DOCSLIB.ORG

Special Committee Study Guide Berlin Conference: Regulating European Colonization and Trade in Africa (1884)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Special Committee Study Guide Berlin Conference: Regulating European Colonization and Trade in Africa (1884) Special Committee Study Guide Berlin Conference: regulating European colonization and trade in Africa (1884) The committee begins on November 15th, 1884. Referring to any events that have taken place after this date will be considered as getting off policy and will not be taken into consideration during debate. Important Notes ● Rules of Procedures in this committee are slightly different than the rules in other committees. Read the Rules of Procedures for the Special Committee. You can find the document on the website. ● Some of the characters are hard to research due to lack of information. If you cannot find any information about your character, represent your country’s policy with no regard to your character. Definitions Colonization: “The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.” -Oxford Dictionary. The Berlin Conference (also known as the Congo Conference, or West Africa Conference) was a series of negotiations between the major colonial empires (mainly European) in order to settle disputes over colonies in Africa. Background With the great powers of Europe racing to colonize the African continent, these empires started viewing each other’s attempts at colonial expansion in Africa with suspicion and jealousy, which made it necessary to have an agreement established over what is accepted and what is not in order to avoid unnecessary wars. Thus, at the request of Portugal, Otto von Bismarck, the German Chancellor, called for major western colonial empires to negotiate the question of Africa. As of November 1884, Africa was mostly (almost 80% of its lands) under local and traditional rule. Factors Congo and Niger River basins: Conflicts over claims by European powers in the region raised the question of whether these areas should be neutral. In addition, there was the issue of trade. Many countries wanted to use the river for trade (e.g. Portugal). This raised the question of trade and whether open trade should be established in this region. The German unification: The rise of Germany as a European superpower intimidated the old powers such as France and Britain. With its thriving economy and great colonial ambitions, Germany soon became a major player in European politics. 1 The Industrial Revolution: Starting in the late 18th century, the Industrial Revolution transformed manufacturing in European countries from manual labor to machines in factories, which sparked the need for labor and cheap natural resources for the factories. These cheap natural resources can be found in Africa. Undefined boundaries: European powers had already colonized parts of the continent without defining specific boundaries, prompting conflicts between these powers. Slave trade in Africa: European powers had enslaved many indigenous people when they first started colonizing parts of Africa. While the European population was becoming more concerned with the continuation of this issue, there had been no firm treaties signed by the European powers on the institution of slavery in Africa. Critical Events and Timeline French War with Senegal (1854-1860):​ France extends its control down the Senegal river. Hispano Moroccan War (Oct. 1859 - Apr. 1860): The Moroccan government hands over control of Ceuta and Melilla to Spain after a quick war. British 8th (1850-1853) and 9th (1877-1879) Xhosa Wars: Britain annexes further territory from the Xhosa tribe’s land outside of the Cape colony. 2nd (1863-1864) and 3rd (1873-1874) Anglo Ashanti Wars : The Ashantis fail to invade British colonies. Anglo-Zulu War (Jan. - Jul. 1879): The British officially annex the Kingdom of Zulu, effectively ending its independence. Franco-Tunisian War (Apr.-Oct. 1881): France declares Tunisia a protectorate of the French Third Republic. First Boer War (Dec. 1880 - Mar. 1881): After their victory, the Boers force the British to sign a treaty which recognizes the independence of the Boer Republics. Mahdist War (1881-present): A revolt led by Muhammad Ahmad against the Khedive of British occupied Egypt. As of now (Nov. 1884), Khartoum city is besieged by the Mahdists. Agenda ● Territorial aspect: Settling disputes between the European colonial powers over Africa. Setting clear borders and dividing the continent between the European powers. ● Social aspect:​ Review the question of slave trade and slavery in Africa. 2 ● Economic aspect: Determining the type of trade which shall be established in different parts of the continent, and reaching an agreement over certain criteria a colony should meet in order for the country to benefit economically of that colony. Questions to Consider ● Does your country have any interests in Africa? If so, how does it protect and advance them? ● Is your country involved in any dispute over colonies in the African continent with another European nation? If so, what is your country’s claim and how is it justified? ● What type of trade would benefit my country’s economy the most? How would its implementation in Africa benefit my country? ● Is slavery still legal in your country or some of its colonies? If yes, did your country take any steps to abolish slavery within its territories? ● Is your country currently fighting any wars against local African groups or other participating European nations? Relevant Media The Scramble for Africa and the Berlin Conference What was the Scramble for Africa? European colonization of Africa : Every Year Helpful Resources Pink Map: Portuguese Scramble for Africa 1881-1914 General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 to Divide Africa 3 Bibliography (-). “Oxford Dictionary: Colonization.”​https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/colonization​,(-), 9 Dec. 2018. Britannica Editors. “European History: Berlin West Africa Conference.”​https://www.britannica.com/event/Berlin-West-Africa-Conference​, 2018, 9 Dec. 2018. McDougall, Walter A. “20th-century international relations.”​https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155#ref 262606​, 2017, 9 Dec. 2018. Rosenberg, Matt. “Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 to Divide Africa.”​https://www.thoughtco.com/berlin-conference-1884-1885-divide-africa-1433556​, 2018, 9 Dec. 2018. Balaji, Shravan. “Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference 1884.”​http://www.internationalgeographybee.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Berlin-guide. pdf​, 2018, 9 Dec. 2018. Hickman, Kennedy. “Mahdist War: Siege of Khartoum.”​https://www.thoughtco.com/mahdist-war-siege-of-khartoum-2361378​, 2017, 9 Dec. 2018. 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sudan in Crisis
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Faculty Publications and Other Works by History: Faculty Publications and Other Works Department 7-2019 Sudan in Crisis Kim Searcy Loyola University Chicago, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/history_facpubs Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Searcy, Kim. Sudan in Crisis. Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective, 12, 10: , 2019. Retrieved from Loyola eCommons, History: Faculty Publications and Other Works, This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications and Other Works by Department at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History: Faculty Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. © Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective, 2019. vol. 12, issue 10 - July 2019 Sudan in Crisis by Kim Searcy A celebration of South Sudan's independence in 2011. Editor's Note: Even as we go to press, the situation in Sudan continues to be fluid and dangerous. Mass demonstrations brought about the end of the 30-year regime of Sudan's brutal leader Omar al-Bashir. But what comes next for the Sudanese people is not at all certain. This month historian Kim Searcy explains how we got to this point by looking at the long legacy of colonialism in Sudan. Colonial rule, he argues, created rifts in Sudanese society that persist to this day and that continue to shape the political dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / PORTUGAL / POLITICAL CONTEXT
    Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / PORTUGAL / POLITICAL CONTEXT Date Country Theme 1807 - 1816 Portugal Political Context First Napoleonic invasion. Prince Regent João (1767–1826, crowned in 1816) transfers the court and the seat of political power to Brazil, avoiding being deposed and replaced by a Napoleonic nominee as in other European kingdoms. In Portugal, Beresford, the British governor, intervenes in Portuguese general politics disregarding national needs. 1817 - 1821 Portugal Political Context The emergence of liberal ideas. In Porto a Provisional Ruling Council is created (1820) and pursues the rebellion against British rule that started in Lisbon. Liberal revolution breaks out in Porto (August 1820), spreads to Lisbon, beginning the radical cycle known as Vintismo. King João VI is forced to return to Portugal from Brazil in 1821. 1822 Portugal Political Context 1 October: Inspired by Cadiz Constitution members of Parliament authored the first liberal Constitution. King João VI (1767-1826) promulgated the document on 1 October 1822, in Lisbon. Royal prerogatives and the nobles and clergy privileges were limited, though with a weak impact. 1822 Portugal Political Context King João VI asks his heir Prince Pedro, Duke of Braganza (1798–1834) to remain in Brazil. Part of the court decides to stay there. Facing revolt against the anti- Brazilian policy of Portugal, Pedro proclaims the independence of Brazil on 7 September (Grito do Ipiranga). In October he is acclaimed as the first Brazilian Emperor, Pedro I. 1826 - 1832 Portugal Political Context With the death of his father, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil becomes Pedro IV of Portugal but gives up the throne to his daughter, future Queen Maria II.
    [Show full text]
  • Asimi) Qawasim Confederation Migrates to the Coast of the Arab Gulf from the Persian Littoral
    Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / POLITICAL CONTEXT Date Country Theme 1700 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context In the early 1700s, the (Al-Qasimi) Qawasim confederation migrates to the coast of the Arab Gulf from the Persian littoral. Here, they establish their main base in Julfar (later Ras al-Khaimah), soon extending their sway all along the lower Gulf, across areas of the east coast and towns on the Persian littoral. 1765 - 1800 Saudi Arabia Political Context In 1765 Imam Muhammad bin Saud establishes the First Saudi State in Arabia, starting with the Najd region, and making its capital the city of Dir‘iyya. 1782 - 1813 Tunisia Political Context During the reign of Hammuda Pasha Bey, known as the “Founder” of modern Tunisia, the Regency of Tunis enjoys a thriving economy and an overall sense of security. 1790 - 1800 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context Between around 1790 and the early 1800s, threatened by increasing British inroads into traditional Gulf economies and politics, and supported by the Persians and Omanis, the Qawasim attack British vessels to defend their economic empire in the Lower Gulf. 1797 Austria Political Context Austria and France conclude the Treaty of Campo Formio on 17 October. Austria then cedes to Belgium and Lombardy. To compensate, it gains the eastern part of the Venetian Republic up to the Adige, including Venice, Istria and Dalmatia. 1800 - 1803 Saudi Arabia Political Context Most parts of Arabia become part of the new Saudi State. In 1803, The two holy cities of Mecca (Makkah) and Medina (Madinah), along with the rest of the Hijaz region, join the Saudi State.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan, Imperialism, and the Mahdi's Holy
    bria_29_3:Layout 1 3/14/2014 6:41 PM Page 6 bria_29_3:Layout 1 3/14/2014 6:41 PM Page 7 the rebels. Enraged mobs rioted in the Believing these victories proved city and killed about 50 Europeans. that Allah had blessed the jihad, huge SUDAN, IMPERIALISM, The French withdrew their fleet, but numbers of fighters from Arab tribes the British opened fire on Alexandria swarmed to the Mahdi. They joined AND THE MAHDI’SHOLYWAR and leveled many buildings. Later in his cause of liberating Sudan and DURING THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM, EUROPEAN POWERS SCRAMBLED TO DIVIDE UP the year, Britain sent 25,000 troops to bringing Islam to the entire world. AFRICA. IN SUDAN, HOWEVER, A MUSLIM RELIGIOUS FIGURE KNOWN AS THE MAHDI Egypt and easily defeated the rebel The worried Egyptian khedive and LED A SUCCESSFUL JIHAD (HOLY WAR) THAT FOR A TIME DROVE OUT THE BRITISH Egyptian army. Britain then returned British government decided to send AND EGYPTIANS. the government to the khedive, who Charles Gordon, the former governor- In the late 1800s, many European Ali established Sudan’s colonial now was little more than a British general of Sudan, to Khartoum. His nations tried to stake out pieces of capital at Khartoum, where the White puppet. Thus began the British occu- mission was to organize the evacua- Africa to colonize. In what is known and Blue Nile rivers join to form the pation of Egypt. tion of all Egyptian soldiers and gov- as the “scramble for Africa,” coun- main Nile River, which flows north to While these dramatic events were ernment personnel from Sudan.
    [Show full text]
  • Battlefields
    Nicole C. Vosseler – Beyond the Nile Battlefields Flight of the Khalifa after the Battle of Omdurman, 1898 Robert George Talbot Kelly, ca. 1900 Just like the Crimean War, one of the historical backgrounds in Beneath the Saffron Moon and briefly mentioned in Beyond the Nile, the Mahdist Revolt has hardly left any traces in the consciousness of the Western world - except in that of the British, since Great Britain was the only European power in- volved. If the name of the Mahdi is ever mentioned, it is mostly in relation to the sec- Mohammed Ahmad, the Mahdi ond campaign of 1896-1899 – and then only referring to one lieutenant who took part in this campaign und who later on became famous by his political activities, by premier minister and last but not least by his eccentric character: Winston S. Churchill. This second campaign though was an immediate consequence of the first campaign from 1881 to 1885, the historical backdrop of the novel. Not all regiments dispatched to Egypt and Sudan were involved in every battle, and therefore the depic- tion of the revolt in the novel is guided by the perspective of the Royal Sussex, the regiment of Jeremy, Stephen, Leonard, Royston, and Simon. © Nicole C. Vosseler 1 A regiment that, after the suppression of the ‘Urabi Revolt in Egypt and before its arrival at Khartoum, took part in three battles; one of them is only sketched briefly in the novel, while the other two are an extensive part of the storyline. Battle of El-Teb: February 29th, 1884 Strictly speaking, it should be called “the second Battle of El-Teb”, since this battle occurred as revenge, on the same site where on February 4th the year before, an array of 3,500 Egyptian soldiers under General Valentine Baker was almost completely erased by Osman Digna’s men.
    [Show full text]
  • Archives Resource Guide - History Introduction
    Archives Resource Guide - History Introduction The archives holds institutional records, collections of private papers and archives of organisations in a range of formats, visual as well as written, such as letters and papers, manuscript, parchment, photograph, audio-visual and digital media and microfilms, dating from the 18th century to present day. The collections also include rare prints and artefacts dating from 16th century to 1960s. The Archives provides convenient access to a wealth of primary sources for enhancing knowledge of history and conducting original research. Located on the 2nd Floor of the Mile End Library, the Archives Reading Room provides a dedicated quiet study space for anyone wishing to view items held in the Archives. Email [email protected], telephone 020 7882 3873 or visit the website www.library.qmul.ac.uk/archives for more information. Research Topics The Archives hold many resources for studying modern history, and areas of strength are women’s history and education, Victorian history, politics, colonialism, social history, and post-war Britain. The Archives can be used to research a variety of topics including: Tudor England History of art from 16th century to early twentieth century Debt and imprisonment in early nineteenth century Britain History of the emotions, mental illness, depression, emotionalism, in nineteenth and twentieth century Philanthropy in the Victorian period East London education, culture, community in nineteenth and twentieth centuries The Nuevo Jewish cemetery in nineteenth
    [Show full text]
  • Failed Or Fragile States in International Power Politics
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2013 Failed or Fragile States in International Power Politics Nussrathullah W. Said CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/171 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Failed or Fragile States in International Power Politics Nussrathullah W. Said May 2013 Master’s Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of International Affairs at the City College of New York Advisor: Dr. Jean Krasno This thesis is dedicated to Karl Markl, an important member of my life who supported me throughout my college endeavor. Thank you Karl Markl 1 Contents Part I Chapter 1 – Introduction: Theoretical Framework………………………………1 The importance of the Issue………………………………………….6 Research Design………………………………………………………8 Methodology/Direction……………………………………………….9 Chapter 2 – Definition and Literature…………………………………………….10 Part II Chapter 3 – What is a Failed State? ......................................................................22 Chapter 4 – What Causes State Failure? ..............................................................31 Part III Chapter 5 – The Case of Somalia…………………………………………………..41 Chapter 6 – The Case of Yemen……………………………………………………50 Chapter 7 – The Case of Afghanistan……………………………………………...59 Who are the Taliban? …………………………………………….....66 Part IV Chapter 8 – Analysis………………………………………………………………79 Chapter 9 – Conclusion……………………………………………………………89 Policy Recommendations…………………………………………….93 Bibliography…………………………………………………….........95 2 Abstract The problem of failed states, countries that face chaos and anarchy within their border, is a growing challenge to the international community especially since September 11, 2001.
    [Show full text]
  • Chosen Peoples
    Chosen Peoples Christianity and Political Imagination in South Sudan CHRISTOPHER TOUNSEL Chosen Peoples Religious CultuRes of AfRiCAn And AfRiCAn diAspora ­People Series editors: Jacob K. Olupona, Harvard University Dianne M. Stewart, Emory University and Terrence L. Johnson, Georgetown University The book series examines the religious, cultural, and po liti cal expressions of African, African American, and African Ca rib bean traditions. Through transnational, cross- cultural, and multidisciplinary approaches to the study of religion, the series investigates the epistemic bound aries of continental and diasporic religious practices and thought and explores the diverse and distinct ways African- derived religions inform culture and politics. The series aims to establish a forum for imagining the centrality of Black religions in the formation of the “New World.” Chosen Peoples Chris tian ity and Po liti cal Imagination in South Sudan ChRistopheR tounsel duke univeRsity pRess ​* ​DuRhAm And london ​* ​2021 © 2021 Duke University Press This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License, available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free paper ∞ Cover designed by Drew Sisk Typeset in Portrait by Westchester Book Ser vices Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Tounsel, Christopher, [dates] author. Title: Chosen peoples : Chris tian ity and po liti cal imagination in South Sudan / Christopher Tounsel. Other titles: Religious cultures of African and African diaspora people. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2021. | Series: Religious cultures of African and African diaspora people | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers:l ccn 2020036891 (print) | lccn 2020036892 (ebook) | isbn 9781478010630 (hardcover) | isbn 9781478011767 (paperback) | isbn 9781478013105 (ebook) Subjects: lCsh: Chris tian ity and politics— South Sudan.
    [Show full text]
  • EAST INDIA CLUB ROLL of HONOUR Regiments the EAST INDIA CLUB WORLD WAR ONE: 1914–1919
    THE EAST INDIA CLUB SOME ACCOUNT OF THOSE MEMBERS OF THE CLUB & STAFF WHO LOST THEIR LIVES IN WORLD WAR ONE 1914-1919 & WORLD WAR TWO 1939-1945 THE NAMES LISTED ON THE CLUB MEMORIALS IN THE HALL DEDICATION The independent ambition of both Chairman Iain Wolsey and member David Keating to research the members and staff honoured on the Club’s memorials has resulted in this book of Remembrance. Mr Keating’s immense capacity for the necessary research along with the Chairman’s endorsement and encouragement for the project was realised through the generosity of member Nicholas and Lynne Gould. The book was received in to the Club on the occasion of a commemorative service at St James’s Church, Piccadilly in September 2014 to mark the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War. Second World War members were researched and added in 2016 along with the appendices, which highlights some of the episodes and influences that involved our members in both conflicts. In October 2016, along with over 190 other organisations representing clubs, livery companies and the military, the club contributed a flagstone of our crest to the gardens of remembrance at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire. First published in 2014 by the East India Club. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing, from the East India Club.
    [Show full text]
  • A Timeline of Anglo-Portuguese Relations (From the 12Th Century to Date)
    A Timeline of Anglo-Portuguese relations (from the 12th Century to date) With grateful thanks to Dr. Paulo Lowndes Marques O.B.E. (1941-2010), who produced this research in the last year of his life. He was a longstanding Chairman of The British Historical Society of Portugal for 25 years. English Crusaders who had embarked at Dartmouth on their way to what was later known as the 2nd Crusade, were persuaded by the Bishop of Oporto to help the young 1147 Portuguese King D. Afonso Henriques in the conquest of Lisbon from the Moors. The only extensive account of the siege and conquest is a letter by an English priest, Fr. Osbern. The first bishop of Lisbon was Gilbert of Hastings. The Basilica of Mártires in the Chiado area of Lisbon is dedicated to the English Crusaders who fell during the siege. The 1147 English Sarum rite for the liturgy of the Mass was introduced, which continued until 1536. Gilbert of Hastings died in 1166. He was buried in the Cathedral, but his tomb is now lost. English Crusaders joined in the siege of Silves and fought 1189 "with the utmost ferocity". 1217 English Crusaders helped with the conquest of Alcácer do Sal. 15 The Treaty of Tagilde, signed near Braga, between D. 1372 Fernando of Portugal and Edward III, regarding the latter’s son, John of Gaunt, ambitions to become King of Castille. A Treaty between Portugal and England was signed in St. Paul’s Cathedral by D. Fernando, last of the Burgundy dynasty, King of Portugal, and Edward III, King of England.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline / 1880 to 1920 / PORTUGAL
    Timeline / 1880 to 1920 / PORTUGAL Date Country Theme 1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past Celebration of the third centenary of the death of Luís de Camões. His poetry is considered the epitome of Portuguese literature both for The Lusiads, the epic national poem in which Vasco da Gama tells the history of Portugal to the Samorim (king) of Calcutta upon his arrival in India in 1498, and for his love sonnets. 1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past The 11th International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology is held in Lisbon. This important conference gives international recognition to the dynamism that Portuguese archaeology has demonstrated since 1850. 1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past The remains of the poet Luís de Camões and the explorer Vasco da Gama are moved to the Jerónimos Monastery. Vasco da Gama and Luís de Camões (north and south side respectively), the two main representatives of the 16th-century The Lusiads epic poem, are honored and rest beside members of the Avis dynasty buried in Jerónimos. 1880 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Publication of the novella O Mandarim (The Mandarin) by Eça de Queirós (Queiroz) (1845–1900). 1880 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces 3 October: Barbadinhos steam pumping station is inaugurated. The water from the Alviela Canal starts to be pumped thus increasing the water supply to Lisbon. 1881 Portugal Travelling With a thorough knowledge of the African hinterland, António da Silva Porto appeals to the Sociedade de Geografia to sponsor a plan for the scientific and commercial exploitation of Africa. The remote hinterland was about to be discovered by explorers and Africa’s boundaries defined by the colonial powers.
    [Show full text]
  • Lincolnshire Remembrance User Guide for Submitting Information
    How to… submit a war memorial record to 'Lincs to the Past' Lincolnshire Remembrance A guide to filling in the 'submit a memorial' form on Lincs to the Past Submit a memorial Please note, a * next to a box denotes that it needs to be completed in order for the form to be submitted. If you have any difficulties with the form, or have any questions about what to include that aren't answered in this guide please do contact the Lincolnshire Remembrance team on 01522 554959 or [email protected] Add a memorial to the map You can add a memorial to the map by clicking on it. Firstly you need to find its location by using the grab tool to move around the map, and the zoom in and out buttons. If you find that you have added it to the wrong area of the map you can move it by clicking again in the correct location. Memorial name * This information is needed to help us identify the memorial which is being recorded. Including a few words identifying what the memorial is, what it commemorates and a placename would be helpful. For example, 'Roll of Honour for the Men of Grasby WWI, All Saints church, Grasby'. Address * If a full address, including post code, is available, please enter it here. It should have a minimum of a street name: it needs to be enough information to help us identify approximately where a memorial is located, but you don’t need to include the full address. For example, you don’t need to tell us the County (as we know it will be Lincolnshire, North Lincolnshire or North East Lincolnshire), and you don’t need to tell us the village, town or parish because they can be included in the boxes below.
    [Show full text]