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Timeline / 1880 to 1920 /

Date Country Theme

1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past

Celebration of the third centenary of the death of Luís de Camões. His poetry is considered the epitome of both for The Lusiads, the epic national poem in which tells the to the Samorim (king) of Calcutta upon his arrival in in 1498, and for his love sonnets.

1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past

The 11th International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology is held in . This important conference gives international recognition to the dynamism that Portuguese archaeology has demonstrated since 1850.

1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past

The remains of the poet Luís de Camões and the explorer Vasco da Gama are moved to the Jerónimos Monastery. Vasco da Gama and Luís de Camões (north and south side respectively), the two main representatives of the 16th-century The Lusiads epic poem, are honored and rest beside members of the Avis dynasty buried in Jerónimos.

1880 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

Publication of the novella O Mandarim (The Mandarin) by Eça de Queirós (Queiroz) (1845–1900).

1880 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces

3 October: Barbadinhos steam pumping station is inaugurated. The water from the Alviela Canal starts to be pumped thus increasing the to Lisbon.

1881 Portugal Travelling

With a thorough knowledge of the African hinterland, António da Silva appeals to the Sociedade de Geografia to sponsor a plan for the scientific and commercial exploitation of . The remote hinterland was about to be discovered by explorers and Africa’s boundaries defined by the colonial powers.

1881 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

Publication of Portugal Contemporâneo, by Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira Martins (1845–94). Detailed analysis of the events between 1826 and 1868, it is considered the most clear-sighted study of Portugal in the 19th century. The author makes a general criticism of Portuguese liberalism, presented as a historical account.

1882 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

White Houses of Capri by naturalist painter António Carvalho da Silva Porto (1850– 93) represents the new interest in travelling and other cultures. Date Country Theme

1882 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

The concession for telephone lines is signed and they are first installed in Lisbon and Porto. The first telephone list of Lisbon is published with 22 numbers located around 1.5 km from the telephone exchange. Public telephone cabins were installed and opened from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. though always available to firemen, police and doctors.

1882 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes

Inauguration of the first public kindergarten in Lisbon and Porto by followers of the Froebel method. The pupils, aged from 3 to 7 years, are divided into four age groups, each with a classroom; the plan includes a games room, toilets, offices and a refectory. The method respected the learning rhythm of the children and created didactic tools.

1883 Portugal Travelling

A Commission of is created to prepare an atlas of all Portuguese colonies and map three expeditions to Africa. The first expedition (1884–85), undertaken by and , starts in Moçâmedes in (in present-day Namibia) aiming to reach to the east coast. The expedition members would face risks from hunger, cold, harsh nature, the wildlife and the tsetse fly.

1884 - 1885 Portugal Political Context

Berlin Conference called by Portugal to regulate European colonisation and convened by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. The Portuguese government presents the "”, a project uniting the colonies of Angola and through the corridor of land that separates them. The proposal is rejected by although endorsed by the majority of countries.

1884 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

Estacio Pharmacy in Porto founded in 1883 starts to produce the first pills for medication. The preparation of manipulated medicines in the apothecaries of the Catholic monasteries and convents (Boticas de Convento) is replaced by the production of medicines by laboratory pharmacies.

1884 - 1888 Portugal Travelling

The Muatiânvua Expedition to Angolan’s Lunda territory led by Major Henrique de Carvalho provides exceptional scientific data on meteorology, zoology, ethnography and linguistics and photographic records. This second great expedition aims to counter the diversion of trade from Malanje to Zaire implemented by other colonial countries.

1885 - 1887 Portugal Travelling

The third great expedition, undertaken by Serpa Pinto and Augusto Cardoso, aims to establish a trade corridor between the eastern region of lakes, and the coast of Mozambique. Major Serpa Pinto fell ill and was replaced by Augusto Cardoso who Date Country Theme reached after a journey of 2,500 km lasting 20 months, during which some agreements were signed with African chiefs.

1885 Portugal International Exhibitions

“Exposition Universelle”, . Sponsored by the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa and Banco Nacional Ultramarino, the Portuguese Pavilion reflects a strong Islamic influence.

1885 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

O Grupo Do Leão painted by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro is a landmark in 19th- century painting both for its quality and for its subject matter. The depicted group of artists in the Leão beer house were linked to the Portuguese Naturalist and Realist painting movement. This work became famous and marked the beginning of a period of great artistic activity.

1885 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

The birth of Guilhermina Suggia (d. 1950). This great Portuguese cellist was a pupil of Pablo Casals, with whom she lived for some years. The two were considered the world’s greatest cellists. She played as a soloist with prestigious orchestras. She devoted the last years of her life to teaching but continued to give concerts.

1885 Portugal Travelling

20 September: After their return to Lisbon a triumphal reception was offered to Capelo and Ivens by several Portuguese associations. During the solemn session organised by the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa (SGL) at the Teatro Real de S. Carlos, following their lectures, the explorers receive the SGL medal from King Luís I.

1885 Portugal Travelling

21 June: the expedition of Roberto Ivens and Hermenegildo Capelo reaches Quelimane, Mozambique, after 14 months. Throughout their 8,300 km expedition across the African hinterland, Ivens wrote and drew sketches and maps, while Capelo collected specimens of plants, rocks and animals. The constant desertions and sickness and death of the bearers increased the danger and uncertainty.

1886 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

Opening of D. Luís I road bridge over the River in Porto. At the time this iconic bridge held the record for the longest iron in the world (180 m.) It was a huge advance for the urban traffic network since it allowed a road connection between Porto and over the Douro.

1886 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces

Completion of the construction of Avenida da Liberdade in Lisbon. Engineer Frederico Ressano Garcia (1847–1911) followed Joseph Pezarat’s plans. Inspired by Haussmann’s Parisian boulevards, Avenida da Liberdade is testimony to the economic boom of the Fontismo period, with new residential areas built for investment and profit. Date Country Theme

1886 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

Augusto Hilário (1864–96), the quintessential fado singer of , enrols at the of Coimbra and became a symbol of “Coimbra Serenade”. "Fado Hilário" is his best known work as a composer and writer.

1887 Portugal Travelling

The Naval is founded for teaching and research on Portuguese tropical medicine. Its purpose is to provide access to tropical medicine for general medical students and as a specialty for naval doctors. The Academy had a small laboratory for some diagnostic tests.

1887 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

Publication of A Relíquia (The Relic) by Eça de Queirós. The novel criticises the hypocrisy of the Portuguese society.

1888 Portugal Travelling

The neo-Manueline Palace of Bussaco, modelled on the Manueline Belém Tower of Lisbon is commissioned by King Carlos I as a royal retreat. It combines the architectural fashion of castle (German Burgenromantik) with the neo- Manueline gothic style that evokes the .

1888 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

Publication of Os Maias by Eça de Queirós. A mature romance and perhaps his best known. Focused on the saga of the Maia family through three generations, it debates the issue of the country’s destiny, in the context of the Constitutionalist ennobled bourgeoisie, whose good intentions end up capsizing.

1888 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

Birth of (d. 1935) is the classic author of Portuguese modernism. His books are published under different names, which he called heteronyms (not pseudonyms), each one corresponding to a cycle of experimental attitudes, which unfold in contradictions.

1888 Portugal International Exhibitions

Portuguese Industrial Exhibition in Avenida da Liberdade in Lisbon.

1889 Portugal Political Context

10 October: Coronation of King Carlos I (28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908) Despite the King’s attempt to reform the political system, the growing urban influence of the Republican Party and the people´s discontent were fostered by cash payments made to the Royal House.

1889 Portugal International Exhibitions Date Country Theme

At the “Exposition Universelle” Bordalo Pinheiro’s (1846–1905) famous ceramics decorating the interior of the Portuguese Pavilion are a main attraction for the cosmopolitan visitor.

1890 - 1908 Portugal Political Context

The British Ultimatum (11 January 1890) pressures Portugal to withdraw from southern Africa resulting in popular outrage and unrest. The bankruptcy of 1892, anti-monarchic sentiment against King Carlos I, the cost of living and unfulfilled popular needs are major drivers of the Republican movement.

1890 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces

The railway station of Rossio (Lisbon) designed by the Portuguese architect José Luís Monteiro, begun in 1886 and inaugurated on 23 November of 1890. Located in the historical centre, the Rossio station follows the neo-Manueline architectural style and is an important building of the 19th-century late Romantic style.

1891 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes

October: Domitilia de Carvalho is the first woman to study at the . She is obliged to wear black, sober costumes and a discreet hat to go unnoticed among her male colleagues. A brilliant student she graduated in mathematics (1894), philosophy (1895) and medicine (1904).

1892 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces

18 August: Praça de Touros do Campo Pequeno (Campo Pequeno ) opens its doors with a gala show. Built in an area assigned to the Casa Pia (educational establishment for children in need) by the city of Lisbon in 1889 the bullring was designed by the architect António José Dias da Silva (1848–1912) and inspired by 's bullring.

1892 Portugal And Trade

13 June: bankruptcy is declared in Portugal causing tremendous popular outrage. The deficit in the public finances, the dependence on foreign funding and incipient industrialisation are contributing factors to this crisis.

1893 Portugal Rediscovering The Past

Creation of the Portuguese Ethnological Museum, which in 1906 opened its doors to the public at the Jerónimos Monastery in the Belém area of Lisbon. The museum is currently designated the National Museum of Archaeology.

1895 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

The first car in Portugal, a Panhard et Levassor, is personally imported from Paris by the fourth of Avilez. The Lisbon Customs did not know how to tax this awkward item. Was it a farm machine or a locomotive? They chose the second option. Count Jorge Avilez drove from Lisbon to his farm in Santiago do Cacém at 15 km an hour. Date Country Theme

1896 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

First X-ray made in Portugal by Henrique Teixeira Bastos, Professor of Physics at Coimbra University. In 1895 Roentgen had discovered X-rays and the news was published in Portugal in the newspaper Novidades in January 1896. This first X-ray of the right hand of a boy with bone tuberculosis was made one week after.

1898 Portugal Economy And Trade

Industrialist Alfredo da Silva refounds CUF (Companhia União Fabril), in Barreiro in the beginning of the 20th century. CUF produced soap, candles and vegetable oils, later becoming a leader of the fertilizer and other chemical products sector. Da Silva gave residential quarters and free education to all his employees nationwide.

1898 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

The teaching of astronomy as an individual science starts, taking advantage of the astronomy teaching experience acquired since 1837 at the Lisbon School. This school was meant to provide training for cartography surveys and military preparation.

1900 Portugal International Exhibitions

At the Paris “Exposition Universelle et Internationale”, the Portuguese pavilion is called “Portugal and Portuguese Overseas Colonies”. Inside, on the ground floor, are two main exhibitions: one on the works of João Vaz (1859–1931) painter of harbours and fishing scenes, the other on natural forest products such as .

1900 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

By this year Portugal has 8,345 km of telegraphic lines and 443 telegraphic stations. The telegraph is an urban phenomenon hand in hand with city development. Due to the demand for telegraphic operators, several schools were created. Submarine cables assured the telegraphic service between Portugal and the , the United States of America, and Africa.

1901 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

The Sociedade Promotora de Belas Artes (1861) and the Grémio Artístico (1890) created by the Grupo do Leão (1880) merge into the National Society of Fine Arts (SNBA) headed by Malhoa Columbano and António Ramalho. In Porto, the Centro Artístico Portuense (CAP) (founded in 1870) did not survive the death of the painter Silva Porto in 1903.

1901 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

Posthumous publication of the Livro de Cesário Verde, a compilation of the poetry of Cesário Verde (1855–86) by his friend, Silva Pinto, author of the Preface. An original poet who described a world previously unknown to poetry, Cesário Verde completely modernised the traditional style of the Portuguese lyricism.

1901 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces Date Country Theme

31 August: Inauguration of the first electric tram route in Lisbon, connecting Cais do Sodré to Ribamar (Algés). The more efficient electric tramway, with tracks, overhead power lines and the construction of Santos Central Power Station, replaces the popular “Americanos” horse-drawn trams of Lisbon.

1902 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces

Opening of , an iconic example of iron . Planned since 1874, it was designed to bridge the 25 metre gap in height between Ouro and Carmo streets, thus making pedestrian traffic between Lisbon’s hills easier. The inauguration of the gangway by King Carlos I is held on 10 July.

1902 Portugal Travelling

Inauguration of the Escola de Medicina Tropical de Lisboa (Lisbon Academy of Tropical Medicine), founded like its European counterparts to provide specialised training, spread knowledge and undertake field research. One of its main subjects was sleeping sickness for whose treatment the Academy undertook five field missions (1904–11) to São Tomé and Mozambique.

1904 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces

Avenida Ressano Garcia, a main residential area and development axis opens in the north of Lisbon as part of the “Avenidas Novas” plan. Part of a later phase of the Lisbon Improvements Plan, led by Frederico Ressano Garcia, it also included sanitation improvement. Today the street is known as Avenida da República.

1906 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes

Opening of the Lyceu Maria Pia, Lisbon, the first secondary school for girls. Though planned since 1887, female access to secondary education faced lengthy resistance from Parliament. In 1888 the government was authorised to set up girls’ secondary schools run by district, municipal and charitable entities in Lisbon, Porto and Coimbra.

1907 - 1920 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces

In Aveiro, buildings are associated with a local middle class looking for cultural and social status. Some are “brasileiros”, coming back from to their homeland, and investors in trade and industrial businesses, thus contributing to local economic development. The art nouveau of Aveiro is inspired by French patterns.

1908 Portugal Political Context

1 February: The assassination of King Carlos I and his heir-apparent Prince Royal Luis Filipe in Terreiro do Paço in central Lisbon, fomented by, among other things, the King’s appointment of João Franco as head of government in 1906; with the King’s consent he set up a dictatorship one year later. Queen Amelia and Prince Manuel escape and the prince is enthroned as King Manuel II.

1910 Portugal Political Context Date Country Theme

The Republic is proclaimed in Lisbon on 5 October. King Manuel II is forced to exile in England together with his mother Queen Amelia who ends up in her homeland . A Provisional Government is set up, headed by Teófilo , a well- known respected jurist and writer. The new cabinet ruled until the first republican Constitution was enacted.

1911 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes

28 May: Carolina Beatriz Angelo (1878–1911), a gynaecologist, succeeds in voting in the 1911 elections. Challenged at the poll because she is a woman and therefore ineligible to vote, she insists, replying that she is “a doctor, over 21 and head of a family” and therefore she fulfils all the conditions required to vote. The electoral law is revised soon after this event.

1911 Portugal Political Context

April: First Republican Constitution enacted. is elected as the first President. It is believed that the Republic will address the economic crisis and promote progress. Though bringing together political forces, the regime is too vague to achieve the necessary economic and social reforms and soon ends up in political fragmentation and infighting.

1911 Portugal Travelling

12–20 May: The 4th International Congress of Tourism is held in Lisbon organised in collaboration with the Sociedade de Propaganda (founded 1906). Before the end of the meeting (18 May), the provisional government of the newly proclaimed Portuguese Republic (5 October 1910) creates a Bureau of Tourism at the Ministério do Fomento (Ministry of Development).

1911 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

The painters Dórdio Gomes (1890–1976) and Guilherme de Santa Rita (1889– 1918) introduce modernism in Portugal. Largely unaccepted by the critics, as was happening in other European countries, the main focus of the modernists was to fight against the conservatism of techniques and themes still cherished by Portuguese art consumers.

1912 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

A reaction to academic teaching of the National Society of Fine Arts (SNBA) emerges in 1911 with the first free exhibition of young modernist painters. This is highlighted in the first Exhibition of the Humoristas of 1912, which includes painters Cristiano Cruz, Almada Negreiros, Eduardo Viana, Stuart de Carvalhais, José Pacheko and Emmerico Nunes and sculptor Diogo de Macedo.

1912 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

The first Portuguese experimental psychology laboratory is created in the new Faculty of Humanities of the University of Coimbra by Professor Joaquim Augusto Alves dos Santos (1866–1924). The laboratory enabled the development of research on knowledge and memory and had a major impact on pedagogy and republican didactics. Date Country Theme

1913 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

February–March: Amadeo Sousa Cardoso, at the invitation of Walter Pach (1883– 1958), exhibits eight works at the Armory Show (1st Show of European Art, USA) in New York, Chicago and Boston. The Chicago art collector Arthur J. Eddy acquires three paintings by Cardoso and promotes his work in his book Cubists and Post-Impressionism book, emphasising his colour techniques.

1913 - 1914 Portugal Political Context

Afonso Costa is appointed Prime Minister. Republican achievements fall short of people’s expectations, fuelling the resistance of monarchists, capitalists and landlords. Inflation, public debt, trade deficit, strikes, the rise of anarcho- syndicalism, middle-class disillusion, and fear of communism will invite the establishment of the 1915 military dictatorship.

1914 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

With the outbreak of , the modernist movement thrives in Portugal with the return from France of a group of avant-garde artists including the painters Manuel Bentes (1885–1961), Eduardo Viana (1881–1967), José Pacheko (1885– 1934) and Amadeo de Souza Cardoso, and the sculptors Diogo de Macedo (1889– 1959), and Francisco Franco (1885–1955).

1915 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

In the 1910s several modernist painters such as Eduardo Viana rejected the current teaching of academic naturalism, still deeply rooted in the national taste. Their focus was the cubism, futurism and Dada movements in Paris, but also the Orphism of French painters Sonia and Robert Delaunay, living in Portugal in 1915– 16.

1915 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

Publication of the only two issues of Orpheu magazine, thanks to the contribution of the most gifted figures of the modernist group. Without anything specifically programmatic, the magazine shows an iconoclastic irreverence, seeking notoriety by scandalising those holding traditional attitudes and customs.

1916 Portugal Political Context

Germany declares war on Portugal. Portugal enters World War I, complying with international commitments in and defending the Portuguese strategic possessions in Africa, mainly Angola and Mozambique. The fought on the western European Front and in the south of Angola (border with Namibia) and the north of Mozambique (Nevala).

1920 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

Although it reproduces a traditional technique, the use of (ceramic tilework) meets the need for modernisation of shops and public buildings in main cities throughout Portugal at the beginning of the 20th century.