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Democracy Democra INTRA-PARTYINTRA-PARTY HOW TO MAKE HOW DEMOCRACYTO MAKE DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE?POSSIBLE? INSTITUTIONALINSTITUTIONAL FACTORS FACTORS ANDAND INTERNAL INTERNAL DYNAMICS DYNAMICS OF INTRA-PARTYOF INTRA-PARTY RELATIONS RELATIONS HOW TO MAKE INTRAPARTY DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE? Ova Zbirka je izrađena u okviru projekta “Podrška upravljanju migracijama u Crnoj Gori”. Projekat finansira Evropska unija posredstvom Delegacije EU u Crnoj Gori. Publikacija ne sadrži formalno saopštenje i ne predstavlja nužno službeni stav Evropske unije. INTRA-PARTY HOW TO MAKE DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE? INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS AND INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF INTRA-PARTY RELATIONS HOW TO MAKE INTRA-PARTY DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE? INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS AND INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF INTRA-PARTY RELATIONS IN SERBIA HOW TO MAKE INTRa-pARTY DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE? INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS AND INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF INTRa-pARTY RELATIONS IN SERBIA Publisher: Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Belgrade Center for monitoring and Research CeMI Podgorica For publisher: Ili ja Vu ja čić Zlatko Vujović Editors: Zoran Stojiljković Dušan Spasojević Jelena Lončar Reviewers: Vu ka šin Pa vlo vić Če do mir Ču pić Đor đe Vu ko vić Layout and print: Slu žbe ni gla snik Circulation: 300 ISBN: 978-86-6425-006-1 DISCLAIMER: The RRPP promotes social science research in the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia). Social science research aids in the understanding of the specific reform needs of countries in the region and in identifying the long-term implications of policy choices. Researchers receive support through research grants, methodological and thematic trainings as well as opportunities for regional and international networking and mentoring. The RRPP is coordinated and operated by the Interfaculty Institute for Central and Eastern Europe (IICEE) at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland). The programme is fully funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent opinions of the SDC and the University of Fribourg. Editors Zo ran Sto jilj ko vić Du šan Spa so je vić Je le na Lon čar HOW TO MAKE INTRA-PARTY DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE? INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS AND INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF INTRA-PARTY RELATIONS IN SERBIA Belgrade, 2015 CONTENTS: Introduction . 7 1. CONSTITUTIONAL-INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA Sla vi ša Or lo vić . 9 2. ThE ELECTORAL SYSTEM OF SERBIA Mi lan Jo va no vić . 27 3. SERBIAN PARTY SYSTEM Zo ran Sto jilj ko vić and Du šan Spa so je vić . 49 4. INTRA-PARTY DEMOCRACY IN SERBIA Zo ran Sto jilj ko vić, Vo ji slav Mi ha i lo vić and Du šan Spa so je vić . 69 5. ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS IN SERBIA FROM 2000 TO 2014 Je le na Lon čar and Bo ban Sto ja no vić . 87 References . 110 List of tables and figures . 119 List of abbreviations . 120 Contributors . 121 5 IntRODUction This volume presents the first results within the regional research project Balkan Electoral Comparative study: Impact of personal vote on Internal party democracy . It is connected to the binary study we prepared with the colleagues from Montenegro . The Balkan Electoral Comparative Study is an international research project carried out within the RRPP – Regional Research Promotion Program in the field of social sciences at the Western Balkans conducted by CeMI from Podgorica, Faculty of Political Sciences from Belgrade, Kipred form Pristina and group of researchers from Sarajevo . The main goal of the Study is to test the hypothesis about the dependence between personalization of politics (in the actual case, the personalized electoral system) and intraparty democracy in the transitional, post-Yugoslav and post-communist context . The primary aim of this volume is to offer an analytical and theoretical context for interpretation of findings from the empirical Comparative Candidate Study, which we presented in the binary study . In addition, it aims to serve as an extensive review of the previous research studies carried out in Serbia, which are relevant for our research questions . Therefore the main idea and intention of this volume is to connect and present the most important findings on determinants of intraparty relations and dynamics in Serbia after the October 5th . This topic is becoming increasingly intriguing due to the increased awareness of political parties as the supreme actors which by usurpation of the decision- making process slow down and prevent further democratization of the Western Balkan countries . However, our research should not be understood as „witch-hunt“ but as an attempt to observe, through in-depth analyses, the mutually invigorating mechanisms preventing the power to be displaced from political parties and moved to the institutions of political system and the formation of common democratic mechanisms of division and mutual control and limitation of power . In that sense this research is the continuance of several previous research projects focused on strengthening of the parliament and its oversight capacities (for example, see our previous study within the RRPP program: „Democratic Performances of the Parliaments of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro“) . The volume is divided into five parts . The first two parts are dealing with institutional design as the basic determinant of political behaviour – political and electoral system . In the first chapter entitled “Constitutional-Institutional Design of the Republic of Serbia”, Slaviša Orlović analyses the main foundations of the political system and their influence on political behaviour . The analysis particularly emphasises an unfavourable influence of political legacy and points to the obstacles in democratisation which Serbia faced with . Besides, the author pays attention to newly established institutions (such are the regulatory and control bodies) and their importance in the process of democratic consolidation . 7 How to make intra-party democracy possible? Another text, by the author Milan N . Jovanović, focuses on the electoral system, which is at the same time the central institutional dimension of our research . This chapter offers a detailed genesis of the electoral system (accompanied by the argumentation of changes pointing to the intentions of political actors), but the emphasis is on the political consequences of the adopted solutions . The author also points to the influences of international actors on the internal institutional design . Through three main conclusions, Jovanović points that Serbian model of proportional representation favours the dependence between the MPs and the party leader, and that it directs the identification of voters towards leaders, thus not stimulating the democratic intraparty dynamics while leading the system towards an uneven geographic representativeness of the parliament . This yields the instability of the party system as a consequence . These conclusions can be interpreted also as a framework of the next chapter in which Zoran Stojiljković and Dušan Spasojević analyse the party system of Serbia both at the system level and at the level of individual parties . By using the methodological approaches adjusted to transitional societies, the authors point to the elements of stability and continuity in a very changeable political life of Serbia, as well as to possible sources of gradual institutionalisation and consolidation of the party system . If we labelled the chapter on the electoral system as the main institutional vertical, than the fourth chapter entitled “Intraparty Democracy” is the theoretical framework of the entire project . The chapter starts with the development of research models and indicators and their adjustments to new and unconsolidated party system, with the aim to apply these indicators in the subsequent analysis of intraparty relations in Serbia . This analysis encompasses both the formal (legal and statutory) and practical approaches . The authors (Zoran Stojiljković, Vojislav Mihailović and Dušan Spasojević) in this chapter (as expected) conclude that the majority of parties in Serbia do not have a rich democratic practice, but that they are dominantly organised upon the leadership party model . A particularly dangerous seems the fact that this situation is not a product of a single factor, but of a synergy of institutional, value and historical influences, and the fact that non-democratic management of the parties is being transmitted and established as the management model in public institutions . Finally, in the last, fifth chapter, Jelena Lončar and Boban Stojanović offer a review of electoral campaigns in the last 15 years with an aim of pointing to two main problems – the low level of ideological differentiation of parties and large importance of leaders in the campaigns . Without such insight it would be difficult to entirely understand the level of identification of voters with leaders and the parallel incapacity of a large number of party cadres to profile themselves in terms of programme or policy issues and create a recognisable image in the political public . Zo ran Sto jilj ko vić Du šan Spa so je vić 8 Slaviša Orlović PART ONE CONSTITUTIONAL- -INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA Institutional factors and internal dynamics of intra-party relations in Serbia Sla vi ša Or lo vić University of Belgrade Faculty of Political Sciences ConstitUtionAL- -InstitUtionAL DesiGN OF THE RePUBLic OF SERBIA Table 1. The identity card of Serbia State/Characteristics
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