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The Phonology of Tausug: a Descriptive Analysis

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The Phonology of Tausug: a Descriptive Analysis THE PHONOLOGY OF TAUSUG: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS by EVANGELINE K. TAN E.T.C., Zamboanga Normal College, 1959 B.S.E.Ed., National Teachers' College, 1964- A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS' FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Classics Division of Linguistics We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August, 196? In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that -the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of ^as^jjjs.i^Qi^^^ The"University of British Columbia Vancouver 83 Canada Date August,* 1967 ABSTRACT In the last few years there has been a steadily growing interest in linguistic science. As a result, more and more of the languages of the world are coming within the range of linguistic scrutiny. This interest is increasingly manifested in Philippine linguistics as evidenced by the number of languages and dialects of the country that have already been and are being explored. Some Philippine languages have been extensively investigated,' while others have been insufficiently explored. Linguistic investigation of Tausug (which is the native language of the investigator)is urgently needed. Except for the work entitled "The Phonemes of Tausug" by Seymour and Lois Ashley of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL), no other linguistic studies of the language have been done. In view of the inadequacy," this present work on a synchronic descriptive analysis of Tausug phonology is here made available. The purpose of this study is to give a sufficiently comprehensive description of the phonological phenomena of Tausug,; with the end in view of providing basic explanations concerning the phonological system of the language which should be useful to those interested in Tausug linguistics. It is also hoped that the analysis will be of some pedagogical signifi• cance - in teaching a second language to native speakers of Tausug and in providing a theoretical foundation for future iii modifications and innovations in the Tausug orthographical system. In the main, the phonological analysis of Tausug centers on the dialect of Siasi town proper (STP), of which the investigator is a native speaker. Whenever possible, however,' discussions of the dialectal varieties are included. An attempt is also made to provide for general categories valid for all dialects.' As suggested in the title}'The Phonology of Tausug: A Descriptive Analysis*, the method of approach to the study of the sounds of the language is descriptive. This is made possible by means of the physiological approach, and primarily the articulatory technique. Using the speech organs as a familiar frame of reference,' the phonetic raw material of the language is analyzed and described first. Phonological analysis, however,; goes beyond the phonetic level. The ultimate aim is to establish the phonemic system of the language, hence,' the need for the classification of the phonetic raw material into functional units, i.e., the phonemes. Certain fundamental criteria such as phonetic similarity,1 complementary distribution, pattern congruity, and identity of function are observed in the phonemic clas• sification. With the use of the contrasting pairs (minimal pairs,' which differ only in one feature or phoneme), the establishment of the identity of each of the phonemes of iv Tausug is further strengthened. To complete the analysis of Tausug phonology, brief discussions of the supraseg• mental features and the morphophonemics of the language are included. Although thoroughness and accuracy has been aimed at, the analysis is far from being exhaustive or complete. Completeness in any linguistic investigation is unattain• able as long as language keeps on changing and knowledge of linguistic science keeps on advancing. And with the dearth to date of linguistic studies of the Tausug lang• uage, this present analysis of the phonological structure of the language permits no more than tentative conclusions. TABLE OP CONTENTS Page List of Figures and Illustrations vi Acknowledgements vii 1. INTRODUCTION............. 1 1.1 Background of the Present Study 1 1.2 Purpose of the Analysis 3 1.3 Scope and Delimitation....... 6 1.4 Method of Approach.. 8 1.5 Definition of Terms....... 12 2. ' BASIC CONSIDERATIONS TO SPEECH ANALYSIS... 14 2.1 The Use of the IPA. 14 2.2 The Organs of Speech. 21 2.3 Criteria Used in Phonemic Analysis 25 3. THE SOUNDS OF TAUSUG.... 30 3.1 Vocoids........1...... 30 3.2 Contoids 46 4. THE SYLLABLE .. 55 5 . THE SEGMENTAL PHONEMES .: 66 5.1 The Interpretation of the Semivowels ori'Seml- consonants.........•• 69 5.2 Vowels •. .75 5.2.1 Description and Classification..... 77 5.2.2 Phonemic Contrast 79 5.2.3 Allophonic Variation.................... 86 5.2.4 Distribution .... 90 5.2.5 Diphthongs......... 91 5.2.6 Triphthongs...... 95 5> 3;Consonants 96 5.3.1 Description and Classification.......... 99 5.3.2 Phonemic Contrasts....... 106 5.3.3 Allophonic Variation.................... 140 5.3.4 Distribution.................... 144 5.3.5 Consonant Clusters 150 6. THE SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES...... 158 6.1 Stress......................................... 159 6.2 Pitch............v..... 161 6.3 Length......................................... 167 6.4 Juncture............. v1..... 170 7. MORPHOPHONEMICS . 172 8. SUMMARY, AND .CONCLUSION.... • 177 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................. 183 List of Figures and Illustrations Figure 1: Map of the Philippines, showing the Tausug- speaking province Figure 2: The Cardinal Vowel Chart Figure 3'* A cross-section of the head showing the organs of speech Figure 4-: A modified Cardinal Vowel Chart showing the approximate location of the Tausug Vocoids Figure 5: A Chart of Tausug Vocoids Figure 6: A Chart of Tausug Contoids Figure 7> The Vowel Triangle for Tausug Figure 8: The Consonant Diagram for Tausug AKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my gratitude to several people without whose help this thesis would not have been possible; to Dr. Robert Gregg, my faculty adviser*' whon. saw through the work from the formulation of the problem to the final accomplishment of the project; to Miss Ruth McConnell in whose class the writer gained encouragement and Interest in making this study in modern linguistics; to Dr. Fred Bowers who carefully went over the final draft of this thesis; and to my friends, Misses Rosario Maminta and Georgina Rivera, who willingly helped proof• read the manuscript. The writer was initiated into the field of linguist.!, tics and second language teaching when she worked in the Elementary Education Division, Bureau of Public Schools, Republic of the Philippines.' She was given all the neces• sary support and training by Miss Fe Manza, chief, English Section and Mrs. Catalina Velasquea-Ty, chief, Upper Primary Sections To them, I also express my appreciation. This study was made possible through a scholarship grant from the External Aid Officer Gvernment of Canada. The International House provided a home away from home for the writer. To thfese two institutions, I wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation. MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES SHOWING THE TAU SUG - SPEAKING PROVINCE (SHADED) 1. INTRODUCTION Of the two languages spoken in the Sulu Archipelago, a province at the southern tip of the Philippine Islands, Tausug is considered the prestige language of the area.^ It is spoken as a native language by approximately 30^,812 people living throughout the scattered islands of the province and as a second language by many immigrants from various parts of the country.^ Most of the speakers of Tausug occupy the islands of Jolo, Siasi, Pandaml, Lugus, Tapul, Pata, etc. A considerable number are scattered in some areas of Zamboanga, Basilan, Davao, Lanao, Bukidnon, Cotabato, and Palawan (see map). 1.1 Background of the Present Study Present-day Tausug represents not only a cumulative native development but also an assimilation of words from various languages, notably Sanskrit, Malayan, Indonesian, Chinese, Arabic, Spanish, Japanese,and more recently English. ._ Seymour and Lois.Ashley, "The Phonemes of Tausug", Papers on Philippine Languages, (Manila: The University of the Philippines (UP; and the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) Publication, 1963, p.7. In this paper the authors state that there are three languages spoken in Sulu-Tausug, Samal, and Yakan. However, to the knowledge of the investigator, Yakan is not spoken anywhere in Sulu. It is the language of the neighbor• ing city of Basilan. And since geographically as well as poli• tically Basilan is not a part of Sulu, it is logical that Yakan should not be considered as one of the languages of the province. 2 The number of Tausug speakersiis based upon the Census of i960. 2 Words like pans it 'rice noodle', madjpng'mah jong', and j^kUm:,-. 'wooden shoes' are of Chinese origin. Gitara 'guitar' is Spanish, while apa 'thin wafer' is Japanese. A great number of Moslem names are Arabic, aside from lexical items such as makru •taboo', Ramadan (month of fasting), dakdak 'to wash', Jabur 'book of Moses', etc. Tausug words like lupa 'likeness', walna 'color', mulka 'curse1, and surga !heaven' seem to be of Sanskrit origin and correspond respectively to Sanskrit words rupa 'likeness', varna •color1 or 'caste1, mureha 'to incite wrath', and svarga 'abode of light1? Loan words from English are pulis 'police',- iskul 'school', tarak 'truck', balibul 'volleyball', miting 'meeting' or1conference', etc. Except in careful educated speech, more often than:.not, as evidenced by the examples given above, words adopted into the language lose their foreignism. They usually assimilate to the form of native words, the foreign sounds being replaced by appro• ximate native equivalents.
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