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Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife And Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals Production and Wildlife of Adaptation Assessing Environmental the Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and • Edward Narayan Edward • Production Animals Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Edited by Edward Narayan Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Animals www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals: Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals: Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Editor Edward Narayan MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Edward Narayan The University of Queensland Australia Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Animals (ISSN 2076-2615) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals/special issues/ environmental adaptation). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-0365-0142-0 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-0143-7 (PDF) © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher areproperly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Edward Narayan Introduction to the Special Issue: Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals: Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Reprinted from: Animals 2020, 10, 2280, doi:10.3390/ani10122280 .................. 1 Kimberley Janssen, Crystal Marsland, Michelle Orietta Barreto, Renae Charalambous and Edward Narayan Identifying the Stressors Impacting Rescued Avian Wildlife Reprinted from: Animals 2020, 10, 1500, doi:10.3390/ani10091500 .................. 5 Marina Lopez-Arjona,´ Lorena Padilla, Jordi Roca, Jose´ Joaqu´ın Ceron´ and Silvia Mart´ınez-Subiela Ejaculate Collection Influences the Salivary Oxytocin Concentrations in Breeding Male Pigs Reprinted from: Animals 2020, 10, 1268, doi:10.3390/ani10081268 .................. 15 Andreas Eleftheriou, Rupert Palme and Rudy Boonstra Assessment of the Stress Response in North American Deermice: Laboratory and Field Validation of Two Enzyme Immunoassays for Fecal Corticosterone Metabolites Reprinted from: Animals 2020, 10, 1120, doi:10.3390/ani10071120 .................. 27 Elena Di Lorenzo, Riccardo Rossi, Fabiana Ferrari, Valeria Martini and Stefano Comazzi Blood L-Lactate Concentration as an Indicator of Outcome in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Admitted to a Wildlife Rescue Center Reprinted from: Animals 2020, 10, 1066, doi:10.3390/ani10061066 .................. 43 Martina Volfova, Zuzana Machovcova, Eva Voslarova, Iveta Bedanova and Vladimir Vecerek Comparison of the Glucocorticoid Concentrations between Three Species of Lemuridae Kept in a Temporary Housing Facility Reprinted from: Animals 2020, 10, 1013, doi:10.3390/ani10061013 .................. 51 Sofia Vilela, Ant´onioAlves da Silva, Rupert Palme, Kathreen E. Ruckstuhl, Jos´e Paulo Sousa and Joana Alves Physiological Stress Reactions in Red Deer Induced by Hunting Activities Reprinted from: Animals 2020, 10, 1003, doi:10.3390/ani10061003 .................. 71 Daniela Proverbio, Roberta Perego, Luciana Baggiani, Giuliano Ravasio, Daniela Giambellini and Eva Spada Serum Protein Gel Agarose Electrophoresis in Captive Tigers Reprinted from: Animals 2020, 10, 716, doi:10.3390/ani10040716 ................... 85 Tithipong Plangsangmas, Janine L. Brown, Chatchote Thitaram, Ayona Silva-Fletcher, Katie L. Edwards, Veerasak Punyapornwithaya, Patcharapa Towiboon and Chaleamchat Somgird Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Immunoglobulin A and Associations with Cortisol as A Stress Biomarker in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Reprinted from: Animals 2020, 10, 157, doi:10.3390/ani10010157 ................... 95 v Domenico Ventrella, Alberto Elmi, Martina Bertocchi, Camilla Aniballi, Albamaria Parmeggiani, Nadia Govoni and Maria Laura Bacci Progesterone and Cortisol Levels in Blood and Hair of Wild Pregnant Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) Hinds Reprinted from: Animals 2020, 10, 143, doi:10.3390/ani10010143 ...................109 Romaan Hayat Khattak, Zhensheng Liu and Liwei Teng Development and Implementation of Baseline Welfare Assessment Protocol for Captive Breeding of Wild Ungulate—Punjab Urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis, Lydekker 1913) Reprinted from: Animals 2019, 9, 1102, doi:10.3390/ani9121102 ....................117 Edward Narayan, Annabella Perakis and Will Meikle Using Thermal Imaging to Monitor Body Temperature of Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)inA Zoo Setting Reprinted from: Animals 2019, 9, 1094, doi:10.3390/ani9121094 ....................133 Tim R. Hofmeester, Esther J. Bugel,¨ Bob Hendrikx, Miriam Maas, Frits F. J. Franssen, Hein Sprong and Kevin D. Matson Parasite Load and Site-Specific Parasite Pressure as Determinants of Immune Indices in Two Sympatric Rodent Species Reprinted from: Animals 2019, 9, 1015, doi:10.3390/ani9121015 ....................139 S¸ eyda Ozkan¨ Gulzari,¨ Grete Helen Meisfjord Jørgensen, Svein Morten Eilertsen, Inger Hansen, Snorre Bekkevold Hagen, Ida Fløystad and Rupert Palme Measuring Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites to Assess Adrenocortical Activity in Reindeer Reprinted from: Animals 2019, 9, 987, doi:10.3390/ani9110987 ....................153 Anna¨ıs Carbajal, Patricia Soler, Oriol Tallo-Parra, Marina Isasa, Carlos Echevarria, Manel Lopez-Bejar and Dolors Vinyoles Towards Non-Invasive Methods in Measuring Fish Welfare: The Measurement of Cortisol Concentrations in Fish Skin Mucus as a Biomarker of Habitat Quality Reprinted from: Animals 2019, 9, 939, doi:10.3390/ani9110939 ....................167 vi About the Editor Edward Narayan (Senior Lecturer in Animal Science). Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians—the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. Dr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) in the School of Agriculture and Food Sciences (SAFS) at the University of Queensland, a dynamic career research platform that is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. Edward has supervised 50 research students and published over 70 peer-reviewed scientific research articles. vii animals Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue: Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals: Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Edward Narayan 1,2 1 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; [email protected]; Tel.: +61-7-5460-1693 2 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia Received: 30 November 2020; Accepted: 2 December 2020; Published: 3 December 2020 Wild animals under human care as well as domesticated farm production animals are often exposed to environmental changes (e.g., capture and transportation). Short-term or acute changes in physiological indices (e.g., heart rate, respiration, body temperatures, immune cells and stress hormonal biomarkers) provide crucial information regarding the responses of animals to novel environments, and they could provide crucial determining factors for evaluating the long-term health and welfare of animals. The goal of this special issue is to provide examples of new research and techniques that can be used to monitor short- and long-term environmental adaptation of animals under human care. Examples of research include applications of physiological indices and welfare assessment methods (e.g., morphological and morphometric data, behavioural assessments, thermal profiles and physiological markers) in any wildlife or production animal (e.g., rescued and rehabilitating animals, pets, competition animals, farm animals and zoo animals), in response to environmental and management-related factors. This book is a reprint of the papers published in the Special Issue: “Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals: Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools”. Chapter 1—This research was based on a retrospective analysis of clinical data and characterises this based on categories of stress experienced by avian wildlife patients. It demonstrated the factors associated with urbanization, which exposes avian wildlife to an array of environmental stressors that result in clinical admission and
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