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United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Programmatic Environmental Assessment for Vegetation Treatments and Installation of Stabilization/Erosion Control Structures in Northwest Colorado ____________________________________________________ DOI-BLM-CO-N000-2017-0001-EA U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management Northwest Colorado District Office 2300 River Frontage Road Silt, Colorado 81652 September 2017 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 9 1.1. Identifying Information 9 1.2. Background 9 1.3. Purpose and Need for Action 11 1.4. Decision to be Made 11 1.5. Conformance with the Land Use Plans 11 1.6 Relationship to Laws, Regulations and Other Plans 15 2. Public involvement 16 2.1. Scoping 16 2.2. Public Comment 19 3. Proposed Action and Alternatives 19 3.1. Proposed Action 19 3.2. No Action Alternative 41 3.3. Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Analysis 41 4. Issues 44 4.1. Issues Analyzed 44 5. Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 46 5.1. Air Quality and Climate Change 46 5.1.1. Affected Environment 46 5.1.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 48 Direct and Indirect Impacts 48 Cumulative Impacts 51 5.1.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 52 Direct and Indirect Impacts 52 Cumulative Effects 52 5.1.4. Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 53 5.2. Soil Resources 53 5.2.1. Affected Environment 53 2 5.2.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 58 Direct and Indirect Impacts 58 Cumulative Impacts 60 5.2.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 61 Direct and Indirect Impacts 61 Cumulative Impacts 61 5.3. Surface and Ground Water Quality, Floodplains and Water Rights 61 5.3.1. Affected Environment 61 5.3.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 68 Direct and Indirect Impacts 68 Cumulative Impacts 70 5.3.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 71 Direct and Indirect Impacts 71 Cumulative Impacts 71 5.4. Aquatic Wildlife 72 5.4.1. Affected Environment 72 5.4.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 72 Direct and Indirect Impacts 72 Cumulative Impacts 73 5.4.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 73 Direct and Indirect Impacts 73 Cumulative Impacts 73 5.5. Vegetation, Wetlands and Riparian Zones 74 5.5.1. Affected Environment 74 5.5.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 80 Direct and Indirect Impacts 80 Cumulative Impacts 82 5.5.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 83 Direct and Indirect Impacts 83 Cumulative Impacts 83 5.6. Invasive, Non-Native Species 83 5.6.1. Affected Environment 83 3 5.6.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 85 Direct and Indirect Impacts 85 Cumulative Impacts 85 5.6.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 86 Direct and Indirect Impacts 86 Cumulative Impacts 86 5.7. Migratory Birds 86 5.7.1. Affected Environment 86 5.7.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 88 Direct and Indirect Impacts 88 Cumulative Impacts 89 5.7.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 90 Direct and Indirect Impacts 90 Cumulative Impacts 90 5.8. Terrestrial Wildlife 90 5.8.1. Affected Environment 90 5.8.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 91 Direct and Indirect Impacts 91 Cumulative Impacts 94 5.8.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 94 Direct and Indirect Impacts 94 Cumulative Impacts 94 5.9. Special Status Animal Species 94 5.9.1. Affected Environment 95 5.9.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 99 Direct and Indirect Impacts 99 Cumulative Impacts 103 5.9.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 103 Direct and Indirect Impacts 103 Cumulative Impacts 104 5.10. Special Status Plant Species 104 5.10.1. Affected Environment 104 4 5.10.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 118 Direct and Indirect Impacts 118 Cumulative Impacts 119 5.10.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 119 Direct and Indirect Impacts 119 Cumulative Impacts 119 5.11. Areas of Critical Environmental Concern 120 5.11.1. Affected Environment 120 5.11.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 123 Direct and Indirect Impacts 123 Cumulative Impacts 124 5.11.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 124 Direct and Indirect Impacts 124 Cumulative Impacts 125 5.12. Cultural Resources 125 5.12.1. Affected Environment 125 5.12.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 126 Direct and Indirect Impacts 126 Cumulative Impacts 128 5.12.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 129 Direct and Indirect Impacts 129 Cumulative Impacts 129 5.12.4. Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 129 5.13. Native American Religious Concerns 129 5.13.1. Affected Environment 129 5.13.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 130 Direct and Indirect Impacts 130 Cumulative Impacts 130 5.13.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 130 Direct and Indirect Impacts 130 Cumulative Impacts 131 5.13.4. Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 131 5 5.14. Visual Resources 131 5.14.1. Affected Environment 131 5.14.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 133 Direct and Indirect Impacts 133 Cumulative Impacts 133 5.14.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 134 Direct and Indirect Impacts 134 Cumulative Impacts 134 5.15. Lands with Wilderness Characteristics 134 5.15.1. Affected Environment 134 5.15.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 137 Direct and Indirect Impacts 137 Cumulative Impacts 138 5.15.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 139 Direct and Indirect Impacts 139 Cumulative Impacts 139 5.16. Rangeland Management 139 5.16.1. Affected Environment 139 5.16.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 142 Direct and Indirect Impacts 142 Cumulative Impacts 142 5.16.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 143 Direct and Indirect Impacts 143 Cumulative Impacts 143 5.17. Wild Horses 143 5.17.1. Affected Environment 143 5.17.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 144 Direct and Indirect Impacts 144 Cumulative Impacts 145 5.17.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 145 Direct and Indirect Impacts 145 Cumulative Impacts 145 6 5.18. Recreation 145 5.18.1. Affected Environment 145 5.18.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 146 Direct and Indirect Impacts 146 Cumulative Impacts 147 5.18.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 147 Direct and Indirect Impacts 147 Cumulative Impacts 147 5.19. Fire and Fuels Management 147 5.19.1. Affected Environment 147 5.19.2. Environmental Consequences – Proposed Action 149 Direct and Indirect Impacts 149 Cumulative Impacts 149 5.19.3. Environmental Consequences – No Action Alternative 149 Direct and Indirect Impacts 149 Cumulative Impacts 150 5.20. Colorado Standards for Public Land Health 150 5.20.1. Standard 1 – Upland Soils 150 5.20.2. Standard 2 – Riparian Systems 150 5.20.3. Standard 3 – Plant and Animal Communities 151 5.20.4. Standard 4 – Special Status Species 151 5.20.5. Standard 5 – Water Quality 151 6. Supporting Information 152 6.1. Interdisciplinary Review 152 6.2. Tribes, Individuals, Organizations, or Agencies Consulted 152 6.3. References 154 Attachment A: Project Maps 166 Attachment B: Photos of equipment described in proposed action 166 Attachment C: Seasonal habitat objectives for greater sage-grouse 166 Attachment D: Glossary 166 Attachment E: Chambers et. al. 2016 four step process 166 Attachment F: Colorado Noxious Weeds List 166 7 Attachment G: Response to Public Comments 166 8 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Identifying Information Project Title: Programmatic Environmental Assessment for Vegetation Treatments and Installation of Stabilization/Erosion Control Structures in Northwest Colorado NEPA Document Number: DOI-BLM-CO-N000-2017-0001-EA 1.2. Background Throughout the West, sagebrush shrublands have been and continue to be lost, fragmented, or altered due to invasive plants, changes in fire regimes, pinyon and juniper encroachment, climate change, overgrazing, and land use impacts including oil and gas developments, roads, croplands, and other human developments (Paige 1999). Pinyon and juniper woodlands have increased dramatically across the Intermountain West over the last 150 years, likely due to a combination of fire suppression, periods of favorable climatic conditions, and historic overgrazing by livestock. Pinyon and juniper trees have encroached into sagebrush sites that did not support trees previously, gradually shifting the land cover type from sagebrush steppe to woodland in many areas. Encroaching conifers can absorb large amounts of water, making it unavailable to other plants, alter soil acidity, shade out understory plants, and compete with understory plants for nutrients, eventually degrading conditions for wildlife that depend on sagebrush sites (Maestas et al. 2015, Miller et al. 2011, Tausch et al. 2009). Classification of pinyon and juniper stands are based on the phase of woodland development (i.e., early, mid, and late successional) following the guidelines developed by Miller and others (Miller et al. 2005). Phase I stands support dispersed trees, but shrubs and herbaceous vegetation are the dominant vegetation influencing ecological processes. Phase II stands support co-dominant trees, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation, but the understory grasses and forbs important for sage- grouse, many other wildlife species, and livestock are declining. In Phase III stands, trees are dominant and the primary plant layer influencing ecological processes. Shrubs begin to disappear during
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