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Acarología Y Aracnología ACAROLOGÍA Y ARACNOLOGÍA 47 LA DIVERSIDAD DE ARAÑAS DE LA ISLA QUEVEDO, SINALOA, MEXICO EN OTOÑO Esaú de Jesús Banda-Pérez, Jesús Alejandro Aguilar-Lizárraga, Alfredo López-Vargas y Cruz Judith López-Beltrán. Unidad Académica de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. Universitarios S/N C.P. 80013, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] RESUMEN. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue evaluar la diversidad de arañas del Área Natural Protegida Isla Quevedo. Se realizó un estudio comparativo de la riqueza y abundancia del orden Araneae en 3 tipos de vegetación: matorral espinoso, manglar y dunas. Los especímenes colectados se obtuvieron mediante 3 métodos: colecta manual, red de golpeo y trampas pitfall. Se obtuvieron 302 arañas en total, todas del suborden Araneomorphae, pertenecientes a 10 familias, 17 géneros y 22 especies. En el matorral espinoso se registraron 14 especies, 5 de las cuales se comparten con el manglar. Las 22 especies determinadas representan el primer inventario del orden Araneae para la isla. La mayor riqueza y abundancia se registró en el matorral espinoso, seguido por el manglar y después las dunas, lo cual comprueba que las arañas son abundantes en zonas de vegetación diversa. Palabras clave: Araneae, diversidad, Isla Quevedo, riqueza de especies, arañas. Diversity of spiders in Quevedo Island, Sinaloa, Mexico ABSTRACT. Main objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of spiders at Protected Natural Area Quevedo Island. A comparative study of richness and abundance of Araneae order was made in 3 types of vegetation: thorn scrub, mangroves and dunes. The specimens collected were obtained by three methods: manual collect, sweeping net and pitfall traps. We obtained a total of 302 spiders, all Araneomorphae suborder, belonging to 10 families, 17 genera and 22 species. In thorn scrub were 14 species, 5 of which are shared with the mangroves. The 22 species captured represent the first inventory of the Araneae order to the island. Greatest richness and abundance was recorded in thorn scrub, followed by mangroves and then the dunes, which proves that spiders are abundant in areas of diverse vegetation. Key words: Araneae, diversity, Quevedo Island, species richness, spiders. Introducción El orden Araneae, se suele dividir en 3 subórdenes: Mesothelae, Mygalomorphae y Araneomorphae, que a su vez incluyen numerosas familias (Foelix, 2011). En la actualidad se conocen 43 678 especies de arañas pertenecientes a 3 898 géneros y 112 familias. En México existen 4 000 especies de arañas 340 géneros en 50 familias (Platnick, 2013). Las arañas se encuentran casi en todas las partes de la tierra, desde islas del Ártico hasta regiones desérticas secas. Son especialmente abundantes en zonas de rica vegetación. Sin embargo, las arañas se encuentran también en ambientes más bien estériles tales como las dunas de arena, zonas de marea, y cimas de las montañas (Foelix, 2011). La diversidad de las arañas es particularmente elevada en los bosques tropicales, donde se puede encontrar casi el 80% de las especies conocidas (Avalos et al., 2007). Se estima que una hectárea de bosque tropical puede soportar entre 300 y 800 especies de arañas y que una hectárea de bosque mediterráneo puede soportar más de 200 especies en un momento tiempo dado (Cardoso, 2009). Entre los diferentes invertebrados terrestres, las arañas se caracterizan por presentar alta diversidad taxonómica y por exhibir respuestas a cambios ambientales específicos, sea el taxón o el gremio, que incluyen diferencias en composición y riqueza entre los distintos estratos de un hábitat debido a sus hábitos de caza y a la influencia de la complejidad estructural de la vegetación (Ibarra-Nunez et al., 2011). El tipo, la altura y la composición de la vegetación juegan un papel vital en los ecosistemas, que influye en su microclima y la determinación de la comunidad de especies 48 herbívoras que es, la principal fuente de presas de las arañas. La variabilidad de las presas, con sus estrategias de vida diferentes, influye en la diversidad de arañas, por lo que no son un grupo homogéneo estrictamente de depredadores. Hay dos estrategias básicas de caza: ''sentarse y esperar'', y la caza activa (con muchas variantes), por lo que las especies de arañas tienen diferentes estilos de caza (Zmudzki y Laskowski, 2012). Las arañas han ganado una amplia aceptación en los estudios ecológicos como indicadores de calidad ambiental, ya que las comunidades de arañas han mostrado ser fuertemente influenciadas, y de manera predecible, por el tipo de hábitat y el patrón de uso de la tierra (Avalos et al., 2007). Las arañas son los depredadores naturales más abundantes en los agroecosistemas, y su depredación no se limita a los insectos adultos solamente, sino que incluye el huevo, larvas y ninfas (Tahir et al., 2011), por lo que también son importantes como componentes efectivos de control natural de plagas (Clough et al., 2005), ya que pueden alimentarse del 40 al 50% de la biomasa disponible de insectos, teniendo un papel importante en el control biológico de las especies que provocan daños en los cultivos de importancia económica. Investigaciones en diversos agroecosistemas han demostrado que el impacto de la depredación colectiva de las arañas contribuye a disminuir los niveles de plagas en campos de cultivos (Armendano y Gonzalez, 2010). En México, la fauna de arañas se ha estudiado en distintos tipos de hábitats naturales, como matorral xerófilo, bosque de pino-encino, humedales, selva alta perennifolia y selva baja caducifolia (Ibarra-Nunez et al., 2011). Por otra parte, a pesar de la importancia de las arañas en los ecosistemas terrestres, en la riqueza de especies y abundancia, este grupo de arácnidos es raramente considerado en la evaluación de áreas protegidas. Los estudios sobre la diversidad biológica insular y los patrones biogeográficos de las islas que incluyan las arañas son escasos mundialmente (Borges y Wunderlich, 2008). Por lo tanto los objetivos de este estudio son: evaluar la diversidad de arañas en 3 tipos de vegetación de la isla Quevedo y determinar los géneros de las arañas características de cada tipo de vegetación. Materiales y Método El material considerado para este estudio fue recolectado en 2 muestreos de 3 días cada uno, el primero del 18 al 20 de septiembre y el segundo del 6 al 8 de noviembre del 2012 en el Área Natural Protegida Isla Quevedo q M C é (24° 10’ 32’’ N 107° 18’ 15’’ O), p m p C á , E S , de México tiene aproximadamente 26 km de largo y entre 600 y 800 m de ancho (Figura 1). La vegetación de la isla está conformada por especies herbáceas, rastreras y algunas arbóreas; del matorral espinoso predominan mezquite (Prosopis juliflora), vinolo (Acacia cochliacantha), nopal tortuga (Opuntia puberula), choya (Opuntia thurberi) y tasajo (Rathbunia alamosensis); del manglar las especies predominantes son mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle), mangle prieto (Avicennia germinans), mangle blanco (Laguncularia racemosa), vidrillo (Batis maritima), tule (Typha domingensis) y mangle botoncillo (Conocarpus erectus) y de la vegetación de dunas predominan zacate salado (Distichlis spicata), riñonina (Ipomoea pes-caprae) y huachapore (Cenchrus pauciflorus). 49 Figura 1. Isla Quevedo La recolección de arañas adultas de la Isla Quevedo se realizó mediante un muestreo de 3 transectos de 110 m cada uno separados entre sí por 25 m o más, en los cuales se establecieron 10 puntos de muestreo por transecto separados entre sí por 1 m, cada punto de forma cuadrangular 10 m por lado (100 m2); se revisó un transecto en cada tipo de vegetación: manglar, matorral espinoso y vegetación de dunas. Las arañas fueron capturadas mediante 3 métodos en cada punto de muestreo. 1.- recolección manual: utilizando guantes, invirtiendo 30 minutos de revisión de la vegetación, 15 minutos para revisión de la vegetación alta (de la cintura hacia arriba hasta el alcance máximo del brazo) y 15 minutos para revisión de la vegetación baja (de la cintura hacia abajo) (Maya-Morales et al., 2012). 2.- trampas pitfall: se colocaron 10 trampas en cada transecto, una en cada punto de muestreo, cada trampa consistió en un vaso de plástico transparente con capacidad de 1 litro sin cubierta (11 cm de diámetro superior y 8.5 cm de diámetro inferior y 14.5 cm de alto), enterrado al ras del suelo conteniendo 250 ml de solución preservadora (70% agua, 29% de etanol y 1% de detergente) (Cabra-Garcia et al., 2010). Las trampas se monitorearon cada 8 horas, durante períodos o lapsos de 3 días. 3.- red de golpeo: se golpeó 30 veces por cada muestra la vegetación baja con una red de golpeo de forma cónica, hecha con un aro de acero (40 cm de diámetro), una bolsa de manta de 50 cm de profundidad en forma de cono con terminación redonda y con un mango de madera de 1 m de largo (Cardoso et al., 2009, Ibarra-Nunez et al., 2011). Las arañas capturadas en cada punto de muestreo mediante los 3 métodos de captura utilizados se depositaron en frascos de plásticos de diferentes tamaños (según el tamaño de la muestra) con etanol al 70% para su preservación, se identificaron mediante el uso de literatura especializada y de acuerdo a la bibliografía taxonómica del catálogo de arañas del mundo (Platnick, 2013) y se les colocó su respectiva etiqueta de determinación. Para estimar los valores de la diversidad alfa (diversidad local) para cada transecto/hábitat, se calculó la riqueza específica, y los índices de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener (H'= -Σ p p ), Simpson (λ= Σp 2). E 2 í f p q f j f p diversidad. El índice de Shannon es más sensible a las especies raras y el índice de Simpson es sensible a los cambios en la abundancia de las especies más comunes.
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