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764 List of According to their Sites of Action

List of Antibiotics According to their Sites of Action The antibiotics are arranged in various inhibition categories on the basis of the available information on their primary sites of action. Occasionally, the same is listed under two headings because two sites of action might be possible. The action of some of the antibiotics are exactly known whereas, in• formation on others is less exact and their position in the table will have to be changed as more information becomes available.

Cell Wall Synthesis Griseofulvin Kanamycin Minomycin D-Cyc1oserine Mithramycin O-Carbamyl-D-serine Nogalamycin Ristocetin Novobiocin Olivomycin Phytoactin Membrane Function Pluramycin Albomycin Amphotericins Streptonigrin Antimycoin Deoxyribonucleic Acid Metabolism Ascosin Actidione Bacitracin Actinomycin Candicidin Bruneomycin Candidin Cinerubin Circulin Colicin E1, K, E2, 1a, 1b, E2, CA-42 Colicin E 1, K Cyc10heximides Daunomycin Endomycin Edeine Etruscomycin Griseofulvin Filipin Mitomycin A, B, C Flavicid Novobiocin Fungichromin Phleomycin , J 1, J 2, A Pluramycin Gramicidin B, C, D Porfiromycin Hamycin Sarkomycin Lagosin Streptonigrin Nystatin Xanthomycin Pentamycin Perimycin Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis Pimaricin Angustmycin A Polyenes Azaserine Cordycepin Rimocidin Decoyinine Streptomycin DON (6-diazo-S-oxo-L-norleucine) Trichomycin Hadacidin Tyrocidines Psicofuranine Valinomycin Sangivamycin Sarkomycin Ribonucleic Acid Metabolism Toyocamycin Aurantin Tubercidin Chromomycin Synthesis Cinerubin Colicin E 1, K, E 2, 1 a, 1 b Acetoxycyc1oheximide Daunomycin Actinospectacin List of Antibiotics According to their Sites of Action 765

Actiphenol Rifamycin Amicetin Sarkomycin Angolamycin Sparsomycin Bacitracin Blasticidin S Bluensomycin Staphylomycins Carbomycin Streptimidone Catenulin A, B Chalcomycin Streptomycin Streptonigrin Chlortetracycline Streptoviticins Colicin E2, E3, 1 a, 1 b Synergistins Cycloheximide Tenuazonic Acid Demethylchlortetracycline Dihydrostreptomycin Vernamycins Edeine Viomycin Viridogrisein Fermicidin Framycetin Respiration Antimycin Ai, A2, A3, A4, A-35, A-102 Fusidin Aurovertin Gentamycin Flavensomycin Glutarimides Nigericin Gougerotin Oligomycins Hygromycin B Patulin H ydroxystreptomycin Pyocyanine Inactone Rutamycin Kanamycin Usnic Acid Kasugamycin Oxidative Phosphorylation Lancamycin Aurovertin Colicin E 1, K Mannosidostreptomycin Dinactin Methymycin Gramicidin S, J 1, J2, A, B, C, D Mikamycin Monactin Minomycin Nonactin Naramycin B Oligomycin Neomycin Rutamycin Niromycin Trinactin Nucleocidin Ostreogrycins Usnic Acid Valinomycin Pactomycin Other Sites Protomycin Bacitracin Pristinamycins Novobiocin Puromycin Sideromycin Subject Index Page numbers in italics refer to formulae and tables

acetoxycycloheximide 277ff., 283, 286 aklavin, spectrum 193 4-0-acetyllarcanose 367 40, 705 N-acetylcandidin (NAC) 132f. - -, inhibition 59f., 72f. acety1cycloheximide 432 D-alanine 40 N-acetylglucosamine 3, 5, 112, 748 - activating 69 - complexes 682 - antagonism with O-carbamyl- N-acetylmuramic acid 3, 5 D-serine 71 - -, pentapeptides 112 - antagonism with 49ff., "achromycin" 259 69 acidomycin 666 - carboxypeptidase in actithiazic acid 666f. synthesis 710 actidione 283, 297 - formation from L-alanine 40 actinamine 740 - incorporation, prevented by actin antibiotics 759 D-cycloserine 41 actinomycetin 681 ff. - 40, 51, 68, 706, 711ff. - bacteriolysis 681 f. D-alanine: D-alanine ligase (D-ala-D-ala• - detection of producing organisms 681 synthetase) 40, 705 actinomycin (AM) 203, 206, 497, 714ff. -- ligase, inhibition by cycloserine -, attachment site 724 59ff., (table) 61, 72ff. -, chromophore, reduction of 715 D-ala-D-ala adding enzyme 40, 73 f. - DNA complexes 714ff. D-alanine-D-glutamic transaminase, -- complexes, dichroism 719 inhibition by cycloserine 59, 65f. -- complexes, proposed model 717ff., alazopeptin 481 724 albomycin 153f., 499, 502ff., 508£., 514ff. actinomycin D 177f. -, antibiotic action 153 -, effects on cell functions 715 -, spectrum 509f. -, indispensable functional groups 715 ff. oxidase 555, 565 -, intercalation with DNA 718 allomycin = amicetin - chains 716f. amber mutants 732, 735 - resistance 724 ambiguity in ribosomal 735f. - -, converted to sensitivity 724 amicetin (allomycin, sacromycin) 762 -, toxicity 198 f. acceptor activity of sRNA 496 -, unnatural electron carrier 715 -- activating 652 actinospectacin see spectomycin -- activation 265, 295, 347f., 363, actiphenol 287, 297 392, 408, 448f. adaptation, bacterial 25 f. -- decarboxylase 336 adaptive enzymes, inhibition of formation -- incorporation into 106ff. 679, 728 -- incorporation into protein 154, adenine, conversion to guanine 299 294f., 364, 370, 373, 392, 395, 406, -, incorporation 204, 248 411 ff., 422f., 430ff., 436ff., 448, adenocarcinoma 452 730f., 740 adenosine 465, 471, 496 -- incorporation into sRNA 659ff. - 3' 5'-phosphoric acid (cyclic AMP) 263 amino acid incorporation system 315 ff., adenylic acid 182, 452 346ff., 361, 702 adenylosuccinate 453 -- oxidation 334, 337 - synthetase (inosine-5'-phosphate: D-aminoacid oxidase 69 L-aspartate ligase) 453 aminoacid polymerization 315ff., 318, aklavin 191 ff. 383, 408 Subject Index 767

L-amino acid transfer 264, 295, 347f., 408 antimycin A, fungistatic, inhibition of -- transfer, inhibition by puro- blood clotting 757 mycin 267ff. antimycin A, inhibition of respiration, -- transport 487, 660f. reversal of 757f. -- uptake 448 - -, reaction with oxidized component amino acids, aromatic 486 of oxidative chain 577 - -, aromatic, biosynthesis 313f. - -, synthetic analogs 558f. aminoacyladenylate 264ff., 406 -- synthetic analogues, inhibitory aminoacyl sRNA 370, 373f., 392, 400, activity 558f. 406,431,435, 441ff., 444, 449, -, toxicity 543ff., 544ff. 659ff., 728, 730, 732, 752, 759f. -, toxicology 548 - -, messenger directed binding to antimycoin 124 348 antineoplastic activity 197 - -, synthetases 495 antipiricullin 542 - transfer RNA 348ff., 362, 414f. antitumor agents, potentiation by amino adipic acid 13 hadacidin 454f. 7-aminocephalosporanic acid 13 apyrimidinic acid 715 antibiotics 726ff., 738ff. arginine incorporation, effect of vanco- 5-amino-4-imidazole-carboxamide 471 mycin on 112 2-aminopurine 714, 719 - desimidase 753 aminosidine 662 ascosin 124, 133 amphotericin A 124 ATPase 601, 604f., 614, 632, 640, - B 122ff., 749 661 f. -, effects on metabolic processes 125f. -, K+jNa+ dependent 589ff., 595ff., (6-D-O(-aminophenylacetamido- 604f., 632, 649 penicillanic acid) 34, 711£. -, PTH dependent 598f., 601 f., 604ff. AMP-pyrophosphorylase 455 ATP-cleavage, inhibition by angust- O(-amylase 336£. mycins 467 angolamycin 367, 370ff., 754 - synthesis 161 f., 587, 601 -, antibiotic spectrum 369 - utilizing systems 603 angustmycin A 464ff. aurantin (Au) 178f., 179 angustmycin C see psicofuranine aurovertin 600, 601 ff., 649 anthracycline antibiotics 190ff. azaserine (O-diazoacetyl-L-serine) 481ff. - -, chromophore 192 -, antibiotic spectrum 482f. - -, constituents of (table) 191 f. 6-azauracil454f. - -, sugar components 192 azide, potentiating novobiocin 662 antibiotic C-73 287 aziridine ring in mitomycins 211 f., 225 f., antibiotic E-73 286 231 antibiotic P A-94 see cycloserine aziridinomitosene 231 antibiotic U-20 661, 761 azotemia 753 antibiotic, cytotoxicity 761 antibiotic 1787 (= grisein) 504 bacitracin 90f., 658f., 706 antibiotic 6270 (echinomycin-like) 761 Bacitracin A, antibiotic action 90f. antibiotic 22765 (sideromycin) 507, 516, -, complex with Cd2+ 92 532ff. - interference with func- -- antibiotic spectrum 511 tion 94, 711 f. anticodon 730 -, mechanism of action 92 "O"-antigen, protection from penicillin 31 -, metal binding properties 92, 95 f. antimetabolites 475 -, nephrotoxic symptoms 91 antimycin A 542ff., 543, 757 -, stability in presence of metals 96 - -, binding site 573ff., 577f. -, toxicity 91 - -, chemical characteristics vs. inhibi- "bactericidal action" 26, 397f., 642, 726f., tory activity 566ff. 741 - -, conversion to inhibitory form 576 bacteriocidins 29 - -, derivatives 566f. bacteriocins 684ff., 689ff., 692 - -, detoxification 549 -, assay for 684 -, fungistatic spectrum 544f. bacteriocins, mechanism of action 686 768 Subject Index bacteriocinogenic strains, identification cell wall permeability 543 of 684 -- polysaccharide 748 bacteriophages 190, 193, 215f., 218, 232, -- synthesis 41, 88, 113, 390, 405, 644, 684f., 690, 701, 715, 719, 727, 651 f., 659, 705f. 732, 734f., 760, 762 -- synthesis, action of bacitracin -, maturation 715 93, 711 f. -, production 762 -- synthesis, action of penicillin 8f., bacteriostatic action 312, 369, 379, 397, 26f., 93 460, 642, 679 -- synthesis, action of ristocetin 86 base-pairs (purine-pyrimidine) 718f. -- synthesis, action of vancomycin biotin-antagonism 667 105f. blasticidin S 434ff., 435, 752 cephalin 145, 644 blastidic acid 434 - phospholipids 643 blastmycin 542, 566 cephaloglycin 13 blood, clotting of, inhibited by antimycin cephalosporin 1, 12ft., 705, 710, 748 A 757 - derivatives, antibacterial spectrum 14f. bluensomycin 738ft., 738 -, mechanism of action 12 bruneomycin 762 Cephalosporin PI 305 -, clinical use 762 cephalosporinase (p-Iactamase) 14 cephalothin 13, 710, 712 candicidin 124f., 132f. -, action in cell wall synthesis 14, 710f. candidin 124f., 132f. - resistance 14 capsular polysaccharide 2 -, synergism with 14 O-carbamyl-D-serine 40ff., 69ff. cetylammonium bromide 146 -, antibiotic spectrum 70 chain formation of taecium -, effect on glutamate incorporation 71 657, 660 -, enzyme effects 72ff. chalcomycin 367, 446ff., 447 -, mode of action 40, 74 -, antibacterial spectra 446f. -, properties 70 -, toxicity 447 f. -, reaction with pyridoxal 70 p-D-chalcose 367 -, synergism with cycloserine 49 charge-transfer complex 653f. carbohydrate metabolism 528, 537f. chelating agents 341 ff., 521, 653 - -, enzymes 640 chitin synthetase in microsomal fraction carbomycins 367, 370ff., 371, 754 129 -, antibiotic spectrum 369 chloramphenicol 217, 308ff., 309, 347, carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone 236 349,371,381,383,392, 395ff., 406, carboxylic acid production 534 436, 443f., 658f., 701, 751, 756 carcinoma cells (Helius Lettre strain) 194 -, antibiotic spectrum 310 carriers in oxidative phosphorylation 573, -, bacterial degradation 323 589ff., 594ff., 601, 603ff., 632 -, binding to ribosomes 316, 400 -, phospholipid, in peptidoglycan syn- -, chemical derivatives 321 thesis (membrane-bound) 706 -, conformation, resembling UMP 752 catalase 336 -, detoxification 311 catenulin see paromomycin -, glucuronide conjugation 311 cell cultures 310 -, growth inhibition 311 f. - division and action of novobiocin 656f. - particles 702 - functions, requiring Mg++ 652ff. -, stereoisomers 309 - lysis 691 -, structural analogs 751£. - membrane 1, 27, 122, 128, 727 -, structure-activity relationships 321 f. - mitosis 195 -, toxicity 310f., 311 - surface 684 7-chlortetracycline (CTC) 332f., 333, 444, - wall 2ff., 184, 681, 685, 690f., 705ff. 753 -- biosynthesis 313, 341, 705ff. chloroplasts 564f., 751, 755 -- composition, difference in Gram + chlorpromazine 662 and Gram - organisms 3 chloromycetin 693 - -, fixation of bacteriocins 689, 692 chlorophyll biosynthesis 338, 394, 678 -- penetration 686 cholesterol 129f., 132f. Subject Index 769 chromomycinone 246 cross-linking of mucopeptide 10f. chromomycin 246ff. cross-resistance 381 f., 448 -, metal effects 248f., 256 cyclohexane-diaminetetraacetic acid chromosomal damage 176, 195 (CDTA) 97 chromosomes 246f. cyclohexenimine 226 -, fragmentation 623 cycloheximides 283ff., 297ff., 432, 649 -, morphology and actinomycin 715 -, conformational structures 285, 289 cinnamonin 666 -, cytological effects 290 cinerubin 191, 193, 195 -, effect on energy metabolism 293 -, antibacterial spectrum 193 -, inhibition of protein synthesis 292ff. -, antineoplastic activity 198 -, morphological effects 290 -, complex with DNA 199 -, reversal of toxicity 292 -, effect on melting of DNA 202 -, structure vs. activity 289f. circulin 142, 144, 145, 750 -, toxicity 284, 297 -, reciprocal resistance to polymyxins D-cycloserine (D-4-amino-3-isoxazolidone) 144 28, 40ff., 659, 705 ex-L-cladinose 367 -, analogs 51 f., table 52ff. clavacin 621 -, antibiotic action 47, table 48 clavatin 621 -, chelation with bivalent metals 47 claviformin 621 -, conformation 63 code see genetic code -, enzyme effects 59f. codon, recognition of - by anticodon 730 -, mode of action 40f., 68 -, termination 317 -, properties 42 coenzyme Q 563, 565, 575, 619 -, reaction with pyridoxal 44 -- oxidase 554 -, synergisms with other antibiotics 47 Coenzyme QH2: cytochrome c reductase L-cycloserine 69 (Complex III) 555, 560f., 564ff., cyclothreonines 62 ff. 568ff., 574ff., 615, 758 -, conformation of 64 - -: cytochrome c reductase, cytidine-diphosphoribitol accumulation cleavage 570f., 758 11 colicins 215, 692, 696ff., 761 -- polyribitol formation from 111 -, classification 696f. cytidine incorporation into RNA 300 - (colicinogenic factor) 696 cytochrome 551, 556, 561 ff., 565, 568f. -, transport into cells 761 cytochrome b 567 colistin 142, 144f., 145, 750 cytochrome c 553, 557f., 560, 569,618 -, antibacterial spectrum 142 (table 143) cytochrome c oxidase 561, 615, 618, 625 - inactivating enzyme (colistinase) 750 cytochrome c reduction 571 colistinase 750 cytocidal effects 477 competence to correct mutation 735 cytoplasmic membrane, action of poly- Complex III see coenzyme QH2: cyt mycin on 145 c-reductase cytosinine 434 "conditionally streptomycin dependent" cytosine arabinoside 236 (CSD) mutants 729, 732f., 735 cytostatic effects 477 control mechanisms 651 cordycepin 468ff., 469, 756 daunomycin (Da) 190ff. -, antibacterial spectrum 469 -, action on cell cultures 194 -, incorporation into nucleic acids 474, -, antimicrobial activity 190, 193 477f. -, antiphage activity 194 -, toxicity 474 -, antineoplastic activity 195 ff. -, trypanocidal properties 756 -, antiviral activity 190 Cordycepin N'-oxide 475 -, complex with DNA 199ff. cordycepose 471 -, toxicity 198f. cotton pellets carcinoma 198 daunomycinone 190 Crabb hamster sarcoma 452 daunosamine 190, 192 Crocker sarcoma 180, 198, 669 decarboxylases, inhibition by cycloserine cross-linked DNA, properties and appli- 68 cations 234f. decoyinine, see angustmycin A 49a Gottlieb/Shaw - Action 770 Subject Index

defense systems, systemic 24, 29 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 154, 162f., 5-dehydroshikimic acid 314 167ff., 174f., 202f., 215ff., 219, 222, 6-demethylchlortetracycline (DMTC) 233ff., 249, 320, 397,474,477, 497, 332f., 333, 753 678, 692, 699ff., 727 6-demethylgriseofulvin 186 - actinomycin complex 714ff. 3'-deoxyadenosine, see cordycepin - alkylation 719 3'-deoxy ADP (cordycepin diphosphate) -- by mitomycins 215 ff., 233 ff. 475 --- porfiromycin 233 3'-deoxy AMP (cordycepin mono• -, binding groups 203 phosphate) 470, 475 - breakdown 215 ff., 222, 694, 701 f. 3'-deoxy ATP (cordycepin triphosphate) -, buoyant density 202 470, 474, 478 - complexes with antibiotics 168, 177f., 2-deoxY-L-fucose 192 199f., 203f., 249, 254, 678, 714ff. 3'-deoxyinosine 471 - crosslinking 215, 222, 234ff. deoxypolynucleotides, copolymers 719 ff. - degradation 217, 751, 762 -, helical, spectral changes 721 f. -, denatured 740 -, -, synthesis, interaction of - double helix 168, 202, 208, 652, 715, actinomycin with 715 717ff., 721 ff., 761 -, -, template function 722f. -, episomal 218, 748 -, -, thermal denaturation 721 -, "fraudulent" (containing cordycepin) deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates 302 474, 477f. 2-deoxystreptamine 739 -, - (- tubercidin) 497 2'-deoxytubercidin 495 -, glycosylated from T even phages dermatophytes 183 719 desferrioxamine 503, 516f. -, gradient centrifugation 720f. ,B-D-desosamine 367, 383 -, helical, B conformation 718 diamine oxidase 118 -, -, major groove 718f. oc,y-diaminobutyric acid 4, 145, 147 -, -, minor groove 717ff., 724 meso-diaminopimelic acid 4, 710 -, host 218f. 2,6-diaminopurine 454f., 714, 719ff. -, intercalation 178, 203, 718 - nucleotides 723 -, melting 202 - ribonucleoside 723 -, nonglycosylated 719 dianemycin 615 - polymerase 162,167,170,174, 207f., diaphorase 224 218, 397, 660f., 719f. 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine (DON) 472, -, reactive sites 232f., 717ff. 481ff. - "repair" 222 -, antibiotic spectrum 482f. - replication 320 2,6-dichlorphenolindophenol 563 -, single stranded 718 dicoumarol224, 551, 588 - synthesis 154, 161f., 169f., 173, digitonin 131 175£f., 185, 207f., 215f., 299, 235, diguanido inositol 726 252, 261 f., 302, 320f., 338, 397, 405, dihydrocycloheximide 289 407, 411, 472, 692f., 699ff., 728, dihydronovobiocin 652, 654f. 741,757, 760, 762 dihydrosarkomycin 157, 159 -, template 761 dihydrostreptomycin 726 -, thermal denaturation 201 dilysyl-puromycin 271 -, - transition 202 2,3-dimercapto propanol (BAL) 575, -, viral 218f. 623f., 672 - viruses 1 77 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonic - viscosity 203 f. acid 147, 149 DNase inhibition 751 dinactin 649 DOPA-decarboxylase 69 2,4-dinitrophenol162, 236, 551, 587ff., doric in 389, 392 592ff., 595 ff., 614, 644f., 699, 759 DPNH oxidation 176 4,6-dinitroquinoline-1-oxide 236 drug resistance, multiple 748 2,6-dinitrothymol 588f. -- transfer factors, extrachromosomal disaccharide pentapetide units of episomal 748 706 duazomycin A 481 Subject Index 771 eburicoic acid 404 ferrioxamines 502, 503, 517 edeine 169ff. ferritin 363 Ehrlich carcinoma 166, 198,452,465 ferredoxin 564 - ascites carcinoma 157, 159f., 166, ferrichrome 520f. 195f., 253, 361, 469, 474ff., 589,669, fibroblasts 194f., 469, 495ff., 623, 671 751, 761 -, cultures 194f., 469 electron transfer 573, 660f., 661 f., 715 filipin 124, 126, 131 f. -- catalysts 522 -, action on fungi 749 -- complexes 561 fish poison 542, 546 -- particles (ETP) 569f., 574,587,603 flavensomycin 617ff. -- processes 573 -, antibacterial spectrum 617 - transport 135, 562,618, 625f. -, toxicity 617 - -, mitochondrial 135, 557ff. 5-fluoruracil 236 - -, reversal 594 flavicid 124 - -, synergizing mitomycin action 236 3-formamido salicylic acid 543 encephalomyelitis virus 193 flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 344 endomycin 124 - mononucleotide (FMN) 342, 564 energy metabolism 293, 312, 593, 693, "fraudulent" DNA, containing 699 cordycepin 474, 477f. - transfer coupled to respiration 604f. - -, - tubercidin 497 - transformation, mitochondrial 589f., flavoproteins 342 601 Flexner-J obling carcinoma 484 enteroviruses 363 frameshift mutation 732 enzymes, changes in antibiotic resistant framycetin, see neomycin mutants 75 Friend virus leukemia 361, 452 -, formation, inhibition by fucidin (Na-salt of fusidic acid) 404ff. 335ff., 344ff. fumarase 615 -, glycolytic 644 fungichromin 124 -, inhibited by antimycin A 552ff. fusidic acid 405 -, requiring Mg2+ 652ff. -, synthesis, adaptive 670, 728 fJ-galactosidase, induction 92, 204f., 336, - -, induced 204f., 215, 261 644, 658, 691, 732 episomes 218, 748 genetic code 727ff., 731 ff., 737ff. ergosterol 129f., 132 - -, misreading of 760 erythrocytes 495, 646, 749f. -- misreading of, by streptomycin -, polyene sensitivity 131 ff., 749f. 727, 729, 731 f., 737, 739, 741 366ff., 374, 378ff., 396, - -, transition misreading (PufPu or 443£.,465,659, 754, 755 PyfPy) 731 -, antibiotic spectrum 379 - -, transversion misreading (PufPy -, combination with penicillin 34 or PyfPu) 731 -, degradation 381 - information, fidelity to translation -, resistance 219 728 etamycin see viridogrisein - suppression 735 ff. ethionine 453 739f. etruscomycin 124, 130 "ghosts" of 7 exchange reactions with ATP 591 ff., 601 glucose metabolism and polymyxins 148 expansin 621 - oxidation 118, 334f., 390, 394, 397, extrachromosomal (episomal) drug 421 resistance factors 748 glutamate accumulation 341 -, energy dependent synthesis 595, 614 feedback control 651 - oxidation 312 fermentation 424, 548 L-glutamic acid: L-alanine transaminase fermicidin 288 65ff. ferric- in siderochromes 502 -: y-aminobutyric acid transaminase ferrimycin 502, 505, 506 65,69 ferrimycin A, antibiotic spectrum 511, -: L-asparagine transaminase 65 ff. 515 glutamic acid metabolism 530f. 49b Gottlieb/Shaw - Action 772 Subject Index

D-glutamic acid metabolism 40 host DNA 218f. glutamine 481, 485f. - resistance factors against - metabolism 161 23f. glutarimide antibiotics 288f. hydrophobic interactions 203 - derivatives 283, 288f. hydroquinines 224f., 227 glutathione 623f., 645 hydroxylases 336 glycerol teichoic acids 5 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine 232 glycolysis 126f, 133f., 160 5-hydroxymethyl uracil 232 glycolytic enzymes 652 3-hydroxypicolinic acid in strepto- - phosphorylation 589 gramines group B 394 glycopeptide see mucopeptide 7-hydroxyporfiromycin 212 - synthesis see mucopeptide synthesis hydroxystreptomycin 726 gougerotin 278f., 279, 752, 756 5-hydroxytetracyc1ine (OTC) 332f., 333 -, antibiotic spectrum 278 hygromycin 739 gramicidins 642f£., 649 hypoxanthine conversion to AMP 453 -, toxicity 643 Gramicidin B, C, D 642ff. "immune adherence" 25 Gramicidin S 01' 12) 636ff., 639, 716 immune lysis 31 - S, toxicity 639 inactone 283, 287, 297 grisein 499, 502, 514ff. induced enzyme formation 92, 126, see - antibiotic spectrum 510, 514 also ,B-galactosidase griseofulvin 181 f., 182 infectious disease, definition 20 -, antifungal activity 181 f. "infective heredity" 322 -, cytological effects 183 inflammatory reaction 24 -, uptake 186 inosinic acid (IMP) 452f. guanine 458f., 465, 714, 718, 723 -- dehydrogenase 460 - alkylation 718 inositol 726 - deamination (abolishing AM- intercalation with DNA 178, 203, 718 complex-formation) 719 invader-host-antibiotic interaction 1, - in DNA, binding group 203, 233 26f£. guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in protein transport 595f£., 759f£. synthesis 265, 273 iron in albomycin 153 f. guanylic acid (GMP) 182,452,457 - bindingofsideramines 517f£., 521, 537 - -, biosynthesis from XMP 458£., - incorporating enzyme 522 465f. - metabolism 520f£., 525, 537 guanylic acid-pyrophosphorylase 455 - , nonheme 569 Guerin tumor 457 - (III)-trihydroxamate complexes in sideromycins 499f£., 520, 537 hadacidin (N-formyl-hydroxyaminoacetic isocitric dehydrogenase 615 acid) 451f£. isocyc1oh~ximide 283f., 284, 297 -, antitumor agents and 454f. isoglutamille 4, 11 -, reversal of inhibition 453 isomycamine 367f. -, structural analogs 454 isooctanoic acid t 45 hamycin 124, 132f. isoquinocyc1ine 191 HeLa cells 173f., 194f., 204, 261, 452, isorhodomycin 191 589,678 isotenuazonic acid 360 helvolic acid 405 hemin (catalase) synthesis 522f., 526, 537 - iron enzyme hypothesis 523 ff. Jensen sarcoma 452, 457 - requiring mutants of S. aureus 529f., 537 kanamycin (km) 443, 738ff. 131, 643 kasugamycin 740 hemolytic acitivity of streptococci, KB (human epidermoid carcinoma) cells elimination by penicillin 31 171, 177, 194, 286, 292, 363, 440, 452£., 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N -oxide 457 (HOQNO) 556f., 562, 567 "killer principle" (KP) 694 Hodgkin's disease 179 "killing" 689, 692, 696, 698, 702 Subject Index 773

"killing sensitivity" 686 malate synthetase 530 Krebs cycle 293, 335f., 531,615 malic dehydrogenase 615 mannitol dehydrogenase 92 lactic dehydrogenase 550 mannosido streptomycin 726 K+-Ieakage 94, 132f., 741 megacin A 688ff. - uptake 632, 646, 759 megacin C 692ff. lagosin 124 -, assay for 689 lanemycin 367f., 372 megacinogenic strain of B. megaterium -, antibiotic spectrum 369 688 lanosterol 130 "melting" of DNA 202, 721 f. leakage of amino acids 625, 638 membrane 112, 147, 596, 633, 638f., -- cell constituents 643,691, 727 643f., 646, 650, 686, 691, 699, 703, -- K+ 94, 132f., 741 706,727, 749f., 758f., 761ff. see also -- nucleotides 146f., 394, 408, 625, cell membrane 638 - artificial 749 -- phosphate 133 - damage 408 L-cells 299, 312 - permeability see permeability L-forms (non-reversible stable propa• - synthesis 32f. gating spheroplasts) 28, 32, 132, 299, - transport system 761 312, 589,651,661 mengovirus infection 497 - L-phase (propagating spheroplasts, meningopneumonitis 379 capable of reversion) 28, 30, 32, 56f. 6-mercaptopurine 361, 455 leucocytes 176, 248 mesosomes 8, 27 leucomycin Al 367 messenger RNA 215, 315ff., 319, 348, leucopin 621 350, 431, 728, 752 leukemia 196 f. -- -aminoacyl-RNA com• - chronic granulocytic 452 plex 474 - reticulosis 762 - -, synthetic 178, 315ff., 348, 374, lincomycin 440ff. 380, 383, 392, 422ff., 431, 441 ff., lipid precursor in cell wall (peptido 496,702,715,728, 730ff., 752, 756,760 glycan) synthesis 87f, 706f. metal binding properties 248f., 251, lipopolysaccharide of cell wall 684 256, 341 -, antagonism with erythromycin 443f. - ions, reversal of tetracycline -, antibiotic spectrum 440 inhibition 340 -, toxicity 441 - in antimycin A sensitive site 570 "long forms" 28 metaphase 187 luminescence 660f. 710,712 lymphatic defenses 24 - dependence 33 lymphogranulomatosis 762 6-methylene-5-hydroxy tetracycline 753 lymphogranuloma venereum 379 methylene-oxocyclopentane carboxylic lysine incorporation into cell wall 659 acids 156f. lysis by polymyxins 146 (+)-6-methyloctanoic acid 145 lysogenic action 166, 762 5-methyltryptophane 217 -- by bruneomycin 762 methymycin 367, 372 lysogenic phages 215, 762 -, antibiotic spectrum 369 lysogeny 166, 215, 686, 701 microsomes 362, 591 lysosomes 749 "microsomal fraction" in binding 7, 26, 28, 30, 32, 56 nystatin 129 - resistance and methicillin 30, 33 mikamycin 389, 391, 394f., 398 -, antibiotic spectrum 399 macrocin 367 minomycin 669 antibiotics 366f., 373, 396, 754 -, antimicrobial spectrum 669 - -, antibiotic spectrum 369 mithramycin 249, 255f. macromolecular syntheses 166, 261, mitiromycin 213 338ff., 497,644, 658f., 670, 678, 699ff. mitochondria 135,176,313,435, 55of., - -, requiring Mg2+ 652ff. 557, 560ff., 587f., 590ff., 613. 633, magnesium ion 652ff., 660ff. 638f., 645, 649f., 671, 759 774 Subject Index mitochondria, coupled 593 mycelial atrophy 126 -, formation of protein in 312 mycobactin 50 -, fragments see electron-transfer mycoin C 621 particles (ETP) (PPLO) 331,661 -, membrane 633, 639 -, polyene sensitivity 132 -, swelling of 598ff., 603, 639, 645, 650, mycosamine 124f. 759 mycotic organisms 543 ff. mitomycin C 169, 687 myeloma 198 mitomycins 211 -, activation 224f., 235 NAD-biosynthesis 162,486 -, alkylation of DNA 215 if., 233 ff. NADH: coenzyme Q reductase -, alignment to DNA 230 (Complex I) 561, 614 -, antibacterial spectrum 213 f. -: cytochrome c reductase 550f., 554, -, biological effects 217 557,561 f., 575,614 -, diguanylated 230 - oxidase 550ff., 557, 560, 568, 618, -, effects on DNA in vitro 224 625,640 -, inactivation 235 - oxidation 560, 587 -, inhibitory effects 213 f. -: NADP transhydrogenase 595f., 603 -, reduction products 229f. Nagarse 750 -, resistance against 219 naramycins 283, 284, 297 -, resonant structures 228ff. narbomycin 367 -, stability 227 1 A-naphthoquinone derivatives 236 -, synergism with electron transport neocycloheximide 285, 297 blockers 236 neomethymycin 367 -, toxicity 198, 669 neomycin (Nm) 443, 738, 739ff. mitosanes 211, 214 neoplasms 262 mitosenes 212 neopyrithiamine 529f. mitosis 623, 671 neuromuscular junction 143 -, multipolar 187 niddamycin 367 mitotic aberration 195 nigericin 613, 759 - poison 158, 187 niromycins 288 monactin 649, 759 nitrate reductase 650 mucopeptide (murein, peptidoglycan) nitro reductase 335 3f., 4, 6, 27, 32, 40, 706ff. nitrosoguanidine 729 - strands, crosslinking 706 nogalamycin 177 f. - synthesis lOf., 56f., 71 f., 86ff., 88, nonactin 649, 759 106f., 109f., 705ff., 706, 709, 710 novobiocin 651 if., 652, 760 - -, inhibition by antibiotics 58 -, absorption to cells 654f., 657 (table), 705ff. -, antimicrobial spectrum 651 - synthetase 40, 87, 705ff. -, Mg2+ complex 653 Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma 457 nucleases, ribosome-bound 216 mutagenic effects 215, 217, 729 , incorporation into cor- mutants see mutation dycepin 474, 477f. mutation 49, 688, 732ff. -- synthesis 126, 390, 670 -, amber 732, 735 -- synthesis, "salvage pathways" -, "conditionally streptomycin 477 dependent" (CSD) 729, 732f., 735 -- synthetase 652 -, frameshift 732, 734 nucleic acids, incorporation of adenine - frequency 49 204,248 -, misense 732 -- incorporation of nucleosides -, nonsense 732 411 f., 422 -, ochre 732 -- incorporation of precursors 472, -, pleiotropic 736 476, 658 -, resistant to megacins 688 -- incorporation of uracil 205, 299 p-n-mycaminose 367f. -- incorporation of uridine 205 IX-L-mycarose 367f., 371 nucleocidin 427ff. p-n-mycinose 367 -, antibiotic spectrum 428f. Subject Index 775 nucleocidin, toxicity 428 oxytetracycline 753 nucleoside incorporation 411 f., 422 -, synergism with cycloserine 48 - kinase 466 - monophosphate copolymers see pactamycin 170f. polynucleotides (messengers, parathyroid hormone (PTH) 597f. synthetic) "Park compounds" (UDP-sugar - phosphorylase 466 peptides) 106, 110 - triphosphates 254 paromomycin (Pm) (catenulin) 738, nucleosides, soluble 154 739ff. nucleotides 182, 201 patulin 621ff. -, acid soluble 154, 299 -, antibiotic spectrum 621 -, metabolism 263 -, cytological effects 623 f. nystatin 122, 125f., 749 -, modifications of 626 -, effects on metabolic processes 125f. -, toxicity 623 penicidin 621 oleandolid-ring 383 penicillin 1ff., 370, 465, 658, 705ff., 708, oleandomycin 366ff., 378ff., 382ff., 383, 748 754 -, acylation of active site of -, antibacterial spectrum 382 peptidoglycan transpeptidase 709, -, synergistic effect with tetracyclines 712 382f. -, analog of glycopeptides 11, 708 f. -, toxicity 383 "- binding component" (PBC) 8 IX-L-oleandrose 367, 382, 383 -, conformation, identical with oligomycin 585ff. n-ala-n-ala 708 olivin 250 -, crystallographic structure 707f. olivose 251 Penicillin G 711 f. olivomose 251 - -, penetration to site of n-ala- olivomycin 249ff., 251 carboxypeptidase 711 -, alcoholysis 250 -, host interactions 20 -, hydrolysis 250 - in bacterial infections 29 -, metal binding properties 251 -, p-lactam ring 12, 707f. olivomycose 250 -, lytic action 26f. orientomycin, see cycloserine -, mechanism of action 8 ornithine 4 -, mechanism of action on trans- - transcarbamylase (OTC) 729f., 732, peptidase 708f. 735 -, structure-activity relation ships 12, ostreogyrin A 387f., 390 707f. Ostreogyrin Ba 393 -, synergism with cycloserine 48, 70S 29 -, therapy, combination with other oxidation of glucose 421,435 antibiotics 34 -- p-hydroxybutyrate 587, 613ff., -, thiazolidine ring 12, 707f. 650 penicillinase (p-lactamase) 33f., 712 -- IX-ketoglutarate 560, 588, 601, -, synthesis of 748 613 penicilloyl enzyme (transpeptidase) -- substrates 649f., 727 709f., 712 -- succinate 548ff., 551, 554, 557ff., pentaglycine chain 706 560,613,618,650 pentamycin 124 -, terminal 618 pentapeptide-PP-phospholipid 706 oxidations, bacterial, inhibition by peptide bond formation, model reaction tetracyclines 334f., 340 with puromycin 273 oxidative phosphorylation 313, 429, 550, - chains, transfer to puromycin 315 572f., 587ff., 593, 597, 604 ff. , 613, - detachment 400 643ff., 649, 656, 659, 661, 701 f., -, growth 374, 400 758f. - synthesis, chain initiation 408 - -, uncoupling of 337, 551, 572, - -, chain release 374, 400, 408 587ff., 592ff., 595ff., 601, 604ff., - -, movement of ribosomes to 614, 632, 638, 643ff., 649, 759 codons 408 776 Subject Index

peptidoglycan see mucopeptide pneumococcal myositis 29 - synthetase see mucopeptide synthetase 29 peptidyl puromycin 315 polyamines 742 - s-RNA 269f., 752 polyamino acids 315f., 345f. - -, cleavage by puromycin 269f. polyadenylic acid see messengers, perimycin 124f. synthetic 731,752 permease for alanine transport 64 polycytidylic acid see messengers, permeability 94,122, 126f., 134, 146, synthetic 731 408,422, 624f., 633f., 638, 640, 643, polydeoxynucleotides 177, 204, 206, 249. 646, 660, 749, 758f., 761, 763 see also DNA "persister" cells 22 polyene antibiotics 122ff., 749 phage coat peptides 273 - -, absorption 130 - receptors 685 - -, absorption, inhibited by phages 622 see also bacteriophages digitonin 131 -, f2 732 - -, biological activity 122 -, A 216, 734f. - -, cell embrane as site of action 127f. -, T 190, 194,232,686,690, 701, 719, - -, chemistry 123f. 727, 732, 734f., 760, 762 - -, classification 123, table 124 phagocytes 679 - -, clinical application 122 "phagocytin" 26 - -, comparison of potency 133 phagocytosis 24f., 26f., 29 - -, detergent action 136 phenazine methosulfate 564, 618 - -, interference with formation or incorporation 395 function of macromolecules 122 - polymerization 380 - -, mechanism of action 125 f. phleomycin 173f. - -, role of sterols in binding 129f. phosphate leakage 133 - -, selective toxicity 129 phospholipid 14 5 - -. toxicity to mammalian erythro- - carrier in peptidoglycan biosynthesis cytes 131 706 polyglycerate synthetase 111 phospho-Nac-muramyl-pentapeptide polyglycine bridges in cell wall 4 translocase 40 poly-p-hydroxybutyrate 149. 645 phosphoribosylamine formation 485f. polymyxins 142, 144f., 659. 750 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) -, antibiotic spectrum 142f., 143 466,472,476,485 (table) -- amidotransferase 472,476,485 -. application 142f. phosporylation (of cordycepin) 470, 475 -, combination with other antibiotics - (of pyrrolopyrimidines) 495 143 -, light induced (photophosphorylation) -, decrease of activity by anionic 555, 562 detergents 145 -, oxidative see oxidative phosphoryla- -, inhibition of neuromuscular junction tion 143 -, subtrate level 589, 599, 601, 615 - inhibition of photosynthesis 142 photophosphorylation 555, 562, 564f. -, reciprocal resistance to circulin 144 photoreduction of NAD 555 -, synergism with cephalothin 14 photosynthesis 142 polynucleotide phosphorylase 336 -, electron transport 564 poly(ribo)nucleotides see messengers, phyllomycin 542 synthetic phytoactin 763 polyleucine 346 phytopathogens 483 polyphenylalanine 315 f.. 345 f., 348. phytotoxicity 437, 623 441 picromycin 367 - synthesis 441 ff., 728ff. pimaricin 124, 130 poly(ribo)somes 295f., 408. 430 plant viruses 348 polyuridylic acid 374, 380. 383, 422ff., pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) 441ff.. 728, 730, 732, 752 see mycoplasma porfiromycins 211 pluramycin 166ff. -, antibacterial action 213f. -, antibiotic action 166 porphyrins 521. 525 Subject Index 777

primer DNA 167, 174, 177, 179 purom ycin, incorporation into polypeptide "primer" of cell wall synthesis 11 chains 269f. pristinamycin (pyostatin) 389 -, site of action 267ff. -, antibiotic spectrum 391 -, toxicity 263 f. proflavin 178 pumping mechanism, mechanochemical protein CAAF from chicken liver 633 mitochondria 757 putrescine 742 - M of Str. pyogenes 92 pyocyanine 117 ff. - synthesis 87, 92f., 154, 161, 169, -, bacteriostatic action (table) 117 175ff., 215, 252f., 261f., 264ff., -, effect on various enzymes 118f. 292ff., 295, 297, 302, 308, 314ff., -, inactivation by SH-compounds 344ff., 351, 361, 364, 370, 374, 399, 119 405, 411, 414, 420, 430ff., 435, 441ff., -, interference with terminal oxidation 445, 448f., 670, 692ff., 699ff., 726ff., 118 751ff., 755ff., 760, 762 -, role as oxygen transfer catalyst - -, chain extension 318 118 - -, chain initiation 266, 318 pyostacin see pristinamycin - -, chain release from ribosome 268, nucleotide synthesis 162, 486 273, 292, 362, 436, 751 pyridoxal, reaction with cycloserine 44 - -, chain termination 266 pyrrolopyrimidines, antibioticity, - -, "endogenous" 346 comparison 497 - -, flow sheet 265 -, phosphorylation 494 - -, transfer of amino acids 449 -, ribosides (tubercidin etc.) 494ff. proteinases 750 -, toxicity 497 protoanemonin 671ff. pyrromycin 191 f. -, antimicrobial spectrum 671 f. pyruvate decarboxylase 679 -, toxicity 670 pyruvate metabolism 313 protomycin 288 pyruvic hydrogenlyase 335 protoplasts 7, 28, 32, 56f., 108, 136, 147, 651, 661 ranunculin 671 131,331,371,663,727,755 receptor sites, specific for bacteriocins psicofuranine (angustmycin C) 457ff., 685, 689, 698, 702f. 465f. - -, specific for megacins 689 -, toxicity 457f. regulatory centers 686 psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum- - circuits 686 trachoma group 28 - prozesses 684 purine bases, 319, 718f., 727 relomycin 367 - -, analogs 484 Reovirus 718 - -, biosynthesis 452, 457, 471 ff., "repair" of DNA 222 (flowsheet 473), 485f. resistance to antibiotics 74, 465 - -, incorporation 161 -- bacitracin 91 - -, interconversion 452, 458f., 466f., -- chloramphenicol 322 471 -- carbamylserine 74f. - -, metabolism 485f. -- circulin 144 - -, precursors 485f. -- cycloheximides 291 - pyrimidine base pairs 718f. -- cycloserine 49, 74f. purines, 2-amino group in, indispensable -- drugs, multiple 748 for AM-binding 724 -- erythromycin 219, 379, 381 puromycin 259ff., 315, 362, 427f., 432, -- fucidin 408 436, 728 -- megacins 688 -, acceptor of activated peptide 269 -- mitomycins 219 -, antibiotic properties 260f. -- neomycin 144 -, binding by globin peptides 270 -- oleandomycin 382 -, - to C-terminal of peptides 270 -- penicillins 33 -, chemical properties 259 -- polyene antibiotics 134f - dependent release of peptides 269f., -- psicofuranine 460f. 281, 296 -- polymyxins 144 778 Subject Index resistance to sideromycins 517ff., 523f., rifamicins, toxicity 417f. 530 rifamycin 0 (oxidation product of -- streptomycin 144, 219, 727f., rifamycin B) 415, 416 733f., 741 rifamycin S 415, 416 -- tetracyclines 344, 35of. rifamide (diethylamide of rifamycin B) -- viomycin 678 420,423 respiration (aerobic) 136, 421, 424, 430, rimocidin 124 508, 542, 548, 550ff., 556, 566ff., ristocetin 84ff., 706, 711 f. 586ff., 601,741,757 -, antibiotic specificity 84f. -, inhibited by antimycin A, reversed -, clinical use 85 with serum albumin 549, 574, 757 -, effect on synthesis of cell components -, inhibited by polymyxins in algae 87f. 142 -, mechanism of action 85f. -, inhibited by tetracyclines 334f., RNA (ribonucleic acid) 154, 169f., 319f., 337, 340 405, 438, 715, 718, 732 respiratory chain (mitochondrial) 550ff., -, binding of antibiotics 678 556f., 561, 566ff. -, "chromosomal" 206 - electron transport 564, 573 - complexes with antibiotics 185, 201, - enzymes 520 678 reticulocytes 249, 268, 270, 292, 295 f., -, degradation 319, 661, 741 410, 550 -, faulty 497 reticuloendothelial system 24 - metabolism 438, 727 -- griseofulvin inhibition 182 - methylation 301 rheumatic disease 23 - polymerase (DNA dependent) 167, rhodinose 192 177, 206, 397, 660f., 717, 722f., 728, rhodomycins 191 f. 757f.,760f. rhodosamine 192 -, rapidly labelled 253 ribitol teichoic acid 7 -, reactive sites 232f. ribonucleoprotein particles 261, see also -,synthesis 154,167,173, 175ff., 179, ribosomes 184f., 204f., 208, 252ff., 256, 261 ff., ribosomes 170f., 264, 268, 281, 295, 299, 397, 407, 411, 429, 476, 478, 497, 315ff., 319, 374ff., 350, 362, 370, 380, 659ff., 692ff., 699ff., 715, 728, 741, 383, 395, 400, 406f., 420, 431 f, 436, 756, 762f. 441 f., 444, 456, 702, 736f., 740f., 751, -, -, inhibited by tetracyclines 338 755, 762 -, -, virus directed 495 -, acceptor site 264 - viruses 177, 715 -, aggregates 295 -, m-RNA (messenger RNA, template -, binding of chloramphenicol 443, 751 RNA) 264, 269, 297, 347, 400, 728, -, binding of lincomycin 444 730ff. -, conformation, changed by strepto- -- ribosome-aminoacyl-sRNA mycin 731 complex 400 -, donor site 264 -, m-RNA-ribosome-aminoacyl-sRNA -, messenger complex 317f., 347, 441 f., complex, energy dependent binding 740 347 -, polynucleotide systems 315 -, r-RNA (ribosomal RNA) 456 -, protein 346 -, s-RNA (soluble RNA) 170, 216, 230, -, subunits (-particles) 317f., 320, 344, 264ff., 295ff., 300, 347, 362, 412f., 392, 395,400,412,424, 443f., 652, 496, 718, 728, 732, 740 (see also 728ff., 740f., 752ff., 755 t-RNA) -,805, not inhibited by 755 -, -, aminoacyl-sRNA 264ff., 266, Ridgeway osteogenic carcinoma 361 280f., 295ff., 752 - osteosarcoma 452 -, -, aminoacyl-sRNA synthetase 264ff. "rifomycin" 415 -, t-RNA (transfer-RNA, 4 S RNA), rifamycins (rifamycin complex, methylation of 301, 413 f. Rifamycin B) 415 f., 416 rose in II 675 -, antimicrobial spectra 417f. Rous sarcoma 484 -, properties 417 rubidomycin 190 Subject Index 779 rutamycin 585ff. spores, sporulation inhibited by ruticulomycins 191 vancomycin 107 rutilantin 191 staphylocoagulase 119 staphylomycin MI (virgimycin) 387, sacromycin see amicetin 391 "salvage pathways" in nucleic acid -, antibiotic spectrum 399 synthesis 477 steroid antibiotics 404 sangivamycin 494, 496 - -, antibacterial spectrum 405f. saponin 136, 643 sterols in cell membrane 129 sarcoma 180, 116,452,465,484 -, role in binding polyene antibiotics sarkomycin (sarcomycin) 156ff., 751 129f., 135ff. -, antibacterial activity 158ff. stigmasterol 129, 132 -, biochemical effects 160ff. streptamine 726 -, cytostatic action 157 f. streptidine 726 -, isomers 156, 159f. streptimidone 283, 286, 287, 297 -, reversal of inhibition 162 streptobiosamine 726 -, toxicity 159 streptodornase 148 SC-factor see coenzyme QH2 : cyto• "streptogramins" (complex antibiotics chrome c reductase (Complex III) of the family) 387, Schiff base formation between 391 f., 395ff., 754f. cycloserine and pyridoxal 44 -, antibiotic spectra 396, 399 sedimentation coefficient 203 -, inhibiting penicillin action 396 seromycin see cycloserine -, toxicity 396 serum albumin, reversion of antimycin A streptogramin A 386ff., 392, 754f. inhibition 549 streptogramin B 392f., 754f. - induction 30 streptokinase 148 - lysins 29 streptolysin production, inhibited by "- resistant" organisms 31 tetracyclins 339f. shikimic acid 487 streptomycin (Sm) 370, 407, 443, 465, sideramines 499ff., 503, 516, 521 f., 537 659,694, 726ff., 726, 738, 756 -, competition with sideromycins 527 -, analogs 726 -, cyclopolypeptides 504 -, antibiotic spectrum 726f. "siderochromes" 499, 502 -, bactericidal effect 726f., 741 sideromycins 499ff., 533, 537, 757 -, as cation 727 -, antibiotic spectrum 506, 509f. -, combination with penicillin 34 -, assay 506f. - correction 730 -, biochemical properties 51 5 ff. - dependence 736f. -, chemistry 501 ff. -, electrostatic interaction with cell -, toxicity 514 constituents 727 "single hit process" 685, 689, 698, 702 - -induced misreading of code 731 f. sitosterol 129, 132 - lethality 741 sparsomycin 410, 756 -, mimicking a suppressor 730 -, antibacterial spectrum 410 - resistance 219, 727, 733 f., 741 -, hindering puromycin action 756 -, recognition of code 730ff. spectinomycin (actinospectacin) 740 -, "sticking" effect on ribosome spermidine 407, 742 subunits 729 spheroplasts 27ff., 31 ff., 56,64,132,408, -, substitution of amino acids by 732 711 -, synergism with cycloserine 48 -, growth in presence of penicillin 26f. - toxicity 727 366ff., 368, 373, 383, 754 streptonigrin 175f., 176 -, antibiotic spectrum 369 -, reduction 176 spirochetes, action of vancomycin streptovitacins 283, 286, 297f. against 102 f. "stylomycin" 259 spontin (mixture of ristocetin A and B) succinate: coenzyme Q reductase 84ff. (Complex II) 561, 614 spores, germination, inhibited by nystatin : cytochrome c reductase 553, 558f., 749 562,625 780 Subject Index

succinate oxidation 548ff., 551, 554, thiamine 529f., 537 557ff., 560, 573, 618, 625, 640 6-thioguanine 236 - -, stoichiometric inhibition by thymidine incorporation into DNA antimycin A 548, 573f. 161£., 169 succinic dehydrogenase 119, 557, 560, thymine 714, 720 614,625 - -less death 216 - thiokinase 615 tissue culture 299, 469, 477, 550, 589, succinimycin 504f., 514ff. 671, 678 sulfhydryl compounds 623f, 626 tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 438, 617 - enzymes 672,675 N-tolyl-(l(-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid - groups 486, 672, 675 146 suppression, genetic 733f., 735ff. tonsillitis 29 suppressor 730 toyocamycin 494, 496f. - function, restriction of, by strepto- TPNH 224 mycin 735f. - oxidation 176 surface active agents 136 transaminases, action of cycloserine on - tension 637, 643 65ff. surfactant action 637ff., 645 transduction of resistance 381 - effects 64 5 transfer reactions 431 synergistin 389, 391 -- of amino acids 408 -, antibiotic spectrum 399 -- of phosphate 601 synthesis of ATP 587, 601, see also transforming activity 223, 320 oxidative phosphorylation, glycolytic "transmission" of bacteriocin effect 686, phosphorylation 689, 694, 703 -- macromolecules, see macro• transpeptidase in cell wall synthesis 11, molecular syntheses 707f. transport systems 658, 660, 761 teichoic acids 3, 5, 11, 40, 59, 111 - -, renal tubular 550 - -, synthesis 111 f. -- of amino acids 487, teichuronic acids 4 660f. tenuazonic acid (3-acetyl-5-sec.- -- of ions 646, 649, 759 butyltetramic acid) 360 "triad of infection" 1, 26ff. -, antitumor activity 261, 363 trichomycin 124f. -, congeners (tetramic acids) 363f. trichothecin 674ff. teratogenic effects 441, 483 -, antifungal activity 674 tercinin 621 trinactin 649 terminal oxidation 618, 625 f. trypanosomiasis 262 termination codons 317 tryptophanase 336 tetracyclines (TC) 314, 331 ff., 333, 397, tubercidin 494ff. 443,465,752f. tumors 157, 182, 194ff., 252, 361,452, -, analogs 343 457, 465, 469, 474ff., 483f., 548f., -, antimicrobial spectrum 331 f. 589, 751 -, binding of inorganic ions 343 tylosin 366f. -, chelating properties 342ff. tyrocidines 636ff., 643, 649 -, competition with penicillin 34 -, antibacterial spectrum 637 -, inhibition of protein synthesis 752f. -, toxicity 637 -, - of protein, sequels of 753 636 -, -, reversal by metabolites 344 -, mode I inhibition (on hydrogen ubiquinone-50 565 transfer) 345 UDP-N-acetylamino sugar, accumulating -, mode II inhibition (on protein in cycloserine inhibition 57 synthesis) 345 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 705 -, resistance 753 UDP-N-acetyl-muramyl-(penta)• -, synergistic effect with oleandomycin peptides 9, 10f., 57ff., 68, 71, 86, 383 106, 111, 112, 651, 705 tetramic acids 363 f. UDP mucopeptides see UDP-N-acetyl tetrapyrrole synthesis 524 muramylpeptides Subject Index 781

UD P-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide variation, phenotypic in bacteria, biosynthesis 705f. antibiotic induced 32 - precursors, cytoplasmatic 705 vernamycin 389 uracil incorporation into RNA 105, 299 vinactane 677 uremia 753 vinactin 677 uridine, incorporation into RNA 205 viocin 677 - nucleotide peptides see UDP-N- viomycin 677ff., 760 acetyl muramyl peptides -, antimicrobial activity 677 - pyrophosphate derivatives see -, toxicity 678 UDP-derivatives viral DNA 218f., 495 uridylic acid 752 - RNA 177, 495 USNIC acid 611 virgimycin see staphylomycin viridan 404 valinomycin 588, 631ff., 646, 649, 758 viridogrisein (etamycin) 389, 391 ff., 392, -, antibiotic spectrum 631 398, 754 -, toxicity 631 virosin 542 vancomycin 102, 706, 711 f. viruses 177,193,331,379,497,550,617, -, absorption 104 675,681,715 -, action on polymerization of muco- -, animal 727 peptides 113 -, bacterial see bacteriophages -, reversal by Mg2+ 109 -, plant 438 -, antibiotic spectrum 102f. -, RNA 715 -, chelating properties 102 vitamin Ka 589 -, clinical applications 104 -, components of molecule 103 Walker (carcino) sarcoma 196££., 256, -, effects on enzymes 105, 107 28~ 45a 457f., 465, 484 -, mode of action 104ff. -, non-clinical uses 104 xanthomycins 174f. -, rapid bactericidal action104f. xanthosine-5'-phosphate (XMP), -, side effects in therapy 104 conversion to GMP 458f., 466f. -, toxicity 104 -- aminase 459ff., 466f. -, weakening of cell wall structure 106, 706 Yoshida ascites tumor 158, 166 Index of Organisms

Actinomyces asteroides 674 Candida albicans 69f., 130, 134, 136, - citriofluorescens 178 310,613,639,674 - scabies 621 - pulcherrima 681 - subtropicus 153 - sp. 749 Aerobacter aerogenes 312, 345, 509, 637, Calcarisporium arbuscula 601 667 Carcinus maenas 562 A grobacterium tumefaciens 553 Cephalosporium salmosynnematum 405 Alcaligenes faecalis 31, 56 - sp. 187 Algae 130, 483 Cercospora melonis 187 Allium cepa 623 Chalaropsis 108f. Alternaria kikuchiana 285 Chlamydomonas 623 - tenuis 360 Chlorella pyrenoidosa 142 Arthrobacter JG9 522f., 531 Chromatium 563 - pascens 520 Ciona intestinalis 248 - terregens 520f. Claviceps purpurea 552, 624 Aspergillus fumigatus 288, 405 Clostridium botulinum 107 - nidulans 294, 468 - kluyveri 224 - niger 521 - perfringens 482 - sp. 749 - septicum 482 Azotobacter aceti 482 - welchii 469, 637 - chroococcum 679 Coccioides immitis 674 - vinelandii 342 Colpeda cucullus 342 Cordyceps miltaris (LINN.) LINK 468 Bacillus anthracis 117 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 380, 446, - brevis 169, 442, 636, 638 482, 560, 681 - cereus 346, 350, 419, 545 - xeros 762 - circulans 144 Crithidia oncopelti 755 - colistinus 142, 750 Cryptococcus neoformans 148 - globigii 521 Cyanococcus chromospirans 117 - licheniformis 90, 94, 97 Cytophaga johnsonii 219, 224, 232 - megaterium 7,11,56,94,107,128, 136,147,252,363,371,510,521, Delphacodes striatella 438 556, 681 f., 686f., 692f. Diplococcus pneumoniae 48, 213, 369, - mycoides 509, 631 371, 394, 396, 446, 482, 657, 681, Bacillus polymyxa 142, 144 728 - stearothermophilus 406, 441 ff. - subtilis 71,110,219,224,232,251, Entamoeba histolytica 363, 379 380, 419f., 423, 465, 469, 482, 507, Enterobacteriaceae 696, 748 509, 515ff., 521, 528, 545, 553,631, Epidermophyton floccosum 674 637,639,667,681,750,755, 761 Erwinia amylovora 545 Bacterium agri 387, 394, 396f. - arodeae 545 Bedsoniae 28 - sp. 56 Blastomyces dermatidis 663, 674 26, SO, 57, 70, 128, 147, Bordetella pertussis 380 169,218,219,255,280,299,311, Botrytis allii 183 314, 340, 344, 346, 350, 380, 390, - cinerea 185 39~ 405f., 408, 41~ 43~ 445, 453f., Brevibacterium flavum 531 ff. 457,459,469, 485f., 508f., 545, 551, Brucella suis 26, 31 613,631,637, 659f., 669f., 681, Index of Organisms 783

685, 697ff., 709f., 728, 732, 734ff., Nicotiana glutinosa 438 739ff., 752f., 760ff. Nocardia lurida 84 Euglena gracilis 321,380,455,552,562,755 Paracolobactrum ballerup 31 Fomes annosus 290, 292 Pasteurella avicida 515 Fungi 543ff., 551, 663, 674,727 - pestis 25 Fusarium oxysporium var. cubense 675 - septica 469 Fusidium coccineum 405 Pediococcus cerevisiae 33, 50 Fusobacterium 104 Pellicularia sasakii 436f. Penicillium aurantio-violaceum 451 Geotrichum cutaneum 674 - caseicolum 451 Gibberella Z eae 551, 555 - crus to sum 451 Glaucoma pirijormia 621 f. - jrequentans 451 Glomerella cingulata 551 - griseojulvum DIERCKX 181 Gymnoascus sp. 621 - implicatum 451 Gymnosporangium 290 - janthinellum 451 - lividum 451 Haemophilus pertussis 368, 394 - oryzae 289 Histoplasma capsulatum 674 - oxalicum 618 Hormodendron langeroni 674 - patulum 181 - purpurescens 451 pneumoniae 260, 515, 662 - raistrickii 181 Pheum pratense 678 Lactobacillus bulgaricus 5 Photobacterium phosphoricum 660 - plantarum 111 Phycomyces blakesleeanus 183 Leishmania donovani 131, 136 - niteus 551, 555 Lepidium sativum 623 Pilobulus kleinii 520 Leptospirae 104, 146 Piricularia oryzae 288, 434ff., 551 ff., Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae 382 675 Leuconostoc mesenteroides 84 Plasmodium lophurae 482 Leukothrix mucor 663 Proactinomycetes sp. 481 Proteus mirabilis 58, 379, 662, 707 Microbacterium lacticum 521 Prototheca zOpjii 552f. Micrococcus glutamicus 531 f. aeruginosa (sp. pyocyanea) - lysodeikticus 4, 87, 94, 97, 147, 255, 14, 117, 143, 146, 340, 342 341, 521, 639, 656, 660, 681, 706, 753 - denitrijicans 146 - pyogenes var. albus 556 - jluorescens 47, 438, 551, 556 - roseus 441 - solanacearum 545 Micromonospora sp. 681 - tabaci 545 Microsporium canis 182, 674 M onospermum 663 Rhodopseudomonas spaeroides 525, 563 607 405, 465, 545, 728, Rhodospirillum rubrum 149, 555, 562ff., 741 588, 632, 645 - acapulcensis 64 Rickettsiae 727 - avium 678 prowazecki 379 - gypseum 183 - tsutsugamushi 312 - phei 50, 631, 659 - smegmatis 613 Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 294, 299, - 47ff., 55,85,341,415, 302, 552 419,494,631,639 - cerevisiae 126, 132, 291, 545, 548 Mycoplasma gallisepticum 132, 441 -- var. ellipsoideus 291, 293, 299 - hominis 441 - jragilis 29of., 298f. - laidlawii 7, 132 - pastorianus 285f., 289ff., 297ff., 302, M yrothecium verrucaria 293 763 - saki 285, 288f., 438 Neurospora crassa 126, 219, 291, 298, 552 Salmonella paratyphi 639 - sitophila 294 - paratyphi C 31 784 Index of Organisms

Salmonella typhimurium 25, 175, 310, Streptomyces floridae 677 455, 732ff., 737 - fragilis 69, 481 Sarcina lutea 147, 219, 224, 232, 441, - fulvissimus 631 469, 681, 762 - galilaeus 500 - subflava 509 - garYPhaleus 42 Scenedesmus obliquus 142 - gougerotii No. 21544 278 - quadricauda 321 - graminofaciens 387 Sclerotina fructicola 291, 551, 555 - griseochromogenes 434 - laxa 291 - griseoflavus 500, 528 Scopulariopsis brevicaulis 310 - griseoplanus 481 Serratia marcescens 455 - griseus 246, 283f., 389, 500£.,617, Shigella dysenteriae 30 726 - flexneri 311, 340, 342, 469 - halstedii 370 - sonnei 26 - hygroscopicus 370 Spirocheata sogdiana 509 -- var. angustmyceticus 464f. Spirogyra 623 -- var. decoyicus 457 Sporotrichum beurmanni 674 - kitazawaensis 542 - schencki 674 - lavendulae 42, 389, 500, 666 - tropicalis 674 - lincolnensis var. lincolnensis 440 Staphylococci 748 - loidensis 389 Staphylococcus albus 510 - mediterranei 415 - aureus 4, 7, 50, 71, 87, 91, 104, 147, - minoensis n. sp. 669 251, 254, 314, 340, 345f., 369, 370£', - mitakaensis 389 394f£., 405, 408, 420, 441, 446, 457f., - naraensis novo 284, 288 469,507, 515f£', 525, 528,631,637, - "Nig-1" 613 639,644,651,659,670,681, 706, - niveus 663 710, 748 - nogalater var. nogalater 177 Streptobacillus moniliformis 56 - olivaceus 389 Streptococcus faecalis 40, 56, 64, 108, 128, - olivochromogenes 500, 542 147, 466, 469, 495f., 510, 681 - olivoreticuli 250 - faecium 654f£., 657, 660 - orchidaceus 42 - lactis 753 - orientalis 102 - pyogenes 345, 369, 371, 396, 446, - osteogriseus 388 509, 515, 681 - pactum var. pactum 170 -- var. haemolyticus 427ff., 457, - peucetius 190 469 - plicatus 762 Streptomyces acidomyceticus 666 - pluricolorescens 166 - alboniger 259 - pristinae spiralis 389 - albulus 286 - reticuli var. protomycicus 288 - albus 288, 681 - rimosus forma paramomycinus 286 -- var. bruneomycini 762 - roseochromogenes 42 - albireticuli 371 - rutgersensis 585 - ambofaciens 368 - sp. 738 - antibioticus 382 - sparsogenes 410 - arduus 212 - steffisburgensis var. steffisburgensis - aureofaciens 500 sp. n. 761 - bikiniensis 446 - subtropicus 500£' - blastmyceticus 542 - tanaschiensis 61 7 -- caespitosus 212 - tubercidicus 494 - calvus 427, 432 - umbrosus 542 - cavourensis 617 - venezuelae 308 - cinnamonensis 666 - verticillatus 213 - diastatochromogenes 585 - verticillius 172 - erythrochromogenes 156, 162 - vinaceus 677, 762 - eurythermus 371 - violaceoniger 372 - fasciculatus 762 - virginiae 388, 666 - flocculus 1 75 Strigomonas oncopelti 621 Index of Organisms 785

Tetrahymena piriformis 263, 292, 302, Trypanosoma gambiense 428 312, 485 - rhodesiense 756£. Torulopsis neoformans 674 - vivax 428 Trichoderma viride 404 tubercle bacillus 726 Trichomonas 663 - foetus 482 Ustilago sphaerogena 520 - vaginalis 142, 298, 363 Trichophyton interdigitale 674 Veillonella 104 - mentagrophytes 182f., 674 Vibriocholerae (comma) 31, 117, 193 - rubrum 183, 674 - sulphureum 674 - tonsurans 183 Xanthomonas citri 545 Trichothecium (Cephalothecium) roseum - oryzae 551 674f. - pruni 545 Trypanosoma brucei 631 - congolense 428, 756f. yeasts 284, 286£., 290f., (table) 297, - cruzi 756 440, 545, 551 - equinum 428 - equiperdum 427,482 Zea mays 671