus bearing interesting projects of quantifying and implications for the readership. In visualizing cranial morphology. my talk I contrast the very conscious While craniological quantification History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 329 has received significant critical most “mechanically objective” attention, visualization has received illustrations were Camper’s, which comparatively less. However, the were chronologically the first. woodcuts, engravings, and Blumenbach’s illustrations display lithographs portraying “racial” an idealized, Romantic aesthetic, skulls prior to the common use of while Morton’s illustrations are so photography in the 1880s were metrically distorted he could not essential in defining and have produced them with the device disseminating typological racial he claimed to have used. Taking the templates. Here, I focus on the materiality of cranial collections human cranial collections of Petrus seriously as an historical archive can Camper (1722-1799) in Groningen, disclose heretofore obscured the Netherlands, of Johann Friedrich distortions and transformations in Blumenbach (1752-1840) in the scientific construction of bodily Göttingen, Germany, and of Samuel difference. George Morton (1799-1852) in Biology | Europe | 19th century | craniology, Philadelphia, U.S.A., and their race, material culture, visualization, associated publications. These three representation, scientific images, aesthetics, were arguably the most influential measurement, anthropology craniologists prior to 1850. Tracing the Zigzags of Early Comparison of their works is Anthropology instructive, as each explicitly Laurel Waycott attempted to improve upon prior Yale University methods of visualization, each used “Beauty is truth, truth beauty,” or so different methods for composing said Keats. Historians of science are illustrations, and each claimed to very adept at understanding the accurately depict skulls. complexities involved in translating Comparisons possible by analyzing natural phenomena into fact, and metrically precise 3D digital models fact into truth. Less critical attention, of skulls depicted in these however, has been paid to beauty illustrations against the illustrations and how it has shaped expectations themselves reveal dramatically of what the truth looks like. How different visual practices in an have aesthetic judgments of beauty, apparently similar genre of shaped by the senses, contributed to craniological atlas. Remarkably, the the construction of knowledge in the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 330 human sciences? In this talk, I indeed be built upon beauty, but explore anthropological efforts to only the right kind of beauty. understand art-making in the late Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | nineteenth century. In particular, I Global or Multilocational | 19th century examine biological attempts to explain the evolution of ornament, Tracing Things and Knowledge in the Historia Medicinal (1569- conducted by an array of zoologists 74) by Nicolás de Monardes and anthropologists between 1870 Anne Mariss and 1900, which applied the analytic University of Regensburg tools of embryology and The Historia medicinal de las cosas morphology to the products of que se traen de nuestras Indias human craft. As a result, simple occidentales written by the Spanish geometric patterns like the zigzag naturalist and physician Nicolás de were understood to be the most Monardes was published in three primitive. These analyses were parts in the 1560s and ‘70s. The based on western aesthetic book dealt mainly with medical judgments of beauty, and products from the New World and characterized the art of non-western was widely distributed throughout peoples as degenerate and Europe and the Spanish Empire. Its unsophisticated. Through this study, success was partly due to the I show how scientists relied on their author’s way of gathering own aesthetic sense while denying information and eyewitness reports taste to the people they studied. from the New World. Furthermore, Applying a biological frame to the Monardes did not write in Latin, but problems of culture assumed that in his native Spanish, was open- non-western peoples were only minded towards the medical use of capable of replication, thereby exotic plants, and experimented with denying artistic sensibility and different herbs and remedies like creativity to Indigenous makers. In other contemporary authors. The doing so, anthropology translated success of the first publication taste into scientific knowledge of brought him many new informants. human difference. Truth could Their reports and testimonies served as the basis for the second and third parts of the Historia medicinal. The History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 331 paper explores the question of how practical, and method-oriented things—medicine, drugs, and other training by German university natural products—found their way professors in the mid-nineteenth from the East and West Indies to century. For several disciplines in Europe and what kind of knowledge the humanities and the sciences, travelled with them. It asks how historical studies exist which deal knowledge about products with with the details of such training. So medical uses was produced in the far, however, the results of these New World with the help of studies have hardly been brought indigenous informants and other into relation with one another. In my local actors and how this knowledge paper, I compare the pedagogical was mediated and transmitted by methods of physicists and historians naturalists such as Monardes who in mid-nineteenth-century Berlin. maintained a correspondence My main focus lies on the schools network with Spanish colonizers and emerging around the physicist European scholars alike. Thus, the Heinrich Gustav Magnus and the paper contributes to further historian Leopold von Ranke. understanding of the material Remarkably, the most advanced entanglements between the New exercises (Übungen) that they World and Europe in the early organized did not take place at the modern era and the traces thereof in university, but at their private texts, images, and objects. homes. In family-like settings, Magnus and Ranke developed a Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | Renaissance | information and data collecting, personal bond with their students, New Spain, global history, natural history and established standards for the methods and scholarly persona Training Physicists and Historians in Mid-Nineteenth- necessary to obtain legitimate Century Berlin: Exercises and “scientific” (wissenschaftliches) Epistemic Virtues knowledge. Drawing the comparison Sjang Ten Hagen further, I argue that some of the University of Amsterdam epistemic virtues stressed by A parallel development in the historians and physicists trained in history of the sciences and the these environments were strikingly humanities was the structural similar. For instance, Magnus, organization of small-scale, Ranke, and their students (including History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 332

Hermann von Helmholtz and are warnings–markers of the edges Heinrich von Sybel) were all of inundation, they indicate where to concerned about the proper relation build and where to flee when oceans between empirical and speculative rise; and, they are memorials, methods. While defining this erected as part of a ritual that relation, they commonly referred to memorializes events and those lost. the importance of ‘exactitude’, ‘skill These markers make manifest to combine’ (Kombinationsgabe), geologic forces from past and and ‘objectivity’, even though the certain events of the future. Now interpretations and practices they surveyed and mapped, this network associated with these epistemic of historical environmental data at virtues were different. the scale of 1:1 along the coast of Japan is legible elsewhere. These Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 19th century tablets—technologies of linear marks in stone—have a pressing Transgressions and relevance that is too important to be Regressions: An Incomplete simply a marker of a past event or a Atlas of Stones memorial to lives lost. These Elise Hunchuck Independent Researcher tablets—each like utamakura—are In Japanese traditions there is part of a multivalent knowledge continuity between nature and exchange through time and space, culture in so far as the sense of a and with hundreds of tsunami stones place speaks directly to the intricate planned in the coming years to interplay between human and natural commemorate the 2011 tsunami, and forces. This continuity is most clear as Japan continues to build almost in the historical practice of naming 14,000 kilometres of seawalls, they utamakura—storied places shared are critical in establishing an through literature and art, imbued understanding that the crisis facing with geologic history, human coastal landscapes is an ongoing history, and cultural meaning. Since project, not limited to the aftermath the 869 tsunami along the Sanriku of emergency. coast of northern Japan, Earth and Environmental Sciences | East Asia | communities erected stone tables Longue Durée | tsunami, memory, danger which perform a dual function; they History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 333

Translating Metrology ‘sinological’ knowledge transfer Florence Hsia avant la lettre. Universty of Wisconsin-Madison Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | For early modern European savants, Global or Multilocational | 17th century | metrology was a major conceptual translation, metrology, numerical expressions, and practical crossroads, where commercial practices, learned societies antiquarian inquiries into the Translating Science: Sayyid patriarchs’ cubit and the Roman foot Ahmad Khan’s Scientific met with urgent contemporary Discourse in Print matters of commercial and scientific Sarah Qidwai exchange. Translating unfamiliar but University of Toronto newly relevant Chinese vocabularies In 1848, Sayyid Ahmad Khan of measure, number, and weight (1817-1898) published an article in proved an irresistible challenge. The which he defended the theory of a Leiden professor of mathematics and motionless Earth. By 1865, he had Arabic, Jacob Golius (1596–1667); changed his position and argued that the Bodleian Keeper, Thomas Hyde the Earth did revolve around the sun. (1636–1703); and the Royal Curiously enough, his defense of Society’s curator of experiments, this idea is presented in his bilingual Gresham Professor of Geometry, publication The Muhammadan and city surveyor, Commentary on The Holy Bible (1635–1703), were among the most (1865). As a historical figure, influential scholars to try their hand Sayyid Ahmad is frequently at translating Chinese numerical and characterized as a forefather of metrological expressions. While Muslim nationalism in India and a these efforts to establish a reformer of both Islam and vocabulary fundamental to scientific education. Throughout his life, he translation exhibit a wide variety of established several educational investigatory methods and distinct institutions, publications and networks of citation and societies. Most famous is the collaboration, the working Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental assumptions at issue suggest an College, established in 1875, now emerging set of norms for called Aligarh Muslim University. However, his attempts to popularize science in colonial India are History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 334 overlooked. This paper focuses on Translating the State: Technical three distinct areas where Sayyid Translation in Building the engaged with scientific discourse in Russian Empire print. Bringing together the fields of Maria Avxentevskaya Max Planck Institute for the History of the history of science and religion, Science, Berlin print culture, and science The figure of Tsar Peter I of Russia popularization, I argue that Sayyid (1672–1725), a reputed reformer of Ahmad was not simply translating or the early Russian state, has become transmitting “Western” knowledge. a plastic signifier and conveys In fact, he was drawing on ideas different kinds of historical already present in India alongside symbolism. But it is widely agreed new theories in his popularization that the formidable pace of Petrine efforts. The publications include the reforms caused a genuine struggle to translations of The Scientific Society construct such a language of the new (est. 1864), The Commentary on the Russian technocracy which could Bible and select articles from the serve as an effective instrument for journal Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq (A collective actions. The emerging Refinement of Manners), established Russian empire was rapidly in 1870. Of particular interest is the changing its language of operation role of translating concepts in Urdu. and eventually translated itself into a What terms were used and how were linguistic and governmental concepts translated or combined? structure, many features of which Overall, can we as historians label were borrowed from German Sayyid Ahmad a popularizer of cultural patterns. This paper will science? focus on Peter's military

Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | shipbuilding, which started from his South Asia | 19th century | Urdu, Islam, Print hands-on training as an apprentice to Culture, Science and Religion the VOC shipyard in Amsterdam, and will examine how individual efforts in technical translation eventually contributed to creating a model for an endeavour on an imperial scale. By navigating ships Peter learned how to navigate his History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 335 new state, and my paper will trace extracted from Johann Rudolph this development on the level of Glauber’s (1604-1670) Furni novi individual cognitive tasks in philosophici, a series of five German translation, the level of translated tracts on distilling published in normative practices which were Amsterdam in the 1640s. In the mid- established in the Russian Navy, and 1730s, the Devon-based Tallamy the state level which employed family obtained a copy of The Art of translation for building the legal Distillation. Lead by Rebecca framework of the state. By Tallamy, they wrote a cornucopia of reconstructing the practices of this annotations into their treasured copy complex endeavour in translation of French’s book, including between languages, technologies, hundreds of additional recipes and and administrative models this paper personalised selections from other seeks to clarify how the contemporary medical books institutionalized procedures of including the works of Nicholas translation helped reconfigure early Culpeper and William Salmon. The modern Muscovy, with far-reaching printed medical book, then, is at implications for global history. once a conduit and a receptacle for medical knowledge - a personal Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 18th century | archive of know-how strategically translation, practical knowledge, legal history, assembled to suit the needs of the imperial policies, technology, navigation, family. Taking this curious volume shipbuilding as a starting point, this talk explores Translating, Printing, and translation, print, and medical Reading the Art of Distillation reading in early modern England. I Elaine Leong examine the intertwined practices of Department of History, University College London translation, reading and writing as ongoing, collective, and In 1651, John French (1616-1657) collaborative projects embedded offered the English reading public a within practices and local contexts, new handbook: The Art of taking meaning both from its Distillation. The work represents the creators and its users. By situating fruits of French’s wide-ranging the case study within analytical reading and translating practices and frameworks developed by historians includes large sections (with images) of archives, I also emphasise how History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 336 processes of translation, reading and fixity and “foreignness” of Greek note-taking were all deliberately knowledge rendering Islamic employed to create an eighteenth- sciences derivative and secondary— century home-based archive of a science-in-waiting for European everyday knowledge. Renaissance. In this paper, I look at translation in the history of Islamic Medicine and Health | Europe | 17th century medicine not as a transition but Translation and the Making of a rather as a part of a larger and more Scientific Archive: The Case of comprehensive process of archive- the Islamic “Translation making. Through following the Movement” works of translators and historians, I Ahmed Ragab Harvard University investigate how translation contributed to the production of a Translation plays a central role in particular form of learned medicine, the historiography of Islamic science and to the making of specific socio- and medicine. Two episodes of professional identities. I argue that translation bookend the “Golden understanding translations as part of Age”: the translation from Greek to the production of knowledge is key Arabic, and that from Arabic to to pushing a more accurate, Latin. In both processes, translation innovative and comprehensive is understood as a mode of global history of science in the pre- acquisition and/or loss where modern world. knowledge moves across a linguistic divide in a process that begins (or Medicine and Health | Near and Middle East | ends) a particular historical episode. Medieval However, this translation-as- Transplanting Technology: Dr. transition paradigm fails to capture DeBakey in Cold War China and the linguistic diversity that existed the USSR on both sides of this seeming divide, Heidi Morefield and the production and consumption Johns Hopkins University / Princeton University of this translated knowledge and its At the height of the Cold War, Dr. diffusion beyond the spheres of Michael E. DeBakey, one of the learned scientific and medical most prolific American surgeons of practice. Moreover, translation-as- the 20th century, made several trips transition paradigm foregrounds the to China and the USSR to survey the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 337 medical landscape on the other side interrogate how his influence and of the Iron Curtain. He toured clinics mobility shaped perceptions of both and medical schools and met with American and communist-sphere barefoot doctors. DeBakey became a medical technology. broker of valuable medical and Medicine and Health | Global or Multilocational | scientific information, teaching new 20th century, late | History of medicine, Cold techniques and introducing new War, Michael DeBakey machines in the USSR and China, Travelling Back through Them: while reporting on the conditions of Immersion and Virtual Mobility Chinese and Soviet medical by 17th Century English institutions back home to the Scientific Collections American public. His diplomatic Saara I. M. Penttinen success was possible in part because University of Turku of his willingness to take other My presentation investigates two medical systems seriously—he key concepts that both in historical praised the barefoot doctors and was and museological research need “impressed” with Russian medical more analysis on – virtual travel and inventions that were showcased immersion – and their relationships during his visits. This paper draws with the 17th century English from archival and oral historical natural history collections, material in Dr. DeBakey’s personal commonly known as cabinets of papers to consider the ways in which curiosity. Virtual travel is a concept he was able to gain mobility far older than one would think between the Cold War East and meaning basically being “as good West through his expertise in as” actual travel. Immersion, on the medical technology. With rich diary other hand, is a term from modern entries describing his visits, day research on virtuality, meaning DeBakey situated both the Western e.g. the feeling of getting “sucked” technology he helped transplant to into the world of a video game. My the East as well as that which he argument is, that in this era with encountered there within the relatively little information about topography of the Soviet and faraway places, and the lack of more Chinese medical systems. In “advanced” technologies for reflecting upon DeBakey’s Cold recreational virtual travel, War travels, this paper seeks to experiencing these early scientific History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 338 collections would have been Trespassing Tigresses and "- extremely sensual and immersive, to Headed Celts": Corresponding a degree we cannot fully relate to beyond Class Boundaries, from Scotland to Calcutta today. The reasons for feeling the Laura Brassington need to replace travel were not University of Cambridge straightforward, but they shed light Between 1862 and 1879, 291 letters on the complicated relationship the were exchanged between the most premodern people had on travelling, celebrated nineteenth-century empiricism, and seeing with one's naturalist, Charles Darwin (1809- own eyes altogether. Because these 92), and self-taught, working-class collections were in the center of both gardener, John Scott (1836-80). the scientific (e.g. medicinal), and Scott was a foreman at the entertainment cultures of Early Edinburgh Botanical Gardens when Modern Europe, their immersive he first wrote Darwin to point out an qualities resulted in the continuous error in The Fertilisation of Orchids increase in the demand and (1862). Darwinism was consumption of exotic objects and controversial in 1860s Edinburgh, products impacting the global particularly at the Gardens. networks of trade and science. This However, Scott infiltrated the presentation is based on my Garden’s lectures, appropriated their dissertation, which explores themes microscopes, and, by virtue of such as the interplay between Scott’s low social class, could sneak materiality, sensory experience, and from his bothy on the edge of the geographical imagination. gardens into its hothouses on Tools for Historians of Science | Europe | 17th Sundays, to perform observations century | cabinets of curiosity, history of and experiments. Scott not only collections, collections, virtual travel, virtuality, immersion, mobility, travel, history of travel, provided specimens for Darwin, but, scientific collections, from a garden intended for economic botany, he also engaged in theory. The price for Scott’s trespasses was his job. Through Darwin’s patronage, Scott became curator of the Calcutta Botanical Gardens. Scott challenged the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 339 borders of spaces physically, interwar period. For thirty years he temporally, and theoretically was the director of the Cambridge inaccessible to a man of his station. Observatory and taught astrophysics His instrument was the letter. Yet at Trinity College. From 1916 correspondence also reveals the onwards, he endeavored to develop a limitations to Scott’s trespasses. In series of stellar models and a decade this paper, I seek to find an later he published his influential analytical bridge between the Internal Constitution of the Stars situatedness and the mobility of that Henry Norris Russell dared call Scott and his science. By taking the “a work of art”. Besides the different letter itself as a spatial entity, one steps that led Eddington to his co-constructed – quite literally in famous mass-luminosity relationship dialogue – by sender, recipient, and in 1924, enlightened by some their respective networks, I explore unpublished correspondence, this how Scott functioned as a mediator paper addresses some original views of social and scientific hierarchies. I in terms of methodology. Indeed, argue that whilst Scott’s status may Eddington purposely used trial and seem to defy stable definition, it was error, which he considered “as simply constructed and perceived scientific as any other method”, the differently by different important point being to obtain correspondents and their respective physical insight on the problem one contexts. intends to tackle, and to keep mathematics “as the tool and not the Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Global or Multilocational | 19th century | master in physical research”. Correspondence, Class, Science and Empire, Locality, Globality Physical Sciences | Europe | 20th century, early | astrophysics Trial and Error in Astronomy: Arthur S. Eddington's Stellar Models Florian Laguens IPC-Facultés Libres de Philosophie et de Psychologie, Paris, France Arthur S. Eddington (1882-1944) certainly was one of the world’s most famous astronomers during the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 340

True Solar Motion, Eccentric geometrical models described by Parameters, and Clocks as Ptolemy to a brass mechanism led Mathematical Instruments: Wilhelm, his chief “artifex” Tracking Planetary Theory within Eberhard Baldewein, and the the Gears of Renaissance Automata roughly dozen craftsmen working Michael Korey under them to use eccentric axles, Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon, epicyclic gears, and cogwheels with Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden deliberately uneven toothing. The Planetary automata, also called research described, part of the planetary clocks, were expensive ongoing project “Deus ex machina,” and rare masterpieces of technical aims at deducing certain ingenuity designed to show the astronomical parameters implicit in subtle motion of the heavenly bodies Wilhelm’s mechanisms. In according to Ptolemaic theory. particular, the possibility of deriving These automata may justly be parameters for the solar eccentricity considered mathematical will be explored in connection with instruments for a two-fold reason: Wilhelm’s own renowned program they manifest a mechanical of astronomical observation. Could transposition of mathematical it be that a careful analysis of these astronomy, and their conception and machines (and the written sources design required the mastery of once accompanying them) allows us practical geometry and to witness in their gearing the birth trigonometry. They were almost of a new astronomical theory? exclusively the reserve of princes Mathematics and emperors, and within the history of astronomy notice of about a Tuning the Workplace: The dozen of them has reached us, of Herman Miller Research which four from the Renaissance Corporation and the survive (in Paris, Vienna, Kassel, Architectonics of Information and Dresden). This paper presents Joeri Bruyninckx Assistant professor, Society Studies, new research on these instruments, Maastricht University focusing on the two created under In the 1960s and 70s, architects and the explicit direction of Landgrave designers looked to the sciences for Wilhelm IV of Hesse-Kassel around inspiration and a systematic 1560. Passing from the abstract History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 341 approach to shaping environments psychoacoustics to develop an rich in information. This is embodied model of information particularly evident in an approach processing and recalibrate workers’ promoted by the Herman Miller comfort, creativity, and exposure to Research Corporation (HMRC), a information stimuli—on paper as division of the iconic furniture much as in their social, visual and manufacturer. In 1968, HMRC acoustic surroundings. This paper launched an influential open-office explores how their efforts to shape management concept called Action and validate such effects on white- Office. Promising to adapt the collar work contributed to broader workplace to a new era of transformations in notions of “knowledge workers” and invoking information and productivity, and concepts in management, human produced a template, both for a sciences and engineering, its particular approach to corporate developers claimed to tackle research and for future imaginations problems of information overload, of the workspace. declining productivity and employee Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | satisfaction. Within a decade, the North America | 20th century, late | office, concept got implemented in productivity, information, corporate research, hundreds of corporate, governmental design and public service offices and Turning Meteorological Data into research laboratories. Focusing on Climate Science: Maps, the period 1959 to 1976, this paper Diagrams and Formulas in catalogues and analyses the firm’s Germany, 1871-1914 efforts to study, rationalize and Robert-Jan Wille Descartes Centre / Political History, measure white-collar creativity and Utrecht University productivity, and in so doing Around 1900, Germany housed legitimate a discursive and material several large commercial firms for re-arrangement of the office. In map making, such as Justus Perthes particular, it shows how HMRC in Gotha and Velhagen & Klasing in researchers drew together concepts Leipzig. The first especially had a and methodological approaches large impact on academic from emerging subdisciplines such climatography through its scientific as ergonomics, proxemics, flagship journal Petermanns environmental psychology and History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 342

Geographische Mitteilungen. This, Totaleindrück. I will examine the together with the daily weather maps different strategies of climatological produced by the climatographer data representation by German Wladimir Köppen at the Deutsche aerologists such as Wladimir Seewarte from 1876, gave scientific Köppen and Alfred Wegener and the map making in the German climate Norwegian Vilhelm Bjerknes who sciences an academic prestige never taught in Germany, to show that before possessed, even in the time of ultimately maps had advantages over Humboldt. According to Nils diagrams and especially formulas: a Güttler, the mass-produced maps of larger audience. the late nineteenth century produced Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | new scientific principles and gave Europe | 20th century, early | aerology, climate scientists and their audiences a maps seemingly objective Totaleindrück Tycho Brahe and the Inquisition that data and thick description were in Iberia not able to give. In the early Luís Tirapicos twentieth century, however, Centro Interuniversitário de História das meteorology and climatology Ciências e da Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa developed into dynamical sciences thanks to the new practice of It is known that throughout the aerology, the more-than-daily seventeenth century the world collection of atmospheric data from system proposed by Tycho Brahe weather balloons at different (1546-1601) assumed a heights. Climatological maps preponderant position in the Iberian increasingly had to compete with cosmological debate, affirming itself other forms of representation, as the one with the best agreement to especially mathematical formulas empirical evidence. Moreover, the and diagrams. How should one Tychonian model (or variants represent altitude or development thereof) did not present the over time? Techniques had difficulties of apparent contradiction developed to add more than latitude with the scriptures, as the and longitude on maps, such as heliocentric proposal of Nicolaus isolines, colors, and , but Copernicus (1473-1543) did, since it sometimes formulas and altitude kept the earth fixed at the centre of diagrams were better in giving a the world. However, Tycho as a History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 343

Lutheran author was targeted by the sex determination, sex development Inquisition. Passages of various and sexual behavior. Following the works of the Danish astronomer success of his studies relating to were included in the Spanish avian courtship, Huxley envisaged a indexes of 1632, 1640 and 1707, more integrated approach to the although the formal condemnation study of animal behavior which of the Roman Inquisition never would synthesize the perspectives of materialized. In the network of the both field observations and Society of Jesus a seemingly experimental zoology. In this informal censorship also circulated, endeavor he considered sex-related apparently based on Tridentine questions the most pressing, determinations, published in 1651 in although, in practice, he failed to the influential work of Giambattista assimilate his own ornithological Riccioli (1598-1671) Almagestum observations of avian courtship with novum. I will discuss the scope, the new biology of sex effects and limitations of the determination that was developing at censorship of Tycho's scientific a rapid pace in Germany and North books in Portugal and Spain, America. Huxley learned the latest through the analysis of several theories of sex determination annotated copies, preserved manly directly from Richard Goldschmidt in Iberian libraries, with a special and , largely attention to books from ancient siding with Goldschmidt’s Jesuit colleges. controversial (and ill-fated) ‘theory of balance’ which catered for a high Physical Sciences | Europe | 17th century | astronomy, cosmology, Inquisition, book degree of sexual variation in censorship, Iberia morphology and behavior. Especially during his period as Unresolved Conflicts about Sex: Julian Huxley and the Progress Fellow of New College and Senior of Sexology in Britain, 1916- Demonstrator in the Department of 1930 Zoology and Comparative Anatomy Ross Brooks at Oxford (1919-1925), the biology Oxford Brookes University of sex constituted one of Huxley’s This paper recovers a significant leading interests and played a major body of Julian Huxley’s early role in establishing him as one of the writings concerning the biology of twentieth-century’s most famous History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 344 public intellectuals and popularizers Furthermore, the Spanish Royal of science and eugenics. It was Academy of History keeps a legacy largely because of Huxley that, after of eleven manuscript files –titled decades of resisting Continental Mathesis varia– by Richard, together sexology, the medico-scientific with eighty factitious volumes study of sex became both containing Jesuits’ manuscripts on respectable and popular in Britain, mathematics and physics. Among although the subject remained these, two draft copies of the course inextricably entangled with on the construction and use of Huxley’s eugenic vision of human sectors taught by Richard around progress. 1656 have been identified, one written by Richard himself, the other Biology | Europe | 20th century, early | Britain, History of Biology, Julian Huxley, Science by one of his students. Richard Popularization, Sexology, Twentieth-Century claimed that the whole practical geometry consisted of the brief and Using Euclid in a Practical Context: Claude Richard’s easy use of sectors, an instrument Course on Sectors at the first invented by the Flemish Michel Imperial College (Madrid, ca. Coignet, he said. However, his 1656) “Treatise on the division of the Elena Ausejo twelve diverse straight lines of University of Zaragoza (Spain) sectors, with their practical use in Father Claude Richard (Ornans 1589 practical geometry, and also the – Madrid 1664) was professor of proofs of these divisions and the mathematics at the Jesuit Imperial use” was not only concerned with College in Madrid (1627-1767) from the brief and easy instrumental 1630 until his death. He published practice of geometry. It also insisted Euclides elementorum on demonstrating the solid geometricorum libros tredecim Euclidean foundations of this Isidorum et Hypsidem et practice, which would justify the Recentiores de Corporibus numerical consideration of Regularibus, et Procli propositiones continuous magnitudes as quantities geometricas (Antwerp, 1645), and –accepting a margin of error Apollonii Pergaei Conicorum libri sensorially imperceptible and IV cum commentariis Claudii Richardi (Antwerp, 1655). History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 345 irrelevant for the purposes of purpose of which was to cure and application. return sick and injured sailors to their ships as quickly as possible. Mathematics | Europe | 17th century | Spain, Jesuits, Euclid, Appolonius, mathematical This paper will discuss the means instruments, Coignet, sector through which healthy air was created including architectural Ventilation, Fumigation, and the Creation of Healthy Air in British designs, ventilation, fumigation Naval Hospitals ca. 1775-1815 lamps, and cleanliness. I will also Erin Spinney highlight the role of female hospital In response to a request by the workers in the creation of healing Navy’s Sick and Hurt Board to environments. This included female investigate the recent sickly state of nurses in the cleaning and HMS Foudroyant in March 1804, fumigation of ward spaces and the Plymouth Hospital Governor shifting of wards (intense cleaning Richard Creyke summarised the best and fumigation process carried out available advice for creating a in empty wards) in preparation to heathy environment on board ship: receive new patients, as well as “We strongly recommended washer women responsible for the Whitewashing, the washing of the cleanliness of bedding and hospital people’s clothes, Blankets &c, in dress. warm water and Soap, fumigation Medicine and Health | Europe | 18th century | with Charcoal and Brimstone, to be Medicine, Fumigation, Gender, Reform generally and frequently used, and the Decks to be kept as dry as Vigyan, Scientific Readerships, and the Colonial Lives of Science possible.” Creyke was familiar with Popularization in North India, ca. supervising these same measures in 1915 Plymouth’s hospital wards. The Charu Singh creation, and where possible the Adrian Research Fellow, Darwin College, maintenance, of what late University of Cambridge eighteenth-century medical This paper brings together histories practitioners and naval of science, print, nationalism and administrators conceived of as empire through the case study of a healthy air was a primary concern of popular science monthly established the clinical naval hospitals of by Indian intellectuals in early Plymouth and Haslar the sole twentieth century north India. In History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 346

April 1915, a new monthly called hierarchies of knowledge, power, as Vigyan appeared in the Hindi public well as languages; especially in an sphere. It was brought out by a era of anticolonial nationalism and voluntary society, the Vigyan linguistic mobilization, when calls to Parishad, which had been serve the language, nation, and established in 1913 in Allahabad to science were often deeply entangled. spread scientific knowledge among Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | Hindi readers through the South Asia | 20th century, early | scientific production, translation, and publication; readers; reception; popularization; publication of scientific works. public sphere Vigyan was advertised as the ‘one Visualizing Emotions and the and only illustrated scientific Emotional Economy of Science monthly journal in Hindi’, and Beatriz Pichel carried articles on both technical and De Montfort University popular subjects as diverse as The study of emotions attracted magnetism, evolution, electricity, as renewed interest in the nineteenth well as the need for science century. Following Duchenne de education in Hindi. This paper Boulogne’s Mécanisme de la focuses on Vigyan to bring to light Physionomie Humaine (1862) and an important historical source for the Darwin’s The Expression of the production and circulation of Emotions in Man and Animals scientific knowledge in print which (1872), physiologists, psychologists has been equally ignored by literary and neurologists turned to historians and historians of science photography and other visualization of South Asia. It engages with the technologies to understand the self-description of the monthly as a correlation between emotions, facial ‘science periodical’ and ‘science’ in expressions and muscular and the periodical as an actors’ category nervous movements. Studies by to raise questions about the nature of Charcot and others such as the the journal and the knowledge psychologist Georges Dumas and contained and presented within its the physiologist Charles Émile pages. Finally, the paper reflects on François-Franck employed different the historical significance of photographic technologies, from “popularisation” in a multilingual stereography to chronophotography, colonial context, marked by to produce visual observations of History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 347 emotional expressions. These War and Insect Control in Russia experiments, often performed on / Soviet Union, 1900-1940 asylum patients, sought to identify Marin Coudreau Research Associate at Center for Russian, normal and pathological expressions Caucasian and Central European Studies of emotions. Through the analysis of (CERCEC), Paris. prints, albums and other The Bolsheviks seized power during photographic material, this the Great War and built their presentation will examine the dictatorship through a “continuum of emotional economy of science crisis” (Holquist), channeling the underpinning medical studies on violence of total war inward. The emotions. In particular, it will focus forced collectivization of on the parallels between emotions agriculture, an unprecedented and considered as normal and cataclysmic experiment attempting pathological in scientific studies, to “modernize” the countryside in and the emotional style at the time. the context of a looming “inevitable From this perspective, pathological war,” would trigger another wave of emotions were not only medically ruthless state violence against the but also socially and culturally peasantry. I analyze the overlap of abnormal. Researchers and armed conflicts and “natural” photographers, therefore, were disasters in the long sequences of invested in obtaining successful war, revolution, and civil war and experimental results which mirrored through the forced collectivization and supported with scientific and its aftermaths. Discursive and evidence their own emotional action categories, regimes of regime. Photographic visualisations mobilization, and imaginaries and played a key role in this process, technologies expanded from the working both as scientific evidence waging of war to the management of of the physiological nature of nature. The porosity between war emotions and cultural objects that and natural disasters remained identified normal and abnormal starkest in the margins of the subjects according to the emotions Imperial/Soviet territory. they expressed. Environmental and rebel threats

Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | came to be interrelated in the Europe | 19th century | Images, emotions, peripheries, where “militarized” research objects, photography, pathology History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 348 practices of pest control and however, I would like to successive “disinhibiting” (Fressoz) problematize the assumption that toxic experimentations were adopted “knowledge-goods” and in emulation with European colonial “information goods” have what practices. The Stalinist “revolution Moulier-Boutang calls an from above” worked as an incubator “immaterial nature” (2004). In of the military-scientific General Intellects, Mackenzie Wark, experiments and practices of the an Australian cultural critic, reminds 1920s. us to “hang on to the materiality of information-based sciences and Biology | Central Asia | 20th century, early | Entomology, war, Soviet Union technologies” (2017). In my research I bring the materiality of Wet Knees and Cuckoo Holes: the body (both human and non- On the Materiality of Knowledge human) into an analysis of in the Dutch Dairy Sector knowledge based value extraction in James Babbitt Mr. an increasingly digitized dairy In this paper I use an example from sector. Specifically, I examine the my ethnographic fieldwork on the “caring labor” (Hardt 1999) of the Dutch dairy sector to challenge bodily and/or haptic practices taught some troubling claims made by to veterinarians, feed advisors, and those attempting to historicize other agricultural professionals by a contemporary capitalism. Or, to put Dutch dairy consultant. These it another way, what can livestock practices cultivate knowledge and agriculture tell us about post-Fordist information about animal wellbeing forms of capitalism that increasingly and health in order to increase rely on information, data, affect, efficiency, milk production, and etc., to reproduce themselves and farm income and profit. Thus, we produce value? In Cognitive see profit, knowledge, information, Capitalism, the French economist, and bodies (both human and cattle) Yann Moulier-Boutang writes that entangled within the agricultural knowledge rather than labor power production process. is increasingly becoming the source Technology | Europe | 21st century | Dairy of value within global capitalism. I Science, Knowledge, Multispecies Entanglement, Caring Labor, Capitalism do not take issue with this diagnosis, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 349

Whaling Intelligence: Paper long career in U.S.-American Technologies of U.S.-American debates about expansionism, Exploration in the Pacific exploration, and science. Felix Lüttge University of Basel Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | North America | 19th century | exploration, The United States Exploring paper technologies, tables, whaling Expedition (1838-1842) owed much of its realisation to the advocacy of What “Race” Does: Pluralism in Jeremiah Reynolds, a former Post-WWII Population Genetics newspaper man and public lecturer. Lisa Gannett Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada His strongest case for the necessity It has been a matter of debate among of Pacific exploration were New historians of science whether “race” England whalers who were said to disappeared as a category in the cruise unexplored parts of the biological sciences with the oceans and whose discoveries of evolutionary synthesis and rise of uncharted islands were reported in population genetics. It has become the local press. The document that commonplace among philosophers stood at the core of Reynolds’s of science to refer to a “race debate” lobbying for an expedition, however, currently underway about the was a table he had compiled after epistemological and ontological interviewing whaling captains in the status of race as a biological country’s principal whaling ports. category, especially in genomics. By presenting the whalers’ Embedded in these debates is the experience in tabular and synoptic assumption that there is such a thing form, Reynolds’s table helped forge that race is, such that the debate the frontier figure of the ‘intelligent might be resolved one way or whaler’, a mariner who had better another. However, if we consider the geographical knowledge than other influential American population seafarers. In my talk, I will discuss geneticists Dobzhansky, Cavalli- the paper technologies that produced Sforza, and Lewontin, whose the ‘intelligent whaler’ and contributions during the decades investigate how Reynolds’s following WWII laid theoretical translation of ‘whaling intelligence’ foundations that are important for from news into facts marks the genomics today, we find a plurality beginning of the intelligent whaler’s History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 350 of race concepts and a range of would be easy to find even if a significances attached to the use of traveling botanist managed to get to racial designations—not only among the correct locality. Botanists from the three geneticists but within the outside the area were therefore writings of each. Given that there is reliant on artisans to act as guides. not such a thing that race is, even for Historical evidence of this form of population geneticists, what matters social interaction shows that it goes is to pay close empirical attention to beyond a simple model of the the disciplinary, historical, and appropriation of local knowledge. political contexts in which scientists Instead, it brings to light different deploy race concepts and racial practices for knowing the land and designations in order to discern not different conceptions of what what race is, but what race does. counted as knowledge of nature. Learned botanists tended to view not Biology | North America | 20th century, late | race, genetics only the land but also knowledge itself as a form of mapping: they What Do Maps Map? Finding the argued that information as well as Way in Early Nineteenth-Century the terrain required to be seen as if British Botany from a pinnacle in order to produce Anne Secord Darwin Correspondence Project scientific generalisations. In Early nineteenth-century discoveries contrast, artisans had little of rare and new plants by artisans in conception of maps either as the north of England brought learned geographical or conceptual tools. botanists to this relatively unknown Instead, the forms of spatial region of Britain. However, knowledge they cultivated were travelling to the areas in which more like itineraries. In my paper, I particular plants were known to have will investigate how mapping and been found did not ensure that the maps provided both advantages and desire of visiting collectors to see limitations in the attainment of these plants in their native habitats botanical knowledge. was fulfilled. Not only were there Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | few reliable maps of the wilder Europe | 19th century | botany, plants, maps, northern lands, but also no guarantee artisans that the exact spot of a rare plant History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 351

What Is a Normal Face? Karl ‘Eigenvector’ algorithms developed, Pearson’s Principal Component among others, by Turk and Pentland Analysis, Facial Recognition (1991), (2) Valentine’s (1991) Technologies, and Race influential “Face Space” theory of Abigail Nieves Delgado Postdoctoral Fellow, Ruhr University face perception, and (3) Recent FRT Bochum such as DeepFace from Facebook Since the publication of the paper (2014 to present). As shown by “On lines and planes of closest fit to these cases, Pearson’s technique has systems of points in space” by Karl deeply shaped contemporary FRT as Pearson in 1918 principal PCA guides the way how computer component analysis (PCA) has scientists, forensic scientists and become an important statistical psychologists understand human method in multiple research fields facial difference as well as the from the natural sciences (i.e. perception of these differences. archeology, atmospheric sciences, More generally, telling the story of psychology and physical PCA shows why racial anthropology) where big datasets of categorization remains central in observations are collected. In studies contemporary identification of human facial difference, PCA technologies and practices. works by producing statistical Technology | Global or Multilocational | 20th description of these differences that century, late | Statistics, Race, Algorithms, are later used to support common Facial Recognition Technology, Identification sense racial distinctions. In doing so, Why the Traité de l'homme Was it establishes standards of normality Not Published by Descartes for different races and, by Harold Cook comparing these normal faces, Brown University naturalizes racial difference. The Descartes several times wrote that present paper explores the influence the aim of his philosophy was to of Pearson’s PCA in the theory and provide an understanding of development of applications for face medicine so as to improve human perception and recognition. life. Why, then, did he hold back his Therefore, it focuses on three central full views about the subject? Could cases in the development of facial they have been dangerous? recognition technologies (FRT): (1) Descartes composed a manuscript on History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 352 human physiology but held it back. but cannot be taken as Descartes's Only a few of his closest Dutch own opinion. friends saw a copy of physiological Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | manuscript of the early 1640s, and Europe | 17th century | Cartesian physiology, they kept it safe from public Traité de l'Homme, De homine, Les Passions, scrutiny, as he asked. Descartes Epicureanism continued working on the problems With "Scrupulous Fidelity" and in it, making the text a mess that he "Majestic Beauty": The Science could hardly read himself, as he told and Art of E. L. Trouvelot’s Mersenne in 1648. But a version, Astronomical Drawings (1882) based on the manuscript circulated Lacey Baradel Independent scholar to his friends as edited by Florentius Étienne Léopold Trouvelot’s Schuyl, was later published in Latin portfolio of fifteen large-scale (1662) as De homine; two years later chromolithographic prints, published an edition in French appeared, the by Charles Scribner’s Sons to Traité de l'Homme, overseen by accompany Trouvelot’s Claude Clerselier. The text famously Astronomical Drawings Manual ends abruptly, with no discussion of (1882), were among the most the human soul. If we read influential and innovative images of Descartes's own views not as astronomical phenomena produced complete in the early 1630s but as at the end of the nineteenth century. evolving from the conversations of The works effectively blurred the his youth - in the years before boundaries between art and science, Galileo's condemnation - the later receiving accolades from both disputes in Utrecht, and his last professional artistic and scientific work, Les Passions (1649), we can communities as well as attracting a see how the agenda was set by wide public audience. Trouvelot, a materialist Epicureanism. Giving a French-born, Boston-based artist and full account of humanity without the amateur-turned-professional need to explain the immortal soul scientist, based the prints on would indeed have been dangerous; sketches of cosmic forms that he later commentaries in the published made over the course of nearly two editions tried to remove the threat, decades using high-powered telescopes at Harvard University, the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 353

University of Virginia, and the U.S. Women’s Place in Naval Observatory. According to the Developmental Theory: From artist, the 1882 portfolio aimed to Androcentrism to Anti-Feminism present such forms with “scrupulous Susanne Schmidt Freie Universität Berlin fidelity and accuracy,” while also This talk highlights the relevance of conveying to the viewer something gender in American and European of “the majestic beauty and radiance accounts of identity development in of celestial objects.” Produced the latter half of the twentieth during a period in which century. Going beyond existing photography was quickly becoming analyses by Carol Gilligan and other the dominant medium for relational psychologists, feminist astronomical imagery, Trouvelot social scientists and writers, who argued forcefully against the popular have read dominant theories of assumption that photographic views individuation as androcentric, I of celestial phenomena were more argue that these were based on objective or of greater scientific normative assumptions about value than his graphic—and often women’s selves and capacities. quite abstract—representations. Reconsidering the implications of Using Trouvelot’s work as a case male-centered perspectives in the study, this paper examines the roles social and human sciences changes that artistic imagination and our understanding of anti-feminism. invention played in shaping More than just an extreme opinion, scientific knowledge during the late anti-feminist positions structured nineteenth century and investigates basic constructions of the self and the limitations that artistic media social order. Not simply implying and technologies of vision imposed that Man was the measure of all on such processes. people, Erik Erikson, Benjamin Physical Sciences | North America | 19th Spock, Daniel Levinson, and other century | Art, Astronomy, Art History social and developmental psychologists, practitioners, and psychoanalytic thinkers also exempted women from personal development. Their theories applied to boys and men almost exclusively, History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 354 whose growth and self-realization historical accounts try to understand they described. Yet despite their how the study of nature came to use focus on men, these developmental mathematical methods and how models were primarily directed at mathematical concepts and tool women. The formulations and became the standard tool for effects of identity theories in social scholars. A more fundamental and policy as well as public debates yet lesser-known shift happened about work and the family show that outside of the scholarly world. they provided a guideline for wives Practical mathematics, understood as and mothers, describing as the a set of basic skills in arithmetic and primary task of women to produce, geometry, became ubiquitous in even embody a “facilitating European civic life for officials, environment” (Donald Winnicott) engineer and artisans of all kinds. for male development. When Early modern mines build a perfect women challenged these directions, case study for this hypothesis, both experts responded by barring them given their crucial economic from redefining their lives and importance and since they are seeking self-fulfillment outside the considered a crucible of modern home. By arguing that women’s technical rationality. I will analyze liberation hindered men from the growing importance and the releasing their full potential, they public nature of mathematical arts in used the notion of identity to defend the German mining states. Scholars traditional gender roles. observed practitioners and then wrote about geometria subterranea. Social Sciences | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late | gender, developmental Numerous sketches were drawn to psychology, anti-feminism illustrate the surveying methods that were used. Computing schools and Writing, Drawing, and Preaching Geometry in the Early Modern teaching contracts attest of a lively German Mines and efficient tradition of practical Thomas Morel teaching. Even sermons routinely Université de Lille presented to a general audience the In the sixteenth and seventeenth essential features and principles of centuries, mathematical sciences geometric operations. Surveying was played an increasingly important a public practice whose geometrical role in Western societies. Most character would lend gravitas and History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 355 accuracy to legal decisions. These centuries, naturalists bolstered their ubiquitous uses greatly heightened a convictions that species boundaries public recognition of the efficiency were unassailable. This paper shows of mathematics. how race and species were more discursive constructs than material Mathematics | Europe | 17th century | Saxony, practical geometry, surveying, realities by following the ideas’ Markscheidekunst, cultural history, mining proliferation in European discourse history beyond the Spanish empire. To that Zoology of Mixing: Discourses of end, this paper analyzes an extensive Race and Species in Early database that traces the movement of Modern Europe the language of race in humans and Mackenzie Cooley animals in published and manuscript Assistant Professor, Hamilton College sources in Italian, Spanish, French, As the Spanish Empire grew and Portuguese, Dutch, German, Latin, society stabilized in the sixteenth and English between 1400 and 1700. and seventeenth centuries, European I argue that race—originally a agents transposed both their fragile category designating the breeding practices and zoological human artifice that shaped one language to organize proliferating generation at a time—began to human difference. Amidst the hubris designate traits fixed across of imagining how breeding could generations by the early 1600s, create a more perfect society, rendering a temporary social Renaissance European husbandmen hierarchy embodied and permanent. and patrons had first developed the This growing belief in the fixity of term “race” to describe animal difference transferred from Spanish offspring born on stud farms. In its society to the emergent field of original Renaissance conception, natural history, where the most race was thought to be malleable exciting research was being done in while gender and sex were fixed. the Spanish American empire. Within the Spanish Empire, power relations concretized emergent racial Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Europe | Renaissance categories like mestizo, mulatto, and criollo – terms originally used to describe animal mixing. In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth

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