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History and Government Chapter 7 Lives & Contributions of Kenyan HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 7 LIVES & CONTRIBUTIONS OF KENYAN LEADERS The road to Kenya’s independence involved serious commitment and struggle by Kenyans to liberate their country from colonialism. Some were prepared even to risk their own lives for freedom. They outstandingly featured in Kenyan politics during the struggle for independence and contributed to national development after Kenya’s independence. Kenyan nationalists i.e. Jomo Kenyatta, Tom Mboya, Oginga Odinga, Ronald Ngala and Daniel Arap Moi are remembered for the role they played in the struggle for Kenya’s independence and development. They emerged from humble beginnings, but, due to colonial exploitation, they were involved in politics of their tribesmen. This provided a base upon which they became nationalist leaders. JOMO KENYATTA Discuss the early life of Jomo Kenyatta. • Jomo Kenyatta was born sometime between 1889 and 1895 of Agikuyu parents of the Magana clan at Ng’enda ridge in Gatundu division of Thika district, Central province of Kenya. His Father was Muigai and his mother Wambui. In Kenyatta’s childhood, his father died, leaving Kenyatta and his mother under the care of Ngengi: Kenyatta’s uncle. • As a young boy, Kenyatta went to live with his grandfather: Kung‟u Wa Magana at Muthiga near kikuyu. There, Kenyatta was infuenced by Agikuyu culture and customs on one hand and Christianity and Western Education on the other. Kenyatta’s grandfather was a medicine man, which made Kenyatta interested in Agikuyu ritual and magic. Kenyatta was exposed to Christianity and Western education when he joined Thogoto Mission in 1909, where he learnt Christianity, reading, writing, agriculture and carpentry. At Thogoto, he was registered as Kamau Wa Ngengi. There, he met other inquisitive young men such as Musa Gitau. He completed his elementary schooling in 1912. • In 1915, Kenyatta was circumcised in the Gikuyu tradition. A year later, he was baptised as Johnston Kamau WA Ngengi. • After his elementary school, Kenyatta went to Nairobi. By the standard of that time, he was a very educated man. He worked in various places during the First World War. For example, in 1916, he worked in a sisal farm. • When the British imposed forced recruitment of able-bodied Africans into the army, Kenyatta went to live with his Maasai relatives to escape the forced recruitment. There, Kenyatta was employed by an Asian trader as a clerk. This Asian’s company was supplying meat to the British army. • At the end of the First World War, Kenyatta returned to Nairobi and worked as a Storekeeper in a European farm. By this time, he had already bought himself a bicycle, which added to his fame and prestige. He was a fashionable urban young man, fond of wearing a bearded Maasai ornamental belt: “Kinyata”, which determined the name he later adopted: Kenyatta. • In 1920, Kenyatta got married to Grace Wahu. Between 1921-1926, he worked in the Nairobi Municipal Council’s water Department as a Stores clerk and Metre reader at a salary of 550sh per month, which enabled him to build a good house on a piece of land that he had bought at Dagoreti near Nairobi. He also paid for his brother’s education at Thogoto Mission School. Analyse Jomo Kenyatta’s political career. In 1924, Kenyatta joined the kikuyu Central Association, of which he became Secretary, charged with the responsibility of translating, drafting letters and dealing with correspondence. In 1928, he became editor of KCA‟s newspaper: “Muigui Thania” (Conciliator), in which he articulated the Agikuyu culture and urged people to take their children to school. He supported his people’s stand on female circumcision and opposition to the Missionaries. The paper was printed by an Asian-owned press, which shows Kenyatta’s ability to work with people of diverse backgrounds. In 1928, Kenyatta accompanied KCA ofcials to the Hilton Young commission. The following year, he was sent by KCA to Britain to present African grievances to the colonial Secretary in London. He also articulated KCA grievances on taxation, land alienation, African education and representation in the Legco. In 1931, Kenyatta went back to England, accompanied by Parmenas Mukiri to present KCA grievances before the Joint Select Committee on closer union of East African countries and managed to convince the colonial government that Africans did not support the idea of an east African federation. From 1832-1933, Kenyatta studied political Science and Economics at Moscow University, where he was invited by George Padmore: a Pan Africanist from Trinidad. In 1933, Kenyatta’s studies were cancelled due to Padmore’s disagreement with the Russians. He returned to Britain to pursue studies in Anthropology and Economics at the University College: London. In 1936, while pursuing his studies in London, Kenyatta joined other Black nationalists in condemning Italian invasion and aggression against Ethiopia. He became the Secretary of the International friends of Abyssinia Organization (IFAO), whose aim was to denounce the Italian action. In 1938, Kenyatta published his book: Facing Mount Kenya, which talked about Agikuyu culture to compliment his earlier one on the Phonetic and Tonal structure of Gikuyu. While in England, Kenyatta travelled to other European countries such as Germany, France and Russia and got exposed to their ways of life. He also met nationalists from India and Nigeria, who inspired and transformed him into a nationalist. He expressed his views in an article titled ‘Give Back our Land‟, which was published by a British communist paper: The Sunday Worker. What role did Jomo Kenyatta play in Pan Africanism? (In what ways did Jomo Kenyatta contribute to Pan Africanism?) He was one of the founder-members of the International Friends of Abyssinia Organization, which condemned the 1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia. Alongside others, he set up the International African Service Bureau in 1937 to propagate Pan Africanism. Through the rallies he addressed in London, Kenyatta attacked British colonial policies in Kenya such as the Carter land Commission and the Destocking policy among the Akamba in 1938. He also supported the formation of the Taita Hills Association. Since the British were against political agitation during the Second World War, Kenyatta’s activities were slowed down. He settled down as a farmer in Storington: West Sussex where he met and married Edna Clarke. Together with other Pan Africanists such as W E B Dubois and Kwame Nkrumah, Kenyatta helped in organizing the 1945 Pan African Congress in Manchester, which adopted the slogans “Freedom now” and “Africa for Africans”. He then returned to Kenya in 1946 to fght for independence. Other Pan Africanists also returned to their home countries for the same purpose. Explain the role of Jomo Kenyatta in the struggle for Kenya’s independence. In 1947, he took over the Presidency of the Kenya African Union after James Gichuru stepped down in his favour. He conducted rallies all over Kenya to foster nationalism. He adopted a non-violent approach and strived to unite moderates and radicals. In 1952, he and KAU leaders like Bildad Kagia, Fred Kubai, Paul Ngei, Achieng‟ Oneko and Kung‟u Karumba were arrested and imprisoned for their alleged involvement in the Maumau, whose activities alarmed the British Government, although Kenyatta was not the leader of the Maumau and had publicly condemned the kind of violence adopted by the Maumau leaders. He was sentenced to serve a seven-year jail term with hard labour. His detention however turned him into a national hero. In 1959, he completed his prison sentence, which he served in Lokitaung in North-western Kenya, but remained restricted at Lodwar, where he was joined by his wife: Ngina and his daughters: Jane and Christine. In 1960, Ambu Patel: a follower of Mahatma Gandhi, Oginga Odinga and elected members of the LegCo mobilized public support in the campaign for Kenyatta’s release. Indeed, Ambu Patel formed the Release Jomo Committee for this purpose. In 1960, Kenyatta was elected in absentia as President of KANU. KANU won the January 1961 elections, but declined to form a government until Kenyatta was released. Kenyatta was fnally released in August 1961 and was taken to Gatundu, where he received a Hero’s welcome. Again, James Gichuru stepped down in Kenyatta’s favour as president of KANU. Kenyatta joined the LegCo as member for Fort Hall (Murang’a) constituency after Kariuki Njiiri stepped down for him. In 1962, he attended the Second Lancaster House Conference in London: U.K, to discuss constitutional amendments. On 1st June 1963, Kenya attained internal self-government (Madaraka), with Kenyatta as Prime Minister. On 12th December 1964, Kenya became a republic (Jamhuri), with Kenyatta as Kenya’s frst president. Kenyatta assured the White settlers that they could stay and live peacefully with Africans in Kenya. KENYATTA’S ROLE IN NATION BUILDING What role did Jomo Kenyatta play in nation building? (Explain the role of Jomo Kenyatta in nation building). Through his efort, KADU and the African People’s party joined KANU in 1964 for enhancement of national unity, thus setting pace for national development rather than political wrangling. He initiated the Harambee spirit, through which schools, hospitals and other facilities were established and urged Kenyans to work hard in the spirit of self-reliance to eliminate the problems of poverty, ignorance and disease. In line with the stated objectives of the KANU manifesto, Kenyatta supported the liberation of other African countries at every opportunity. Under Kenyatta, Kenya supported the O A U, the ideals of the Commonwealth and the principle of Nonalignment, essential for Kenya’s upkeep within Kenya itself and abroad. Explain the problems that Jomo Kenyatta faced as Kenya’s president. (What challenges characterised Jomo Kenyatta’s presidency in Kenya? Or: Explain the difcultiesesetbacas encountered by Kenyatta as President of Kenya.
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