DOCSLIB.ORG

THÈSE Docteur L'institut Des Sciences Et Industries Du Vivant Et De L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THÈSE Docteur L'institut Des Sciences Et Industries Du Vivant Et De L N° /__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/ THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Institut des Sciences et Industries du Vivant et de l’Environnement (Agro Paris Tech) Spécialité : Biologie de l’Evolution et Ecologie présentée et soutenue publiquement par ROY Lise le 11 septembre 2009 11 septembre 2009 ECOLOGIE EVOLUTIVE D’UN GENRE D’ACARIEN HEMATOPHAGE : APPROCHE PHYLOGENETIQUE DES DELIMITATIONS INTERSPECIFIQUES ET CARACTERISATION COMPARATIVE DES POPULATIONS DE CINQ ESPECES DU GENRE DERMANYSSUS (ACARI : MESOSTIGMATA) Directeur de thèse : Claude Marie CHAUVE Codirecteur de thèse : Thierry BURONFOSSE Travail réalisé : Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Maladies parasitaires, F-69280 Marcy-L’Etoile Devant le jury : M. Jacques GUILLOT, PR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Maisons-Alfort (ENVA).…………...Président M. Mark MARAUN, PD, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology...…………...Rapporteur Mme Maria NAVAJAS, DR, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)..………... Rapporteur M. Roland ALLEMAND, CR, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS).……………Examinateur M. Thierry BOURGOIN, PR, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)......….... ………….Examinateur M. Thierry BURONFOSSE, MC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)...……………..… Examinateur Mme Claude Marie CHAUVE, PR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)…...………….. Examinateur L’Institut des Sciences et Industries du Vivant et de l’Environnement (Agro Paris Tech) est un Grand Etablissement dépendant du Ministère de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche, composé de l’INA PG, de l’ENGREF et de l’ENSIA (décret n° 2006-1592 du 13 décembre 2006) Résumé Les acariens microprédateurs du genre Dermanyssus (espèces du groupe gallinae), inféodés aux oiseaux, représentent un modèle pour l'étude d'association lâche particulièrement intéressant : ces arthropodes aptères font partie intégrante du microécosystème du nid (repas de sang aussi rapide que celui du moustique) et leurs hôtes sont ailés. En outre, D. gallinae est une espèce d'importance économique, ce qui rend possible des comparaisons entre colonisation de milieux anthropisés et sauvages. Au début de l'étude, les espèces du groupe gallinae sont très mal délimitées. Les caractères morphologiques utilisés sont variables au sein de l'espèce, voire de la population, très chevauchants entre espèces. Afin de mieux comprendre les exigences écologiques du développement de D. gallinae et d'appréhender ses voies de dissémination, une investigation comparative basée sur des séquences d’ADN entre espèces du groupe gallinae a été adoptée. Un cheminement d'ordre taxinomique a permis de poser les bases nécessaires. Ensuite, l'exploration de certaines caractéristiques écologiques du groupe gallinae en relation avec sa phylogénie (spécificité d'hôte, flexibilité évolutive) a été menée à bien. Une espèce a été décrite, D. apodis, une lignée de D. gallinae constitue aussi une probable espèce inédite et D. longipes regroupe deux entités. Des différences écologiques marquées entre D. gallinae et les autres espèces semblent résulter non seulement de l'activité humaine, mais aussi de caractéristiques intrinsèques. Aujourd'hui, le rôle des flux commerciaux dans la dispersion de D. gallinae en élevage de pondeuses s'avère primordial, au moins en France, celui des oiseaux sauvages presque nul. Mots-clés Système hôte-parasite, microprédateur, phylogénie, espèce, population, microhabitat, Dermanyssus, mésostigmate, acarien 1 Evolutionary ecology of a hematophagous mite genus: Phylogeny-based approach for interspecific delineations and comparative characterization of populations in five species of the genus Dermanyssus (Acari: Mesostigmata) Abstract Micropredator species of Dermanyssus (Moss'gallinae-group), which parasitize birds, represent an interesting model for the study of loose associations. Thus, these unwinged arthropods do not stay on host (blood meal as quick as mosquitoe's), are part of the nest's microecosystem and their hosts are winged. Moreover, micropredator Dermanyssus include at least one species of economic importance in fowl farms, D. gallinae (the Poultry Red Mite), which enables the comparison between species restricted to wild avifauna and synanthropic species. At the beginning of the study, micropredator species are not clearly delimited. Most of species specific morphological characters are variable within species, in some cases within population, and are overlapping between species. In the aim to investigate the ecological needs for proliferation in D. gallinae and its ways for dispersal, a DNA-based comparative analysis involving this species and its close relatives has been performed. The first section consists of the clearing of the taxonomy and species delineations. In the second section, ecological and intrinsic data (host specificity, flexibility) are compared between species of the gallinae-group. One species has been described (D. apodis), one lineage within D. gallinae seems to represent a cryptic species and D. longipes currently groups two different entities. Important ecological differences between D. gallinae and other species seem to result not only from human activities, but also from intrinsic characteristics. Currently, the role of trade flows in D. gallinae’s spread in layer farms appears to be essential, at least in France, as opposed to the role of wild birds (nearly nul). Key words Host-parasite system, micropredator, phylogeny, species, population, microhabitat, Dermanyssus, Mesostigmata, Acari 2 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier du fond du cœur mes deux directeurs de thèse, à qui je dois, c’est certain, beaucoup plus qu’il n’est commun de devoir à ses directeurs de thèse. Merci à Claude Chauve, pour le soutien et la confiance qu’elle m’a admirablement prodigués tout au long de cette thèse. Je ne sais comment exprimer ma reconnaissance et mon respect pour son courage et sa loyauté remarquables. Merci à Thierry Buronfosse, pour le soutien, la confiance et la patience dont il m’a fait bénéficier au cours de cette thèse ! Nos continuelles oppositions, contradictions et confrontations ont sûrement été la clé du présent travail. Plus qu'un encadrant, c’est un collègue, voire un ami, que je crois avoir trouvé en lui, qui m'a soutenue et aidée au-delà de toute espérance. Et il a réussi à former une « prof. de Lettres » à la biologie moléculaire ! J'aimerais que cette thèse puisse constituer un remerciement suffisant à l’appui si solide, si bénéfique et sans cesse renouvelé dont ils ont tous deux fait preuve. J'adresse mes vifs remerciements à Maria Navajas et Mark Maraun pour avoir accepté d’endosser l’important rôle de rapporteur. Je remercie cordialement Roland Allemand, Thierry Bourgoin et Jacques Guillot pour avoir accepté de prendre part au jury de cette thèse. Je remercie aussi les deux premiers pour leur suivi dans le cadre du comité de pilotage. Merci à l’ensemble de mes collègues de travail, passés ou présents, en particulier mes collègues de laboratoire qui travaillent ou ont travaillé sur Dermanyssus : Claire Valiente Moro, Sophie Desloire, Marie-Thérèse Poirel. Une pensée émue à Marie-Claude Reynaud. Merci à mes valeureux stagiaires, qui ont subi mon obsession du genre Dermanyssus au long de stages de durée variable, ont, pour la plupart, fourni un travail particulièrement satisfaisant et ont ainsi pleinement participé au travail de recherche que voici : Robin Bellon, Sandrine Bonnet, Jean Filippi, Mathieu Galès, Mehdi Gharbi, Nina Guichard, Guillaume Lallemand, Sophie Merlin, Sabrina El Ouartiti, Anthony Piron, Marie Rigaux. Merci à l’ensemble des personnes qui ont contribué à l’obtention des indispensables échantillons biologiques : Olivier et Nathalie Chovet, le Centre de Soins aux Oiseaux Sauvages du Lyonnais, notamment Pascal Tavernier, Mathilde, l’Ecopôle du Forez, notamment François Boléat, Claire Brucy, Pascal, …., la Réserve du Romelëare, le Centre de Recherche sur la Biologie et les Populations d’Oiseaux, notamment Gérard Gory, Olivier Caparros, Laurent Brucy, Laurent Carrier, Nicolas Vincent-Martin, Yves Beauvallet, Olivier Dehorter, Franck Salmon, Rolf Wahl, J. Girard-Claudon,… En particulier, merci à Olivier Caparros pour m’avoir accueillie au cours de ses passionnantes séances de baguage d’oiseaux sauvages, et m’avoir instruite quant à la biologie et les traits d’histoire de vie de ces animaux fascinants. 3 Merci à l’Association Ornithologique Rhodanienne, en particulier M. André Marchal et M. Marc Serre, pour m’avoir permis d’obtenir des échantillons provenant d’élevages de petits oiseaux de compagnie et/ou de compétition. J’adresse également mes sincères remerciements à M. Jean- Jacques Sage, président du Club Français du Montauban et M. S. Calabro, président de l’Amicale Ornitholoqique Becs Crochus Centre Est. Merci à Christine Basset pour avoir pris le temps de m’accompagner et m’avoir ainsi si souvent permis d’entrer dans tous ces élevages de volailles en Bresse, pour sa sympathie et sa bonne volonté permanentes. Je remercie également le Dr Patrick Chabrol, Jérome Arnal, … , pour leur aide aux prélèvements dans les élevages de pondeuses. Merci à Sophie Lubac pour son aide dans la collecte d’acariens provenant d’élevages de volailles et les informations concernant la filière pondeuse. Son implication, son soutien et son dynamisme ont fortement contribué à une bonne partie de l’étude. Merci au PEP Avicole (Pôle d’Expérimentation et de Progrès, Région Rhône-Alpes) pour l’appui financier sans lequel l’étude, entamée au cours de
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gamasid Mites
    NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL INSTITUTE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE M.V. Orlova, M.K. Stanyukovich, O.L. Orlov GAMASID MITES (MESOSTIGMATA: GAMASINA) PARASITIZING BATS (CHIROPTERA: RHINOLOPHIDAE, VESPERTILIONIDAE, MOLOSSIDAE) OF PALAEARCTIC BOREAL ZONE (RUSSIA AND ADJACENT COUNTRIES) Scientific editor Andrey S. Babenko, Doctor of Science, professor, National Research Tomsk State University Tomsk Publishing House of Tomsk State University 2015 UDK 576.89:599.4 BBK E693.36+E083 Orlova M.V., Stanyukovich M.K., Orlov O.L. Gamasid mites (Mesostigmata: Gamasina) associated with bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae, Rhinolophidae, Molossidae) of boreal Palaearctic zone (Russia and adjacent countries) / Scientific editor A.S. Babenko. – Tomsk : Publishing House of Tomsk State University, 2015. – 150 р. ISBN 978-5-94621-523-7 Bat gamasid mites is a highly specialized ectoparasite group which is of great interest due to strong isolation and other unique features of their hosts (the ability to fly, long distance migration, long-term hibernation). The book summarizes the results of almost 60 years of research and is the most complete summary of data on bat gamasid mites taxonomy, biology, ecol- ogy. It contains the first detailed description of bat wintering experience in sev- eral regions of the boreal Palaearctic. The book is addressed to zoologists, ecologists, experts in environmental protection and biodiversity conservation, students and teachers of biology, vet- erinary science and medicine. UDK 576.89:599.4
    [Show full text]
  • Ectoparasites of Bats in Mongolia, Part 2 (Ischnopsyllidae, Nycteribiidae, Cimicidae and Acari) Ingo Scheffler University of Potsdam, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei Institut für Biologie der Martin-Luther-Universität / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Halle-Wittenberg Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298 2012 Ectoparasites of Bats in Mongolia, Part 2 (Ischnopsyllidae, Nycteribiidae, Cimicidae and Acari) Ingo Scheffler University of Potsdam, [email protected] Dietrich Dolch Radensleben, Germany Jargalsaikhan Ariunbold Mongolian State University of Education Annegret Stubbe Martin-Luther Universität, [email protected] Andreas Abraham University of Potsdam FSeoe nelloxtw pa thige fors aaddndition addal aitutionhorsal works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biolmongol Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Biodiversity Commons, Environmental Sciences Commons, Nature and Society Relations Commons, Other Animal Sciences Commons, Parasitology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Scheffler, Ingo; Dolch, Dietrich; Ariunbold, Jargalsaikhan; Stubbe, Annegret; Abraham, Andreas; and Thiele, Klaus, "Ectoparasites of Bats in Mongolia, Part 2 (Ischnopsyllidae, Nycteribiidae, Cimicidae and Acari)" (2012). Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298. 16. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biolmongol/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Institut für Biologie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298 by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Ingo Scheffler, Dietrich Dolch, Jargalsaikhan Ariunbold, Annegret Stubbe, Andreas Abraham, and Klaus Thiele This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biolmongol/16 Copyright 2012, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg, Halle (Saale).
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Parasites on Fitness Parameters of the European Hedgehog (Erinaceus Europaeus)
    Influence of parasites on fitness parameters of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus ) Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTORS DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN (Dr. rer. nat.) Fakultät für Chemie und Biowissenschaften Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) – Universitätsbereich vorgelegte DISSERTATION von Miriam Pamina Pfäffle aus Heilbronn Dekan: Prof. Dr. Stefan Bräse Referent: Prof. Dr. Horst Taraschewski Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Agustin Estrada-Peña Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19.10.2010 For my mother and my sister – the strongest influences in my life “Nose-to-nose with a hedgehog, you get a chance to look into its eyes and glimpse a spark of truly wildlife.” (H UGH WARWICK , 2008) „Madame Michel besitzt die Eleganz des Igels: außen mit Stacheln gepanzert, eine echte Festung, aber ich ahne vage, dass sie innen auf genauso einfache Art raffiniert ist wie die Igel, diese kleinen Tiere, die nur scheinbar träge, entschieden ungesellig und schrecklich elegant sind.“ (M URIEL BARBERY , 2008) Index of contents Index of contents ABSTRACT 13 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 15 I. INTRODUCTION 17 1. Parasitism 17 2. The European hedgehog ( Erinaceus europaeus LINNAEUS 1758) 19 2.1 Taxonomy and distribution 19 2.2 Ecology 22 2.3 Hedgehog populations 25 2.4 Parasites of the hedgehog 27 2.4.1 Ectoparasites 27 2.4.2 Endoparasites 32 3. Study aims 39 II. MATERIALS , ANIMALS AND METHODS 41 1. The experimental hedgehog population 41 1.1 Hedgehogs 41 1.2 Ticks 43 1.3 Blood sampling 43 1.4 Blood parameters 45 1.5 Regeneration 47 1.6 Climate parameters 47 2. Hedgehog dissections 48 2.1 Hedgehog samples 48 2.2 Biometrical data 48 2.3 Organs 49 2.4 Parasites 50 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Structure of Mites (Acari: Acariformes and Parasitiformes) in Nests of the Semi-Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula Semitorquata) R
    International Research Journal of Natural Sciences Vol.3, No.3, pp.48-53, December 2015 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF MITES (ACARI: ACARIFORMES AND PARASITIFORMES) IN NESTS OF THE SEMI-COLLARED FLYCATCHER (FICEDULA SEMITORQUATA) R. Davidova, V. Vasilev, N. Ali, J. Bakalova Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen, 115, Universitetska Str., Shumen, 9700, Bulgaria. ABSTRACT: The aims of the present paper are to establish the specific structure of communities of prostigmatic and mesostigmatic mites in nests of the semi-collared flycatcher (Ficedula semitorquata) and to compare the fauna with the mites in nests of two other European flycatchers. For analysis of community structure of mites were used the indices: prevalence, relative density, mean intensity and dominance. Mite communities are strongly dominated by the species Dermanyssus gallinae and Ornithonyssus sylviarum, which were found with the highest frequency and dominance. The mite communities are characterized by a large number of subrecedent species. KEYWORDS: Acariformes, Parasitiformes, Nest of Bird, Community Structure INTRODUCTION The nests of different species of birds are an example of a fairly unstable and isolated habitat, with its own dependent on it specific fauna which involves different groups of invertebrate animals. One of the components of this fauna which demonstrates particular abundance is the arthropods, and more specifically, the mites. The studies of Parasitiformes show that mesostigmatic mites living in birds' nests vary both in terms of their species affiliation and the structure of their communities [4, 8]. Highly important with respect to veterinary science and medicine are a number of species, such as Ornithonyssus bursa, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, Dermanyssus gallinae harboured by birds, Ornithonyssus bacoti, harboured by rodents, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Two New Species of Gaeolaelaps (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae)
    Zootaxa 3861 (6): 501–530 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3861.6.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:60747583-DF72-45C4-AE53-662C1CE2429C Two new species of Gaeolaelaps (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) from Iran, with a revised generic concept and notes on significant morphological characters in the genus SHAHROOZ KAZEMI1, ASMA RAJAEI2 & FRÉDÉRIC BEAULIEU3 1Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 3Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Two new species of laelapid mites of the genus Gaeolaelaps Evans & Till are described based on adult females collected from soil and litter in Kerman Province, southeastern Iran, and Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Gaeolaelaps jondis- hapouri Nemati & Kavianpour is redescribed based on the holotype and additional specimens collected in southeastern Iran. The concept of the genus is revised to incorporate some atypical characters of recently described species. Finally, some morphological attributes with
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife And
    Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals Production and Wildlife of Adaptation Assessing Environmental the Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and • Edward Narayan Edward • Production Animals Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Edited by Edward Narayan Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Animals www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals: Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals: Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Editor Edward Narayan MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Edward Narayan The University of Queensland Australia Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Animals (ISSN 2076-2615) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals/special issues/ environmental adaptation). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-0365-0142-0 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-0143-7 (PDF) © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher areproperly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND.
    [Show full text]
  • Spiders 27 November-5 December 2018 Submitted: August 2019 Robert Raven
    Bush Blitz – Namadgi, ACT 27 Nov-5 Dec 2018 Namadgi, ACT Bush Blitz Spiders 27 November-5 December 2018 Submitted: August 2019 Robert Raven Nomenclature and taxonomy used in this report is consistent with: The Australian Faunal Directory (AFD) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/home Page 1 of 12 Bush Blitz – Namadgi, ACT 27 Nov-5 Dec 2018 Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................. 2 List of contributors ................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 2. Methods .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Site selection ............................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Survey techniques ..................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Methods used at standard survey sites ................................................................... 5 2.3 Identifying the collections .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • When Did Dirofilaria Repense Merge in Domestic Dogs and Humans in the Baltic Countries?
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 04, 2021 When did Dirofilaria repense merge in domestic dogs and humans in the Baltic countries? Deksne, Gunita ; Jokelainen, Pikka; Oborina, Valentina ; Lassen, Brian; Akota, Ilze ; Kutanovaite, Otilia ; Zaleckas, Linas ; Cirule, Dina ; Tupts, Artjoms ; Pimanovs, Viktors Total number of authors: 12 Published in: 9th Conference of the Scandinavian - Baltic Society for Parasitology Publication date: 2021 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Deksne, G., Jokelainen, P., Oborina, V., Lassen, B., Akota, I., Kutanovaite, O., Zaleckas, L., Cirule, D., Tupts, A., Pimanovs, V., Talijunas, A., & Krmia, A. (2021). When did Dirofilaria repense merge in domestic dogs and humans in the Baltic countries? In 9th Conference of the Scandinavian - Baltic Society for Parasitology : Abstract book (pp. 79-79). Nature Research Centre. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • UMI MICROFILMED 1990 INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo­ Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master
    UMI MICROFILMED 1990 INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road.
    [Show full text]
  • BULLETIN of the BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ZOOLOGY Vol
    STUDIES ON THE BRITISH DERMANYSSIDAE (ACARI : MESOSTIGMATA) PART I EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY BY G. OWEN EVANS AND W. M. TILL British Museum (Natural History) 21 Pp. 247-294 ; Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ZOOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 8 LONDON: 1965 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 13, No. 8 of the Zoological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 196-5 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued December, 1965 Price i is. STUDIES ON THE BRITISH DERMANYSSIDAE (ACARI : MESOSTIGMATA)* PART I EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY By G. OWEN EVANS & W. M. TILL CONTENTS Page SYNOPSIS ............ 249 INTRODUCTION ........... 249 EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY ......... 251 Gnathosoma ........... 251 Idiosoma ........... 262 Legs ............ 279 DISCUSSION ............ 292 REFERENCES ........... 293 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT-FIGURES ....... 293 SYNOPSIS The external morphology of the British representatives of the acarine family Dermanyssidae is reviewed with particular reference to the modifications in morphology associated with the adoption of a parasitic mode of life. INTRODUCTION THE family Dermanyssidae (including Laelapidae, Haemogamasidae and Macronys- sidae) comprises free-living species inhabiting soil and humus as well as forms dis- playing various degrees of association with vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Faculdade De Medicina Veterinária
    UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária SEASONAL INFLUENCE IN THE SUCCESSION OF ENTOMOLOGICAL FAUNA ON CARRIONS OF CANIS FAMILIARIS IN LISBON, PORTUGAL CARLA SUSANA LOPES LOUÇÃO CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI: ORIENTADORA: Doutora Isabel Maria Soares Pereira Doutor José Augusto Farraia e Silva da Fonseca de Sampaio Meireles Doutora Isabel Maria Soares Pereira da CO-ORIENTADORA: Fonseca de Sampaio Doutora Maria Teresa Ferreira Ramos Nabais de Oliveira Rebelo Doutora Anabela de Sousa Santos da Silva Moreira 2017 LISBOA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária SEASONAL INFLUENCE IN THE SUCCESSION OF ENTOMOLOGICAL FAUNA ON CARRIONS OF CANIS FAMILIARIS IN LISBON, PORTUGAL CARLA SUSANA LOPES LOUÇÃO Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI: ORIENTADORA: Doutora Isabel Maria Soares Pereira Doutor José Augusto Farraia e Silva da Fonseca de Sampaio Meireles Doutora Isabel Maria Soares Pereira da CO-ORIENTADORA: Fonseca de Sampaio Doutora Maria Teresa Ferreira Ramos Nabais de Oliveira Rebelo Doutora Anabela de Sousa Santos da Silva Moreira 2017 LISBOA Agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer em primeiro lugar às minhas orientadoras, Profª Doutora Isabel Fonseca e Profª Doutora Teresa Rebelo por terem aceite orientar-me e por todos os conselhos e conhecimentos teóricos e práticos que me foram transmitindo ao longo de todo o projecto, sempre com uma contagiante boa disposição, entusiasmo e dinamismo. Agradeço ainda toda a disponibilidade e ajuda preciosa na identificação das “moscas difíceis”, bem como as revisões criteriosas de todo este documento. Os meus agradecimentos estendem-se ainda à Profª Doutora Graça Pires, ao Mestre Marcos Santos e ao Sr. Carlos Saraiva. Acima de tudo agradeço à minha mãe, por me ter proporcionado todas as condições e possibilidades de tirar o curso que sempre quis, e por estar presente em toda esta longa etapa.
    [Show full text]
  • A Specialised Hunting Strategy Used to Overcome Dangerous Spider Prey
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Nest usurpation: a specialised hunting strategy used to overcome dangerous spider prey Received: 18 January 2019 Ondřej Michálek 1, Yael Lubin 2 & Stano Pekár 1 Accepted: 14 March 2019 Hunting other predators is dangerous, as the tables can turn and the hunter may become the hunted. Published: xx xx xxxx Specialized araneophagic (spider eating) predators have evolved intriguing hunting strategies that allow them to invade spiders’ webs by adopting a stealthy approach or using aggressive mimicry. Here, we present a newly discovered, specialized hunting strategy of the araneophagic spider Poecilochroa senilis (Araneae: Gnaphosidae), which forces its way into the silk retreat of the potential spider prey and immobilizes it by swathing gluey silk onto its forelegs and mouthparts. Poecilochroa senilis has been reported from the nests of a several, often large, spider species in the Negev desert (Israel), suggesting specialization on spiders as prey. Nevertheless, in laboratory experiments, we found that P. senilis has a wider trophic niche, and fed readily on several small insect species. The specialized nest-invading attack was used more frequently with large spiders, and even small juvenile P. senilis were able to attack and subdue larger spiders. Our observations show that specifc hunting tactics, like nest usurpation, allow specialized predators to overcome defences of dangerous prey. Evolutionary arms races between prey and predators lead to the evolution of various defence mechanisms of the prey and counter-adaptations of predators to subdue such a prey1. Predator-prey arms races are ofen asym- metrical, as a prey organism is under stronger selection pressure2.
    [Show full text]