DOCSLIB.ORG

The University of Notre Dame

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The University of Notre Dame Ecology of Cave Use by the Frog, Rana palustris Author(s): William J. Resetarits, Jr. Source: American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 116, No. 2 (Oct., 1986), pp. 256-266 Published by: The University of Notre Dame Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2425733 . Accessed: 25/01/2011 16:41 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=notredame. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Notre Dame is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Midland Naturalist. http://www.jstor.org Ecologyof Cave Use by the Frog,Rana palustris WILLIAM J. RESETARITS, JR.' DepartmentofBiology, Saint Louis University,St. Louis,Missouri 63103 ABSTRACT: A trogloxenepopulation of thepickerel frog, Rana palustris, was studied at Ralph's Ford BluffShelter (RFBS), a cave on thenorthern edge of the Ozark Pla- teau in centralMissouri. Males werepresent beginning in Julywith females first ob- servedin September.Overall numbersbegan to increasein Septemberwith maxi- mum numbers present fromlate November through early March. Wintering populationnumbered in the hundreds.Movement of frogswithin the cave corre- spondedto changesin surfaceand cave temperatures.Frogs became inactiveat cave temperaturesbelow 6 C and concentratedin largenumbers in a physicallyand ther- mallysheltered hibernaculum near thecenter of thecave. Entryand emergencefrom hibernationin the cave correspondedwith the seasonal reversalsof temperaturegra- dientbetween the cave interiorand the surface.Emergence date variedby 6 weeks over 4 years of study.Winter mortality was skewedtowards juveniles and concen- tratedin thelatter half of winter (January-March). Feeding was suspendedfrom mid- Novemberthrough early-March. Rana palustrisis an importantcomponent of cave ecosystemsin theOzarks. The originand importanceof caveutilization in thespecies is probably related to historicalfactors, and dependent upon physiologicalpre- adaptationsand certainecological advantages of trogloxenehabits. INTRODUCTION Rana palustris(LeConte) occupies a broad geographic range encompassing much of eastern North America (Schaaf and Smith, 1970, 1971). Its typical habitat varies geo- graphically,ranging from"black water" swamps in the Carolinas (Hardy, 1964) to cool clear springs and caves in the limestone karst areas of Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky,Tennessee, Mississippi and Alabama (Schaaf and Smith, 1970). The perva- siveness of this latter association prompted Schaaf and Smith (1970) to suggest that caves and cold springsmay be a necessary component of R. palustrishabitat in this re- gion. Cave-associated populations of Rana palustrisare perplexingin termsof the distribu- tion, taxonomy and ecology of the species (Schaaf and Smith, 1970). Many North American species of the genus Rana have been observed in caves, includingR. catesbeiana (Barr, 1953; Holman, 1958; Lee, 1969; Pingleton et al., 1975; this study), R. clamitans (Myers, 1958; this study), R. sylvatica(Barr, 1953), R. pipienscomplex (Rand, 1950; Blair, 1951; Holman, 1958; Myers, 1958), R. sphenocephala(this study) and R. palustris (Smith, 1948; Barr, 1953; Brown and Boschung, 1954; Brode, 1958; Myers, 1958; Schaaf and Smith, 1970; Black, 1971; Knight, 1972; Brown, 1984; this study). With the exception of R. palustris,these instances appear to be sporadic, unrelated events. The cave habits of R. palustrisare unique among North American Anura, and may be unique among temperatezone Anura. Rana palustrishas been classifiedas trogloxene(Black, 1971) based on its persistent association with caves. Trogloxenesare species which occur in caves but are incapable of completingtheir life cycles there (Barr, 1963, 1968). Cave use, even at the trogloxene level, is especially interestingin an order containing no troglobiticor troglophilicspe- cies (Vandel, 1965) and raises questions regarding the origin and adaptive nature of cave use in trogloxenes. The major objectives of this study were to document the extent and nature of cave use in a trogloxenepopulation of Rana palustrisand to explore the possible role of caves in the distributionand ecology of the species. 'Present address: Departmentof Zoology, Duke University,Durham, North Carolina 27706. 256 1986 RESETARITS: CAVE USE BY FROGS 257 STUDY SITE The site chosen was Ralph's Ford Bluff Shelter (RFBS), located in southeastern Boone Co., Missouri, on Cedar Creek, at an elevation of approximately200 m. RFBS (Fig. 1) consistsof approximately213 m of main passageway,beginning in a bluff-face entrance 2 m above the normal level of Cedar Creek and ending in a collapsed chamber (sinkhole) in wooded pasture '\18 m above the creek. A single side passage branches off the centralportion of the cave and is traversiblefor '\50 m. The floorof this passage is higher than the main passage, consistsof hard-packed clay, and is usually dry. No sur- face entrance to this passage is known. The main passage contains a small intermittentstream with moderatelydeep (30-60 cm), permanent pools connected by short shallow runs. Flow is maintained in all but the driest conditions and is fed by direct surface discharge into the sinkhole entrance (during wet periods), and subterranean flow enteringat several points along the cave stream. Flow varies froma trickleduring prolonged droughts,to flash floods which fill the main passage to the ceiling. The main passageway was divided into six zones forthe purposes of this study (Fig. 1). Zones 1 and 6 correspond roughly to the lower and upper twilightzones, respec- tively; 2 through5 divide the interiorinto approximatelyequal sections (Fig. 1). The most significantmicrohabitat within the cave with respectto Rana palustrisis the pool in the center of Zone 4 (hereafterreferred to as the pool) (Fig. 1A.). The pool is slab and gravelbottomed, and approximately1 m x 4 m and 40-50 cm at its greatestdepth. The hibernaculum is a partiallysubmerged, physicallyand thermallysheltered area offthe NW edge of the pool. It consists of a shallow, 5-15 cm high, shelf-likecave, approxi- mately 60 cm across at the entrance and of unknown depth. In midwinterthe hibernac- ulum site contains almost the entire overwinteringpopulation of R. palustrisat RFBS. Water in the hibernaculum remains approximately 1.5-2.0 C warmer than the pool proper during midwinteras a resultof the depth of the passage into the rock and the di- rect influxof groundwater. \~CREEK A (dry) B LENGTH= 213m B ~~~~VERT.RISE =2Cm 4 UPPER ( ZONES ENTRANCE 6~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7m Fig. 1. -Map of RFBS showingcave zones and significantfeatures. (A) indicateslocation of thepool, (B) thehibernaculum and (C) the DP (dividerpool) temperaturestation 258 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 116(2) Ozark caves typicallymaintain a uniformtemperature throughout the year, approx- imated by the local mean annual surfacetemperature. RFBS temperaturesvary mark- edly fromexpected and closely parallel changes in external ambient temperature(Fig. 2). Lowest temperaturesmeasured at the pool were 0 C air and 5.2 C water and the highestwere 18.9 -C air and 13.2 C water.Air temperatureextremes were measured us- ing a Taylor Max-Min thermometerplaced over the pool on a rock ledge. Water tem- peratureextremes were recorded during cave visitsusing a SchultheisQuick-Read ther- mometer.Water in RFBS froze to beyond Zone 1 during the winterof 1980-1981, the furthestextent of ice observed. Water 10 m fromthe upper entrance was not frozen at thistime. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study site (RFBS) was visited on an irregularbasis fromAugust 1979 through March 1982. The entire main passage was surveyedon most cave visits. Location and estimatednumbers of frogswere recorded. Air and water temperaturedata were taken at six stationsusing SchultheisQuik-Read and Taylor Max-Min thermometers.Supple- mental visits to the cave continued throughApril 1984. A mark-recapturestudy was completed in the winterof 1979-1980. Frogs were cap- tured by hand, freeze-brandedwith a number on the venter(Daugherty, 1976), and re- leased at the point of capture. Nine frogsmarked and kept in the laboratoryshowed no evidence of deteriorationof the brands over several months. Frog #36, marked on 1 January 1980, carried the clearlylegible brand when collected and preservedon 14 Feb- ruary 1981. Population estimateswere made using the Schumacher method (Schumacher and Eschmeyer,1943). This method was chosen for its usefulnessin providinga single reli- able population estimatefrom a series of mark-recaptureepisodes. Seventy-fiveRana palustris(33
Recommended publications
  • UMNP Mountains Manual 2017

    UMNP Mountains Manual 2017

    Mountain Adventures Manual utahmasternaturalist.org June 2017 UMN/Manual/2017-03pr Welcome to Utah Master Naturalist! Utah Master Naturalist was developed to help you initiate or continue your own personal journey to increase your understanding of, and appreciation for, Utah’s amazing natural world. We will explore and learn aBout the major ecosystems of Utah, the plant and animal communities that depend upon those systems, and our role in shaping our past, in determining our future, and as stewards of the land. Utah Master Naturalist is a certification program developed By Utah State University Extension with the partnership of more than 25 other organizations in Utah. The mission of Utah Master Naturalist is to develop well-informed volunteers and professionals who provide education, outreach, and service promoting stewardship of natural resources within their communities. Our goal, then, is to assist you in assisting others to develop a greater appreciation and respect for Utah’s Beautiful natural world. “When we see the land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect.” - Aldo Leopold Participating in a Utah Master Naturalist course provides each of us opportunities to learn not only from the instructors and guest speaKers, But also from each other. We each arrive at a Utah Master Naturalist course with our own rich collection of knowledge and experiences, and we have a unique opportunity to share that Knowledge with each other. This helps us learn and grow not just as individuals, but together as a group with the understanding that there is always more to learn, and more to share.
  • Overwintering in Tegu Lizards

    Overwintering in Tegu Lizards

    Overwintering in Tegu Lizards DENIS V. ANDRADE,1 COLIN SANDERS,1, 2 WILLIAM K. MILSOM,2 AND AUGUSTO S. ABE1 1 Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil 2 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Abstract. The tegu, Tupinambis merianae, is a large South American teiid lizard, which is active only during part of the year (hot summer months), spending the cold winter months sheltered in burrows in the ground. This pattern of activity is accompanied by seasonal changes in preferred body temperature, metabolism, and cardiorespiratory function. In the summer months these changes are quite large, but during dormancy, the circadian changes in body temperature observed during the active season are abandoned and the tegus stay in the burrow and al- low body temperature to conform to the ambient thermal profile of the shelter. Metabolism is significantly depressed during dormancy and relatively insensitive to alterations in body temperature. As metabolism is lowered, ventilation, gas exchange, and heart rate are adjusted to match the level of metabolic demand, with concomitant changes in blood gases, blood oxygen transport capacity, and acid-base equilibrium. Seasonality and the Tegu Life Cycle As with any other ectothermic organism, the tegu lizard, Tupinambis merianae, depends on external heat sources to regulate body temperature. Although this type of thermoregulatory strategy conserves energy by avoiding the use of me- tabolism for heat production (Pough, 1983), it requires that the animal inhabit a suitable thermal environment to sustain activity. When the environment does not provide the range of temperatures that enables the animal to be active year round, many species of ectothermic vertebrates become seasonally inactive (Gregory, 1982).
  • Molecular Characterization of Adult Diapause in the Northern House Mosquito, Culex Pipiens

    Molecular Characterization of Adult Diapause in the Northern House Mosquito, Culex Pipiens

    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ADULT DIAPAUSE IN THE NORTHERN HOUSE MOSQUITO, CULEX PIPIENS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Rebecca M. Robich, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Professor David L. Denlinger, Advisor Approved by Professor Donald H. Dean ________________________ Professor Glen R. Needham Advisor Graduate Program in Entomology Professor Brian H. Smith ABSTRACT In the northern United States, Culex pipiens (L.), a major avian vector of several arthropod-borne viruses, spends a good portion of the year in a state of developmental arrest (diapause). Although the physiological and hormonal aspects of Cx. pipiens diapause have been well-documented, there is little known on the molecular aspects of this important stage. Using suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH), 40 genes differentially expressed in diapause were identified and their expression profiles were probed by northern blot hybridization. These genes have been classified into 8 distinct groupings: regulatory function, food utilization, stress response, metabolic function, cytoskeletal, ribosomal, transposable elements, and genes with unknown functions. Among 32 genes confirmed by northern blot hybridization, 6 are upregulated specifically in early diapause, 17 are upregulated in late diapause, and 2 are upregulated throughout diapause. In addition, 2 genes are diapause downregulated and 5 remained unchanged during diapause. Two regulatory genes upregulated in late diapause, ribosomal protein (rp) S3A and rpS6, are of particular interest for their potential involvement in developmental arrest. In other mosquito species, these genes are upregulated prior to oogenesis, and their suppression leads to a disruption in ovarian development.
  • Department of the Interior

    Department of the Interior

    Vol. 80 Thursday, No. 63 April 2, 2015 Part V Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened Species Status for the Northern Long-Eared Bat With 4(d) Rule; Final Rule and Interim Rule VerDate Sep<11>2014 21:11 Apr 01, 2015 Jkt 235001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\02APR3.SGM 02APR3 tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES3 17974 Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 63 / Thursday, April 2, 2015 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR midwest/Endangered. Comments and northern long-eared bat (Myotis materials we received, as well as septentrionalis) as a threatened species. Fish and Wildlife Service supporting documentation we used in The basis for our action: Under the preparing the final listing rule, are Endangered Species Act, we can 50 CFR Part 17 available for public inspection at http:// determine that a species is an endangered or threatened species based [Docket No. FWS–R5–ES–2011–0024; www.regulations.gov, and by 4500030113] appointment, during normal business on any of five factors: (A) The present hours at: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, or threatened destruction, modification, RIN 1018–AY98 Twin Cities Ecological Services Office, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 4101 American Blvd. East, Bloomington, MN 55425; telephone (612) 725–3548, recreational, scientific, or educational and Plants; Threatened Species Status purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) for the Northern Long-Eared Bat With ext. 2201; or facsimile (612) 725–3609.
  • Minimal Overwintering Temperatures of Red-Sided Garter Snakes (Thamnophis Sirtalis Parietalis): a Possible Cue for Emergence?

    Minimal Overwintering Temperatures of Red-Sided Garter Snakes (Thamnophis Sirtalis Parietalis): a Possible Cue for Emergence?

    771 NOTE / NOTE Minimal overwintering temperatures of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis): a possible cue for emergence? Deborah I. Lutterschmidt, Michael P. LeMaster, and Robert T. Mason Abstract: Red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say in James, 1823)) in Manitoba, Canada, undergo 8 months of continuous winter dormancy prior to spring emergence. As in other ectothermic species, increases in ground temperature may be the cue for emergence from winter dormancy in these populations. To test this hypothesis, we meas- ured body temperatures during winter dormancy by surgically implanting small temperature loggers into 32 female red- sided garter snakes before they entered their native hibernaculum. The following spring, we recaptured seven of the snakes implanted with temperature loggers. Body temperature declined gradually from mid-September (14.7 ± 0.24 8C, mean ± SE) to early April (1.1 ± 0.16 8C, mean ± SE) during winter dormancy, reaching minimal values approximately 1 month prior to spring emergence. Body temperatures of emerging snakes ranged from 0.5 8C during early spring to 6.3 8C during late spring (3.4 ± 0.84 8C, mean ± SE). These results do not support the hypothesis that an increase in ground temperature (and hence body temperature) is necessary for emergence from winter dormancy. We suggest that critically low tempera- tures (i.e., 0.5–1 8C) are a Zeitgeber entraining an endogenous circannual cycle that regulates snake emergence. These re- sults offer new insight into the mechanisms regulating seasonal emergence from winter dormancy. Re´sume´ : Les couleuvres raye´es a` flancs rouges (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say in James, 1823)) du Manitoba, Can- ada, comple`tent 8 mois continus de dormance d’hiver avant leur e´mergence au printemps.
  • 12. Kootenay Boundary Field Guide

    12. Kootenay Boundary Field Guide

    Wildlife Habitat Features Field Guide (Kootenay Boundary Region) 12. A Bat Hibernaculum 1) Definition A bat hibernaculum (plural: hibernacula) means a site where one or more bats hibernate in winter. Figure 43 shows the entrance to a cave hibernaculum. Figure 43. Townsend’s Big-Eared Bat hibernaculum located in a cave. (Photo: Anna Roberts) 2) Importance of a Bat Hibernaculum A bat hibernaculum is a site where bats hibernate over the winter. A specific hibernaculum may only be used for part of the winter and may or may not be used every year. The lack of use in a given year does not mean that the hibernaculum has been abandoned. Hibernacula occur most often in caves (Figure 43), rock or cliff crevices (Figure 44), or abandoned mines. Note: Only naturally occurring bat hibernacula are considered wildlife habitat features. Hibernacula provide cold, constant temperatures and protection from weather and predators. Rock features with suitable characteristics for hibernation by bats are relatively scarce across the landscape and therefore are typically used by several species of bats at once. The cool, moist microclimate of a hibernaculum allows bats to enter a torpid state where breathing rate, metabolic rate and heart rate are significantly decreased from active levels and body temperatures drop to match the air temperature. Bats naturally awaken infrequently over the winter from this torpid state. Recent work on wintering bats in British Columbia has revealed that bats are far more active in winter than previously assumed. Movements appear to occur during warmer periods in winter. During these periods’ bats may move to different roosting areas within the hibernation site or move outside the underground feature to roost in adjacent large roost trees 77 Wildlife Habitat Features Field Guide (Kootenay Boundary Region) within 500 m of a hibernaculum opening.
  • Reptile Dispersal from a Hibernaculum in an Agricultural Landscape in Western France

    Reptile Dispersal from a Hibernaculum in an Agricultural Landscape in Western France

    Reptile dispersal from a hibernaculum in an agricultural landscape in Western France ROGER MEEK 7 rue Georges Clemenceau, Chasnais, France 85400 [email protected] ABSTRACT – Observations have been made on post hibernation movements in four species of reptile, , Natrix natrix, Vipera aspis and Lacerta bilineata, around a hibernaculum in west- ern France. Movement around the hibernaculum was observed between late March and late May with most sightings in April. Sightings gradually declined as April progressed with no reptiles seen after May 28. INTRODUCTION Situated in the northern end of a hedgerow Winter temperatures are a key factor in the system surrounding what had previously been a survivorship of temperate reptiles and hence drainage ditch, the den area consisted of a selection of an appropriate winter hibernaculum discontinuous series of drainage pipe remnants is a crucial life history attribute (e.g. Vipera of approximately 1 m diameter. European ash berus: Viitanen, 1967; Presst, 1971; Thamnophis (Fraxinus excelsior) formed the canopy with a sirtalis: Gregory, 1977; V. aspis: Altweg et al,. dense understory of bramble growth (Rubus 2005). The biology of hibernacula has been fruticosus). A combination of autumn leaf fall, fairly well-studied in some North American drifting soil from agricultural land and lack of reptiles (e.g. Macartney, et al., 1989; Brent maintenance resulted in debris entering the Charland, 1989, Harvey & Weatherhead, 2006; pipes, leaving only limited openings of less than Gregory, 2011) but less information is available 15 cm at the top of the pipes for entry. The exact on species from Europe (Viitanen, 1967; Presst, and full extent of the chamber was difficult to 1971; Whiting & Booth, 2012).
  • Thermal Ecology of the Garter Snakes Thamnophis Sirtalis Concinnus (Hallowell) And

    Thermal Ecology of the Garter Snakes Thamnophis Sirtalis Concinnus (Hallowell) And

    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF GLENN R. STEWART for the Ph. D. in Zoology (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented > /4 Title THERMAL ECOLOGY OF THE GARTER SNAKES THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS CONCINNUS (HALLOWELL) AND THAMNOPHIS ORDINOIDES (BAIRD & GIRARD), Abstract approved In recent years, studies dealing with temperature regulation, temperature sensitivity, and physiological responses to temperature in lizards and other reptiles have increased tremendously. It is notable that snakes have been largely ignored in such studies. This no doubt is due to their less direct relationship to ancestral endo- therms. However, problems in the ecology of snakes themselves may be elucidated by studies of this kind. The present study deals with two species of garter snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus and Thamnophis ordinoides) which are abundant in Oregon's Willamette Valley. The species sirtalis is the most wide ranging snake in the United States. It is commonly found near permanent water, though occasionally it is encountered in rather dry situations. In contrast to sirtalis, the monotypic species ordinoides is a strictly terrestrial northern Pacific Coast form, which typically is associated with areas of dense vegetation. T. s. concinnus is often seen basking on mild days of the coldest winter months (November- February) while T. ordinoides rarely emerges during these months. The distinct differences in habitat preference and winter behavior exhibited by these snakes suggest differences in thermal preferences and critical levels. To examine this possibility, and the responses of the snakes to thermal acclimation, comparative data on the following variables have been sought: 1) Body temperature of snakes in the field and its relationship to environmental temperatures; 2) body temperature of snakes in a thermal gradient box; 3) critical thermal maximum and minimum; 4) metabolic rate; 5) the effect of thermal acclimation on items two, three, and four.
  • Wildlife Habitat Suitability Models

    Wildlife Habitat Suitability Models

    Benga Mining Limited Grassy Mountain Coal Project July 2016 APPENDIX C: WILDLIFE HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS Benga Mining Limited Grassy Mountain Coal Project July 2016 Table of Contents 1.0 APPROACH ........................................................................................................................................ C-5 1.1 General Overview ........................................................................................................................... C-5 1.2 Habitat Suitability Ratings ............................................................................................................ C-6 1.3 Model Adjustments ...................................................................................................................... C-16 1.4 Specific Methodology ................................................................................................................... C-16 2.0 VALUED COMPONENT SPECIES ACCOUNTS AND MODELS ........................................ C-21 2.1 Columbia Spotted Frog ................................................................................................................ C-21 2.1.1 Distribution and Abundance .............................................................................................. C-21 2.1.2 Ecology and Key Habitat Requirements ........................................................................... C-21 2.1.3 Response to Disturbance ..................................................................................................... C-23 2.1.4
  • Metabolic Flexibility: Hibernation, Torpor, and Estivation

    Metabolic Flexibility: Hibernation, Torpor, and Estivation

    Metabolic Flexibility: Hibernation, Torpor, and Estivation James F. Staples*1 ABSTRACT Many environmental conditions can constrain the ability of animals to obtain sufficient food en- ergy, or transform that food energy into useful chemical forms. To survive extended periods un- der such conditions animals must suppress metabolic rate to conserve energy, water, or oxygen. Amongst small endotherms, this metabolic suppression is accompanied by and, in some cases, fa- cilitated by a decrease in core body temperature—hibernation or daily torpor—though significant metabolic suppression can be achieved even with only modest cooling. Within some ectotherms, winter metabolic suppression exceeds the passive effects of cooling. During dry seasons, estivating ectotherms can reduce metabolism without changes in body temperature, conserving energy re- serves, and reducing gas exchange and its inevitable loss of water vapor. This overview explores the similarities and differences of metabolic suppression among these states within adult animals (excluding developmental diapause), and integrates levels of organization from the whole animal to the genome, where possible. Several similarities among these states are highlighted, including patterns and regulation of metabolic balance, fuel use, and mitochondrial metabolism. Differences among models are also apparent, particularly in whether the metabolic suppression is intrinsic to the tissue or depends on the whole-animal response. While in these hypometabolic states, tis- sues from many animals are tolerant of hypoxia/anoxia, ischemia/reperfusion, and disuse. These natural models may, therefore, serve as valuable and instructive models for biomedical research. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:737-771, 2016. Introduction the gas exchange required to support aerobic metabolism is associated with some inevitable loss of water vapor from gas Metabolic energy is required for animal development, exchange surfaces.
  • Hibernation and Aestivation in Gastropod Molluscs

    Hibernation and Aestivation in Gastropod Molluscs

    HIBERNATION AND AESTIVATION IN GASTROPOD MOLLUSCS. ON THE HABITS OF A SLUG FROM DALHOUSIE (WESTERN HIMALAYAS), 'VITH REMARKS ON CERTAIN OTHER SPECIES OF GASTROPOD MOLLUSCS. By SUNDER LAL HORA, D.Bc., F.L.B., F.Z.B., Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. CONTENTS. PAGE. Habits of the Dalhousie Slug 357 Tree-climbing habits of certain snails and their biological significance 361 The' Hibernaculum ' of Oremnockonchus sylw,dre1UJi8 Blanford 365 The Epiphragm : its form and function 365 Awakening after torpidity 369 Conclusions 371 Literature 372 HABITS OF THE DALHOUSIE SLUG. I was spending the summer of 1927 at Dalhousie, altitude about 7,000 feet above sea level, in the Western Himalayas and in the course of my daily walks I noticed the peculiar habits of the common slug, .A.nadenus dalhousiensis Bhatia.! The months of May and June are generally very hot and dry in this part of the country, but fortunately during my stay the weather remained pleasant on account of occasional rain storms. These storms are rather unusual for this time of the year. There was a regular alternation of hot and dry weather for a fortnight or so follo,ved by cloudy weather with rain for three or four days. During these wet days a number of slugs were always noticed crawling about on the roads and rocks at the side, but on the approach of the dry weather they gradually became scarce and ultimately disappeared altogether even from shady places. After observing this behaviour of the slug on three or four occasions I became interested to learn what happened to these animals during the dry weather.
  • Effects of the Prediapause Stage on Embryo Development

    Effects of the Prediapause Stage on Embryo Development

    When mothers anticipate: Effects of the prediapause stage on embryo development time and of maternal photoperiod on eggs of a temperate and a tropical strains of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Guillaume Lacour, Florian Vernichon, Nicolas Cadilhac, Sébastien Boyer, Christophe Lagneau, Thierry Hance To cite this version: Guillaume Lacour, Florian Vernichon, Nicolas Cadilhac, Sébastien Boyer, Christophe Lagneau, et al.. When mothers anticipate: Effects of the prediapause stage on embryo development time andof maternal photoperiod on eggs of a temperate and a tropical strains of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culi- cidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, Elsevier, 2014, 71, pp.87 - 96. 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.10.008. hal-03137075 HAL Id: hal-03137075 https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03137075 Submitted on 10 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Journal of Insect Physiology 71 (2014) 87–96 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Insect Physiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys When mothers anticipate: