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Mountain
Adventures

Manual

utahmasternaturalist.org

June 2017 UMN/Manual/2017-03pr

Welcome to Utah Master Naturalist! Utah Master Naturalist was developed to help you initiate or continue your own personal journey to increase your understanding of, and appreciation for, Utah’s amazing natural world. We will explore and learn about the major ecosystems of Utah, the plant and animal communities that depend upon those systems, and our role in shaping our past, in determining our future, and as stewards of the land.

Utah Master Naturalist is a certification program developed by Utah State University Extension with the partnership of more than 25 other organizations in Utah. The mission of Utah Master Naturalist is to develop well-informed volunteers and professionals who provide education, outreach, and service promoting stewardship of natural resources within their communities. Our goal, then, is to assist you in assisting others to develop a greater appreciation and respect for Utah’s beautiful natural world.

“When we see the land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect.” - Aldo Leopold

Participating in a Utah Master Naturalist course provides each of us opportunities to learn not only from the instructors and guest speakers, but also from each other. We each arrive at a Utah Master Naturalist course with our own rich collection of knowledge and experiences, and we have a unique opportunity to share that knowledge with each other. This helps us learn and grow not just as individuals, but together as a group with the understanding that there is always more to learn, and more to share.

This manual is your literary companion as you journey through a Utah Master Naturalist course. Ideally,

you’ll become familiar with the contents of this manual before the course starts. That way, we can focus

on applying this knowledge while we are out on field excursions. I hope you enjoy your time as a participant in a Utah Master Naturalist course, and that it truly helps you on that journey through our natural world.

Mark Larese-Casanova

Extension Assistant Professor Utah Master Naturalist Director Utah State University

Utah State University is committed to providing an environment free from harassment and other forms of illegal discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age (40 and older), disability, and veteran’s status. USU’s policy also prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in employment and academic related practices and decisions. Utah State University employees and students cannot, because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or veteran’s status, refuse to hire; discharge; promote; demote; terminate; discriminate in compensation; or discriminate regarding terms, privileges, or conditions of employment, against any person otherwise qualified. Employees and students also cannot discriminate in the classroom, residence halls, or in on/off campus, USU-sponsored events and activities. This publication is issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kenneth L. White, Vice President for Extension and Agriculture, Utah State University. (UMN/Manual/2017-03pr.)

Table of Contents

Introduction................................................................................................................................1

Important Naturalists............................................................................................................................2

Claude T. Barnes....................................................................................................................................... 2 John Muir.................................................................................................................................................. 2

Inhabitants of Utah’s Mountains...........................................................................................................3

Physical Characteristics and Processes.........................................................................................8

Geography ............................................................................................................................................8 Topography.........................................................................................................................................10 Mountain Formation...........................................................................................................................11 Utah’s Geologic Timeline.....................................................................................................................13 Erosion................................................................................................................................................16 Glaciation............................................................................................................................................17 Climate................................................................................................................................................21 Hydrology ...........................................................................................................................................26 Soils ....................................................................................................................................................28

Mountain Communities............................................................................................................. 32

Soil Communities ................................................................................................................................32 Oak-Maple Woodland .........................................................................................................................33 Montane Forests.................................................................................................................................35

Aspen Forests ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Douglas-Fir and White Fir Forest Types.................................................................................................. 39

Ponderosa Pine Forest Type ................................................................................................................41

Limber and Bristlecone Pine Forest........................................................................................................ 43 Lodgepole Pine Forest ............................................................................................................................ 46 Spruce/Fir Forest .................................................................................................................................... 49

Subalpine Meadows............................................................................................................................51 Alpine Tundra .....................................................................................................................................53

Mountain Ecology ..................................................................................................................... 58

Food Webs ..........................................................................................................................................58

Keystone Species .................................................................................................................................... 60 Trophic Cascades .................................................................................................................................... 61

Forest Succession ................................................................................................................................62

Succession vs. Disturbance..................................................................................................................... 62 Natural, Non-Human Disturbances ........................................................................................................ 63 Early Successional Communities in Utah’s Mountains ........................................................................... 64 Late Successional Communities.............................................................................................................. 64

Plant Adaptations to Mountain Ecosystems ........................................................................................65

Cone Serotiny ......................................................................................................................................... 66 Adaptation to Cold by Conifers............................................................................................................... 67 Multiple Reproductive Strategies........................................................................................................... 67

Animal Adaptations to Mountain Ecosystems .....................................................................................68

Adaptation Types.................................................................................................................................... 68 Behavioral Adaptations .......................................................................................................................... 68 Migrating Throughout the Year.............................................................................................................. 68 Shifts in Foods Throughout the Year ...................................................................................................... 69 Storing Food for Winter.......................................................................................................................... 69 Morphological Adaptations .................................................................................................................... 70 Large Feet ............................................................................................................................................... 70 Long Legs ................................................................................................................................................ 70 Long, Slim Bodies.................................................................................................................................... 71 Pelage ..................................................................................................................................................... 71 Physiological Adaptations....................................................................................................................... 71 Torpor..................................................................................................................................................... 71 Hibernation............................................................................................................................................. 72 Increased Metabolism ............................................................................................................................ 73

Symbiotic Relationships ......................................................................................................................73

Lichens.................................................................................................................................................... 73 Squirrels, Conifers, and Fungi................................................................................................................. 74 Clark’s Nutcrackers and Pines................................................................................................................. 75 Pollination by Hummingbirds and Insects .............................................................................................. 76

Climate Change ...................................................................................................................................77

Disturbance Regimes.............................................................................................................................. 77 Effects on Species’ Annual Cycles........................................................................................................... 77 Change in Species Distribution ............................................................................................................... 78

Management............................................................................................................................. 81

Public Lands in Utah’s Mountains........................................................................................................81

U.S. Forest Service Management and Policies........................................................................................ 81 Utah’s National Forests and Wilderness Areas....................................................................................... 82 National and State Parks in the Utah Mountains ................................................................................... 84 Private Land............................................................................................................................................ 88

Grazing................................................................................................................................................88 Timber Harvesting & Forest Products ..................................................................................................92 Wildfire Management .........................................................................................................................96 Mineral and Coal Mining .....................................................................................................................99 Recreation.........................................................................................................................................103 Wildlife Management........................................................................................................................105

Stewardship ............................................................................................................................ 116

What is Environmental Stewardship?................................................................................................116 Considering Our Own Resource Use ..................................................................................................116 Being an Active Citizen ......................................................................................................................117 Promoting Stewardship in Our Professional Lives..............................................................................117

Site Planning ......................................................................................................................................... 117 Limiting Inappropriate Behavior........................................................................................................... 118 Considering All Points of View.............................................................................................................. 118

Stewardship in Our Personal Lives.....................................................................................................119

UTAH MASTER NATURALIST MOUNTAIN ADVENTURES

Introduction

The primary goal of Utah Master Naturalist is to promote stewardship of Utah’s natural world. In doing so, Utah Master Naturalist will train and inspire its participants to not only become better stewards themselves, but also to help inspire others to their own roles as stewards of the land. Becoming a better steward can involve physically managing land more sustainably, but for most of us, it usually includes developing an appreciation for and curiosity about Utah’s natural world, considering how our use of resources in our daily lives affects this natural world, and making informed decisions to live in a more sustainable way.

Goals of Utah Master Naturalist:
- To inspire people to have a lifelong commitment to explore and learn about Utah’s natural world, as well as share those experiences and that knowledge with others
- To promote an increased awareness of and stewardship for Utah’s natural systems - To develop a growing population of well-trained naturalists in Utah - To disseminate relevant science-based information and effective interpretive techniques - To connect professional and volunteer naturalists to organizations that need them.

What is a naturalist, and what is their role or responsibility? Each Utah Master Naturalist class begins with a discussion that is an opportunity for participants to shape the idea of what it means to be a naturalist. There are many tools that aid a naturalist. Perhaps the greatest tools are our five senses, for it is with these senses that we observe nature. Many naturalists use other tools to capture a particular moment in nature in order to revisit it again. These tools might include writing in journals, taking photographs, painting landscapes, or even collecting and identifying parts of nature to possibly learn more about at a later time using reference materials. Each one of us has interests and abilities that are brought out and enhanced by using these tools.
In 2006, we conducted a needs assessment survey of agencies and organizations around Utah that include professional and volunteer naturalists as part of their staff. Results indicated that there is a need for a program such as Utah Master Naturalist to provide well-trained volunteers. Ninety-one percent of Utah organizations that responded to the survey use volunteers to deliver their programs. Although 55% of the respondents had volunteer training programs in place, 95% of the respondents stated that the UMNP would be valuable training for new volunteers. The majority of organizations provide only 1-5 hours of training for their volunteers.
In addition to a greater need for more knowledgeable volunteers, an enormous change has been occurring in Utah for much of the past two centuries. As we will discuss throughout this section, the viewpoint of Utah’s inhabitants, with respect to the value of conserving Utah’s natural world, has changed with each group that has inhabited the state. Differing ideas about land use, conservation, and connection to the land have shaped where we are today.
Aldo Leopold, “Father of Modern Conservation,” believed that, in regard to being a naturalist, “personal satisfactions…are more important than fame.” That is, being a naturalist should be enjoyable- it should provide a level of personal satisfaction in addition to being a learning process. Aldo Leopold often thought that the 1940s educational system did little, if anything to promote “personal amateur scholarship in the natural-history field.”
Aldo Leopold believed that one of the greatest downfalls of humanity is the idea that either humans are not part of nature, or that nature’s sole purpose is to serve the needs of humans. In order to treat the natural world with love and respect, we must first feel like we belong to it, that we are a part of it. In order

1

to feel a sense of belonging to our natural world, be must begin to understand it, even just a small part of it. To begin understanding our natural world, we must first learn about it. An essential part of learning about our natural world is experiencing it.
The Utah Master Naturalist Program aims to help us experience, learn about, and understand Utah’s natural world. By doing so, we will become more aware of how our actions affect the land, or community, in which we live. We will become better stewards of the land. We will develop what Aldo Leopold referred to as the “land ethic.”

Important Naturalists

Knowledge of natural history helps us understand and explain what we see, but a lack of knowledge does not necessarily exclude someone from being a naturalist; the only requirement for becoming a naturalist is curiosity. No naturalist, living or dead, was born with in-depth knowledge of the natural world. The pursuit of knowledge via learning about the biosphere, a pursuit all of you, and the people discussed below, were willing to initiate.

Claude T. Barnes
Claude T. Barnes was a naturalist with whom few people are likely familiar. Barnes was an attorney who lived in Salt Lake City, by the mouth of City Creek Canyon, and for nearly 40 years from the early 1920s to the late 1950s recorded his observations on nature. He ventured into the Wasatch Mountains on nearly a daily basis to record bird sightings, observe animals in their natural habitats, and develop a large collection of plants and insects. Barnes’ daily natural history notes were compiled into the book The

Natural History of a Mountain Year: Four Seasons in the Wasatch Range, which is out of print, but can still

be found through used book sellers. He prefaced that “the writing of this book… is but a token of love of a naturalist for the beauties and mysteries of the wildwoods.”
Barnes wrote about many plants, animals, and places with which we are still familiar today, from flocks of yellow-headed blackbirds at Farmington Bay, to the ripening elderberry of Ogden Canyon, and the rarity of wolverines in the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains. His writings also serve as a historical record of our natural world, revealing that “seldom now do we of these once untraveled mountains hear a wolf; indeed, not since 1919 have we seen the tracks of one.” On July 15, 1943, Barnes first saw a European starling in the Salt Lake Valley, proposing that its numbers had diminished in the east, and it moved west to find a more suitable home. We know from historical accounts that the European starling was first introduced into Central Park in New York City in 1890, and Barnes’ account tells us that it took 63 years for the species to expand across the country to Utah.
Reading Barnes’ daily accounts of nature remind us of the importance of using our skills of observation, being present in the moment, and, simply, “getting out there.” There is something beautiful in nature to see every day, right in our back yards.

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  • Vendor List by City

    Vendor List by City

    Revised 2/20/14 Vendor List by City Antimony Otter Creek State Park 400 East SR 22 435-624-3268 Beaver Beaver Sport & Pawn 91 N Main 435-438-2100 Blanding Edge of the Cedars/Goosenecks State Parks 660 West 400 North 435-678-2238 Bluffdale Maverik 14416 S Camp Williams Rd 801-446-1180 Boulder Anasazi State Park 46 North Hwy 12 435-335-7308 Brian Head Brian Head Sports Inc 269 South Village Way 435-677-2014 Thunder Mountain Motorsports 539 North Highway 143 435-677-2288 1 Revised 2/20/14 Cannonville Kodachrome State Park 105 South Paria Lane 435-679-8562 Cedar City D&P Performance 110 East Center 435-586-5172 Frontier Homestead State Park 635 North Main 435-586-9290 Maverik 809 W 200 N 435-586-4737 Maverik 204 S Main 435-586-4717 Maverik 444 W Hwy 91 435-867-1187 Maverik 220 N Airport Road 435-867-8715 Ron’s Sporting Goods 138 S Main 435-586-9901 Triple S 151 S Main 435-865-0100 Clifton CO Maverik 3249 F Road 970-434-3887 2 Revised 2/20/14 Cortez CO Mesa Verde Motorsports 2120 S Broadway 970-565-9322 Delta Maverik 44 N US Hwy 6 Dolores Colorado Lone Mesa State Park 1321 Railroad Ave 970-882-2213 Duchesne Starvation State Park Old Hwy 40 435-738-2326 Duck Creek Loose Wheels Service Inc. 55 Movie Ranch Road 435-682-2526 Eden AMP Recreation 2429 N Hwy 158 801-614-0500 Maverik 5100 E 2500 N 801-745-3800 Ephraim Maverik 89 N Main 435-283-6057 3 Revised 2/20/14 Escalante Escalante State Park 710 North Reservoir Road 435-826-4466 Evanston Maverik 350 Front Street 307-789-1342 Maverik 535 County Rd 307-789-7182 Morgan Valley Polaris 1624 Harrison
  • RV Sites in the United States Location Map 110-Mile Park Map 35 Mile

    RV Sites in the United States Location Map 110-Mile Park Map 35 Mile

    RV sites in the United States This GPS POI file is available here: https://poidirectory.com/poifiles/united_states/accommodation/RV_MH-US.html Location Map 110-Mile Park Map 35 Mile Camp Map 370 Lakeside Park Map 5 Star RV Map 566 Piney Creek Horse Camp Map 7 Oaks RV Park Map 8th and Bridge RV Map A AAA RV Map A and A Mesa Verde RV Map A H Hogue Map A H Stephens Historic Park Map A J Jolly County Park Map A Mountain Top RV Map A-Bar-A RV/CG Map A. W. Jack Morgan County Par Map A.W. Marion State Park Map Abbeville RV Park Map Abbott Map Abbott Creek (Abbott Butte) Map Abilene State Park Map Abita Springs RV Resort (Oce Map Abram Rutt City Park Map Acadia National Parks Map Acadiana Park Map Ace RV Park Map Ackerman Map Ackley Creek Co Park Map Ackley Lake State Park Map Acorn East Map Acorn Valley Map Acorn West Map Ada Lake Map Adam County Fairgrounds Map Adams City CG Map Adams County Regional Park Map Adams Fork Map Page 1 Location Map Adams Grove Map Adelaide Map Adirondack Gateway Campgroun Map Admiralty RV and Resort Map Adolph Thomae Jr. County Par Map Adrian City CG Map Aerie Crag Map Aeroplane Mesa Map Afton Canyon Map Afton Landing Map Agate Beach Map Agnew Meadows Map Agricenter RV Park Map Agua Caliente County Park Map Agua Piedra Map Aguirre Spring Map Ahart Map Ahtanum State Forest Map Aiken State Park Map Aikens Creek West Map Ainsworth State Park Map Airplane Flat Map Airport Flat Map Airport Lake Park Map Airport Park Map Aitkin Co Campground Map Ajax Country Livin' I-49 RV Map Ajo Arena Map Ajo Community Golf Course Map