2019 History of Science Society ABSTRACT BOOK UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS | 23-27 JULY 2019 History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 1 "A Place for Human Inquiry": Leibniz and Christian Wolff against Lomonosov’s Mineral Science the attacks of French philosophes in Anna Graber the wake of the Great Lisbon Program in the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine, University of Earthquake of 1755. This paper Minnesota concludes by situating Lomonosov While polymath and first Russian in a ‘mining Enlightenment’ that member of the St. Petersburg engrossed major thinkers, Academy of Sciences Mikhail bureaucrats, and mining Lomonosov’s research interests practitioners in Central and Northern were famously broad, he began and Europe as well as Russia. ended his career as a mineral Aspects of Scientific Practice/Organization | scientist. After initial study and Global or Multilocational | 18th century work in mining science and "Atomic Spaghetti": Nuclear mineralogy, he dropped the subject, Energy and Agriculture in Italy, returning to it only 15 years later 1950s-1970s with a radically new approach. This Francesco Cassata paper asks why Lomonosov went University of Genoa (Italy) back to the subject and why his The presentation will focus on the approach to the mineral realm mutagenesis program in agriculture changed. It argues that he returned implemented by the Italian Atomic to the subject in answer to the needs Energy Commission (CNRN- of the Russian court for native CNEN), starting from 1956, through mining experts, but also, and more the establishment of a specific significantly, because from 1757 to technological and experimental his death in 1765 Lomonosov found system: the so-called “gamma field”, in mineral science an opportunity to a piece of agricultural land with a engage in some of the major debates radioisotope of Cobalt-60 at the of the Enlightenment. Through his center. The Cobalt-60 would emit late mineralogical writings, constant radiation, primarily gamma Lomonosov debated the role of rays, which would bombard the religion in scientific inquiry, specimens planted in concentric outlined a vision of science in circles around the source, inducing service to the state, and defended the genetic mutations. The CNEN philosophical tradition of Gottfried gamma field went into operation in History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 2 May 1960 at the Casaccia technologies in the developing Laboratory, about twenty miles countries. north of Rome, with a radiation Technology | Europe | 20th century, late | device made available by the US Atomic science, Mutation breeding, Gamma Government for the Atoms-for- field, FAO, IAEA Peace program. Among the many "Beginning of the Entomological research projects of the Casaccia Enterprise in China": Jiangsu Laboratory, the durum wheat Provincial Bureau of Entomology program, strictly connected with the and Its Locust Control, 1922- industrial production of Italian pasta, 1931 was particularly relevant. The Yubin Shen Max Planck Institute for the History of extensive durum wheat mutation Science, Berlin breeding work resulted in fact in the Following the model of the Bureau obtention of eleven registered of Entomology of the United States varieties. In particular, “Creso” Department of Agriculture, Jiangsu became the leading Italian variety Provincial Bureau of Entomology with the highest percentage of was founded in 1922 by western- durum certified and distributed seed. trained Chinese entomologists with This presentation will analyze, first support from agricultural merchants, of all, how the American-Swedish the provincial government and experimental model of mutation American specialists. As the first breeding was translated into the Chinese research institute and Italian context, becoming governmental agency responsible for instrumental for the modernization pest control, Jiangsu Bureau played of Italian agriculture as well as for an important role in promoting the establishment of plant genetics applied entomology in China. This within the local academic system; paper discusses origins and secondly, it will describe how the development of Jiangsu Bureau FAO/IAEA network of durum wheat within such local, national, and trials in the Mediterranean region transnational contexts during the contributed to the controversial 1920s and 1930s. What is more, by diffusion of mutation plant breeding focusing on Bureau entomologists’ locust control (in particular the case of adapting the Chinese traditional History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 3 practice of mobilizing ducks to Basaglia. Some points of the 1975 eliminate locusts), my paper also reform program, however, had examines how techniques of western already been actualised in the 1960s, applied entomology were most notably some elements of introduced, practiced, modified, and community care. For example, the innovated to meet Chinese realities. considered fruitful relationship between psychiatry and Biology | East Asia | 20th century, early | Entomology, China, scientific networks anthropology was to be tested on the grounds of community care. This "Despite the Asylum, Not Instead paper considers two of these early of It": Community Psychiatry in instances, later taken as models: the West Germany (1960-1980) Zentralinstitut für seelische Chantal Marazia Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Gesundheit (Central Institute for Germany Mental Health) in Mannheim and Histories of the German psychiatric the community psychiatry set in reform usually identify the origin of place in Mönchengladbach (NRW). this process with the so-called The focus will be on their Psychiatrie-Enquete. The Enquete, epistemological setting and their published in 1975, consisted of a concrete solutions, such as day- and comprehensive report of the status night-clinics, sheltered housings and quo and concrete recommendations patient clubs. Finally, we will for a structural reorganization of the discuss how far at the time and at the West German psychiatric care direct aftermath of the Enquete the system: community orientation; international developments were patient-centred care; coordination of mobilised as models for the national all service institutions and providers; reform, or if the Germans tired of equal treatment and opportunities for affirming their own tradition. This the mentally and physically ill. The paper as been written by Chantal scholarship seems unanimous in Marazia and Heiner Fangeru, highlighting the importance of some Heinrich Heine Universität contemporaneous international Düsseldorf developments as an intellectual and Medicine and Health | Europe | 20th century, institutional blueprint for the late | psychiatry, mental illness, anti-psychiatry, German reform, especially the deinstitutionalization Italian initiative led by Franco History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 4 "Development" and Pugwash, simultaneously served to Disarmament: The Twin Track of weaken it. This paradox created new Pugwash in the Early 1970s challenges: the changing array of Alison Kraft global threats to peace meant Freelance writer Pugwash had to adapt to remain Arising from the 1955 Russell- relevant to state actors. Important Einstein Manifesto, the Pugwash here was a deepening engagement Conferences brought elite scientists with the North-South divide and the together across ideological divides problems of the ‘developing world’, to confront the dangers posed by although Pugwash remained vigilant nuclear weapons. Powered by ideas to the nuclear threat, including about scientific social responsibility within this region. This paper and claiming political neutrality, explores this transition from two Pugwash developed an approach to analytical perspectives: focusing on disarmament based on the shared the narratives of senior Pugwash language and methods of science. figures it assesses its effects within Meeting annually from 1957, the organization. Using India as a Pugwash facilitated east-west case study, it examines the political communication and rapidly conflicts encountered by Pugwash in developed as a forum for Track II its work in the Global South in the diplomacy. The object of official 1970s. suspicion on both sides of the bloc divide, Pugwash nevertheless Thematic Approaches to the Study of Science | Global or Multilocational | 20th century, late established a global reach and carved out a distinctive niche within "Ideal Specimens": Butterfly the Cold War nuclear nexus. Its Nature Prints, Entomology, and work towards nuclear disarmament the Decorative Arts in Early 20th was recognised with the 1995 Nobel Century Japan Peace Prize. By the 1970s, the Kerstin Pannhorst Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin / Max changing geopolitical dynamics and Planck Institute for the History of Science increasingly global character of the This paper examines the materiality Cold War presented profound and functions of butterfly nature challenges for Pugwash leaders. The printing, so called lepidochromy, in onset of détente and arms limitation early 20th-­‐century Japan. This treaties, while welcomed by technique complicates the History of Science Society | Abstract Book | Utrecht 2019 5 relationship between specimen and collections. As a mass-­‐ producible image as well as between and yet individualized form of entomology and the decorative arts, illustration, they also fit the but has to date remained on the contemporary market’s demand for margins of scholarly attention. In Japanese decorative arts and