The Way of St. James: Renewing Insights The Way of St. James: Renewing Insights Edited by Enrique Alarcón Piotr Roszak Eunsa EDICIONESEdiciones UNIVERSIDAD Universidad de DE Navarra, NAVARRA, S.A S.A. PamplonaPAMPLONA 2017 First edition: 2017 © 2017. Enrique Alarcón and Piotr Roszak Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S.A. (EUNSA) Campus Universitario • Universidad de Navarra • 31009 Pamplona • España +34 948 25 68 50 - Fax: +34 948 25 68 54 [email protected] ISBN: 978-84-313-3202-0 Depósito legal: NA 1625-2017 First edition: May 2017 © Enrique Alarcón and Piotr Roszak This book uses information gathered through grant “Camino de Santiago and Tomb of St James: from history to hermeneutics of faith” (2013-2017) funded from re- sources of National Science Center (NCN) in Poland, allotted following the decision no. DEC-2013/10/M/HS1/00548 ISBN 978-84-313-3202-0 Portrait: Mappa mundi by Abraham Cresques (Majorca, 1375). B.N.F., Esp. 30 Portrait: Mappa mundi by Abraham Cresques (Majorca, 1375). B.N.F., Esp. 30 Printed in Spain - Impreso en España Table of Contents Introduction............................................................ 7 Enrique Alarcón Paleo-Christian Inscriptions Dedicated to Mary in the Apostolic Tomb of Santiago de Compostela................................................ 9 Jagoda Marszałek Polish Pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela in the Light of Spanish Archival Resources ...................................................... 29 Franciszek Mróz How Has Camino Developed? Geographical and Historical Factors behind the Creation and Development of the Way of St. James in Poland .............. 59 Waldemar Rozynkowski Manifestations of the Cult of St. James the Greater in Poland – Selected Examples....................................................... 81 Dariusz Kotecki “The Way of Faith” of St. James the Greater in the Light of the New Testament. 107 Piotr Roszak Pilgrimage as sacramentum peregrinationis? Discovering the Ecclesiological Background of the Camino de Santiago .................................... 137 Miguel Ángel Belmonte, Marcin Kaźmierczak Faith and Narrative: The Secularization of the Way of St. James through Literature .............................................................. 159 Introduction The Way of St. James has today the global importance it enjoyed for centuries; for, as a road to wisdom, it gathers and transforms people from all over the world. Hence, the Camino de Santiago has become the subject of many academic studies, in fields as diverse as anthropology, literature, tourism or theology. This book, the result of multidisciplinary collaboration between several aca- demic institutions, opens new perspectives to better understand the history and the present of the Way of Saint James. Avoiding the relapse into frequent topics, it is intended here to present contemporary lines of study and new results that shed light on lesser known aspects of the Camino. In recent years, new technologies allowed the discovery of several paleo-Christ- ian inscriptions in the Apostolic Tomb of Compostela. These archeological findings confirm the antiquity of the Jacobean traditions, and obliterate the present para- digm about its medieval origin. Enrique Alarcón, from the University of Navarra, presents in this book the inscriptions referred to Mary, the oldest in Europe and a testimony of the life and convictions of the Christian communities originated by the predication of the Apostle James the Greater. Jagoda Marszałek, of the Polish Academy of Sciences, presents in her study an- other lesser known aspect of the history of the Camino: the pilgrimages from Po- land. Franciszek Mróz, from the Pedagogical University of Krakow, explains the history and current development of the Polish Way; and Waldemar Rozynkowski, of the Copernicus University of Torun, shows the imprint of the devotion to Saint James in various manifestations of Polish religious culture. To complete this ex- ploration of the Jacobean phenomenon in Poland, two Polish theologians, Dariusz Kotecki and Piotr Roszak, study James the Greater and the Way, respectively. Finally, Miguel Ángel Belmonte and Marcin Kazmierczak, from the Abat Oliba- CEU University of Barcelona, present a third – and also novel – thematic area: the secularization of the Way in postmodern literature. We thank specially Alejandro Barral, canon of the Cathedral of Santiago, and the National Institute of Science of Poland for their help. Enrique Alarcón Piotr Roszak The Way of St. James: Renewing Insights eds. Enrique Alarcón, Piotr Roszak Pamplona 2017 Enrique Alarcón Universidad de Navarra, España Paleo-Christian Inscriptions Dedicated to Mary in the Apostolic Tomb of Santiago de Compostela Over the last seven years, using a high-resolution camera managed by remote con- trol, I have explored several difficult to access –and therefore better preserved– spaces of the Tomb of the Apostle St. James the Greater in Compostela. Ancient Christian inscriptions were discovered, that confirm an early veneration of the Apostle James in that tomb. In former academic publications, I have reported the progresses in my research1. In this study I will present the paleo-Christian inscrip- tions of the Apostolic Tomb of Compostela dedicated to Mary. To better appreciate its meaning and dating, it is necessary to understand its historical and archaeological context. During the first half of the first century, the Roman Empire built a network of roads in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Progressively, roadside motels called mansiones viariae were erected along these roads. This seems to have been the origin of Santiago2: a mansio viaria called As- 1 See, for instance, E. Alarcón, The Historical Basis for the Way of Saint James, in Z. Sztylc, D. Zagórski, A Radziminski, R. Biskup (eds.), Fundamenty średniowiecznej Europy (Bernardi- num, Pelplin, 2013) 41-72. 2 Cf. J. Suárez Otero, M. Caamaño Gesto, Santiago antes de Santiago, in E. Portela Silva (ed.), Historia de la ciudad de Santiago de Compostela (Concello de Santiago de Compostela [etc.], Santiago de Compostela, 2003) 23-48. 10 Enrique Alarcón segonium or Asseconia3, located in the Roman Via XIX, a day’s journey from the seaport of Iria Flavia4. The archaeological findings indicate that the settlement was probably built around AD 50, and occupied one hectare5. On the other side of the road, a cemetery emerged that became particularly important, for although it belonged to a small hamlet, is now one of the largest preserved of ancient Hispania. Among the oldest funeral inscriptions found in the place, two6 refer to a family called Modesta –one of the most frequent family names among Hispano-Romans7: D(is) M(anibus) ACILIA MODESTA M(odesti) F(ilia) MODESTO PATRI PIEN(tissimo) H(ic) S(itus) E(st) S(it) T(ibi) T(erra) L(evis) AQUILIAE MODESTAE ANNORUM [L]XX SENECIO MODESTUS MATRI PIENTISSIMAE FECIT H(ic) S(ita) E(st) S(it) T(ibi) T(erra) L(evis) Following the studies of Alföldi and Knapp on the historical evolution of the funeral epigraphy of Roman Hispania8, a probable date of these inscriptions can 3 See L. A. Curchin, Los topónimos de la Galicia romana, in “Cuadernos de Estudios Ga- llegos” 55/121 (2008) 117. A new historical testimony should be added, after the recent proofs about its authenticity: the “Tabla de Barro” II (Astorga [?], ca. 267-276 AD). See C. Fernández Ochoa, Á. Morillo Cerdán, F. Gil Sendino, El «Itinerario de Barro». Cuestiones de autenticidad y lectura, in “Zephyrus” 70 (2012) 151-179. 4 See X. M. Caamaño Gesto, As vías romanas (Cuadernos Museo do Pobo Galego, 3: San- tiago de Compostela, 1984); M. D. N. Estefanía Álvarez, Vías romanas de Galicia, in “Zephyrus” 11 (1960) 5-103; F. Arias Vilas, A romanización de Galicia (Historia de Galicia, 4: A Nossa Terra, Vigo, 1992) 47-56. 5 See J. Suárez Otero, M. Caamaño Gesto, op.cit. 6 G. Pereira Menaut (ed.), Corpus de Inscricións Romanas de Galicia, vol. 1 (Consello de Cultura Galega, A Coruña, 1991) n. 46-47, p. 127-129. 7 Cf. J. M. Abascal Palazón, Los nombres personales en las inscripciones latinas de Hispania (Universidad de Murcia [etc.], Murcia, 1994) 429. 8 See G. Alföldy, Die römischen Inschriften von Tarraco (W. de Gruyter, Berlin, 1975); R. C. Knapp, Latin Inscriptions from Central Spain (University of California Press, Berkeley [etc.], 1992). Paleo-Christian Inscriptions Dedicated to Mary in the Apostolic Tomb 11 be inferred. The formula Hic Situs Est is more frequent between the first century and the beginning of the second century. The use of two names - such as Acilia Modesta, Aquilia Modesta or Senecio Modestus - became more common in the first half of the second century. The interpunction, the filiation, and the name of the de- ceased in dative are most typical of the second century. Thepientissimus , pientissima superlatives, and the indication of the age of the deceased became most frequent in the second half of the second century. Finally, the DM or DMS formulas are more frequently used between the second and the third centuries. Together, these indica- tions point to the second century, perhaps around AD 150. Another inscription9 with similar formulas and dating, coming from the same cemetery, refers to members of a family whose name is abbreviated as MO. More likely, it is the same Modesta family, whose name would not require more explicit- ness, being well known in this small place and time: DMS ATIA MO(desta) ET AT… TET(u)LUM P(osuerunt) S(omno) A(eternali) VIRIAE MO(destae) NEPTIS PI(entissimae) AN(n)O(rum) XVI ET S(ibi) F(aciendum) C(uraverunt)10 In this case, the inscription did not belong to a funeral stele, but it was carved on a rectangular plate of white marble. It was preserved, until 1077, in the only Roman mausoleum of the cemetery, in which crypt the tradition places the tomb of the Apostle St. James the Greater11. Because of its history, form and content, this inscription corresponds well to the titulum of the mausoleum, ordinarily located on its entrance to indicate its owner and occupants (figure 1): 9 See S. Moralejo, Ara de Antealtares, in S.