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JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY ISSUE NINETY-NINE, 4TH QUARTER 2020 Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol

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Issue 99, 4th Quarter 2020 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Social Media Weaponization A Brief History of the ISSUE NINETY-NINE, 4 ISSUE NINETY-NINE, Insurrection Act 2020 Essay Competition Winners TH QUARTER 2020 Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 99, 4th Quarter 2020 https://ndupress.ndu.edu GEN Mark A. Milley, USA, Publisher VADM Frederick J. Roegge, USN, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Senior Editor and Director of Art John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Copyeditor Andrea L. Connell Associate Editors Jack Godwin, Ph.D. Brian R. Shaw, Ph.D. Book Review Editor Brett Swaney Creative Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Publishing Office Advisory Committee BrigGen Jay M. Bargeron, USMC/Marine Corps War College; RDML Shoshana S. Chatfield, USN/U.S. Naval War College; BG Joy L. Curriera, USA/Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; Col Lee G. Gentile, Jr., USAF/ Air Command and Staff College; Col Thomas J. Gordon, USMC/ Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Ambassador John Hoover/College of International Security Affairs; Cassandra C. Lewis, Ph.D./College of Information and Cyberspace; LTG Michael D. Lundy, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; MG Stephen J. Maranian, USA/U.S. Army War College; VADM Stuart B. Munsch, USN/The Joint Staff; LTG Andrew P. Poppas, USA/The Joint Staff; RDML Cedric E. Pringle, USN/ National War College; Brig Gen Michael T. Rawls, USAF/Air War College; MajGen W.H. Seely III/Joint Forces Staff College Editorial Board Richard K. Betts/Columbia University; Eliot A. Cohen/The Johns Hopkins University; Richard L. DiNardo/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Aaron L. Friedberg/Princeton University; Bryon Greenwald/Joint Forces Staff College; COL James E. Hayes, USA/National War College; Douglas N. Hime/Naval War College; Col Jerome M. Lynes, USMC (Ret.)/The Joint Staff; Kathleen Mahoney-Norris/Air Command and Staff College; Bert B. Tussing/U.S. Army War College Cover 2 images (top to bottom): Lance Corporal Joshua Anderson, rifleman with 3rd Battalion, 4th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division, relays commands to his fire team while conducting offensive operations during Supersquad 2020 Competition at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, August 20, 2020 (U.S. Marine Corps/Kyle C. Talbot); Explosive Ordnance Disposal 2nd Class Travis Lamson and his team, assigned to Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Unit 2, conduct gear check while on standby in SH-60F Sea Hawk helicopter assigned to Nightdippers of Helicopter Anti- Submarine Squadron 5, September 8, 2012 (U.S. Navy/Ryan D. McLearnon); Sailor in firefight ensemble after combating fire aboard amphibious assault ship USS Bonhomme Richard, moored pier side at Naval Base San Diego, July 15, 2020 (U.S. Navy/Julio Rivera) About the Cover In This Issue Private First Class Courtney Gibson, assigned to 554th Military Police Company, provides security from Forum Humvee gunner’s turret during 2 Executive Summary training exercise in Boeblingen, Germany, February 10, 2015 (U.S. 4 Social Media Weaponization: Army/Martin Greeson) The Biohazard of Russian Disinformation Campaigns By Sarah Jacobs Gamberini 14 Recruiting Cyber Specialists: Why the Services Must Modernize Qualification Standards By Jesse P. Samluk, Mark A. Boeke, and Marcus A. Neal Joint Force Quarterly is published by the National Features Defense University Press for the Chairman of the 22 Space Operations: Lines, Zones, 95 The Importance of Joint Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman’s flagship joint military and security studies journal designed to Options, and Dilemmas Concepts for the Planner inform members of the U.S. Armed Forces, allies, and By Jerry V. Drew By James L. Cook other partners on joint and integrated operations; national security policy and strategy; efforts to combat st terrorism; homeland security; and developments in 31 The Strategic Potential of 101 Mobilization in the 21 Century: training and joint professional military education to Collected Exploitable Material Asking the Right Question transform America’s military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow’s challenges better while protecting By Matthew C. Gaetke By Michael R. Fenzel with Leslie freedom today. All published articles have been vetted Slootmaker and R. Kim Cragin through a peer-review process and cleared by the 111 A Globally Integrated U.S. Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review. Coast Guard on a World Stage NDU Press is the National Defense University’s Essay Competitions By Michael N. St. Jeanos cross-component, professional military and academic 40 Competition Is What publishing house. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations States Make of It: A U.S. 116 Differentiating Kinetic and expressed or implied within are those of the Strategy Toward China Cyber Weapons to Improve contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views Integrated Combat of the Department of Defense or any other agency of By Kaleb J. Redden the Federal Government. By Josiah Dykstra, Chris Inglis, Copyright Notice 57 Pardon the Paradox: Making and Thomas S. Walcott This is the official U.S. Department of Defense edition Sense of President Trump’s of Joint Force Quarterly. Any copyrighted portions Interventions in Military Justice of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted Recall without permission of the copyright proprietors. JFQ By Jeremy McKissack should be acknowledged whenever material is quoted 124 Calling Forth the Military: A Brief from or based on its content. 71 Artificial Intelligence: A History of the Insurrection Act Submissions and Communications By Michael R. Rouland and JFQ welcomes submission of scholarly, independent Decisionmaking Technology research from members of the Armed Forces, Christian E. Fearer By Mark M. Zais security policymakers and shapers, defense analysts, academic specialists, and civilians from the United 135 More Afraid of Your Friends Than States and abroad. Submit articles for consideration to ScholarOne, available at https://mc04. Commentary the Enemy: Coalition Dynamics manuscriptcentral.com/ndupress, or write to: 74 Decision Superiority in the Korean War, 1950–1951 Editor, Joint Force Quarterly Through Joint All Domain By Fideleon O. Damian NDU Press 300 Fifth Avenue (Building 62, Suite 212) Command and Control Fort Lesley J. McNair By Terrence J. O’Shaughnessy Book Reviews Washington, DC 20319 Telephone: (202) 685-4220/DSN 325 81 Rightsizing Our 144 Shadows on the Wall Email: [email protected] Understanding of Religion Reviewed by John Mark Mattox JFQ online: ndupress.ndu.edu/jfq th By Wayne A. Macrae 4 Quarter, October 2020 145 Divided Armies ISSN 1070-0692 88 Success on Purpose: A Reviewed by Larry D. Miller Message for Leaders of 146 Command Military Organizations Reviewed by Allan R. Millett By Russell Steven Williford and Wendi Peck President Lyndon B. Johnson hands pen to Senator Robert F. Kennedy during signing ceremony for Voting Rights Act, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC, August 6, 1965 (White House Photo Office/LBJ Library/Robert Knudsen) Executive Summary n an address in Cape Town, South the individual Services would likely find campaigns (yes, they do exist) through the Africa, on June 6, 1966, Senator themselves in even more interesting times. medium of social media and their impact I Robert F. Kennedy stated, “There is a The early battles over aerial bombing of on public health. Still much a concern Chinese curse which says, ‘May he live naval ships, the “Revolt of the Admirals,” related to our battles in cyberspace, Jesse in interesting times.’ Like it or not, we dividing up airpower in Vietnam, the Samluk, Mark Boeke, and Marcus Neal live in interesting times. They are times Mayaguez incident, Operation Desert provide a solid set of criteria for updating of danger and uncertainty; but they are One, Grenada, and more all point to how the Services might recruit future cyber also the most creative of any time in the the need for more jointness, not less. warriors. While no one would question history of mankind.” As it turns out, We have learned that we can accomplish the strategic importance of space, Jerry we ourselves are living in interesting more when we work together to secure Drew helps us explore the operational and times: from the worldwide COVID-19 the Nation, especially when readiness tactical issues all of us need to understand pandemic to racial strife, wildfires to is low and resources are overstretched. as we consider space operations and the record numbers of hurricanes, contested “Teamwork makes the dream work,” my potential for warfighting in space. Back politics to economic crises, and more. wife often says. How could it be otherwise? here on Earth, Michael Fenzel, assisted by But when we take a hard look and do Sometimes we need to be reminded of Leslie Slootmaker and Kim Cragin, discuss some digging, we find that while we as how much we rely on each other. Often lessons learned on how to develop strategic individuals may not have been in such cir- it is as simple as rereading our nation’s insights from exploitable material collected cumstances, others have and found ways foundational documents and trying to from the battlefield. to “soldier on.” Otherwise, the human understand what they mean and how we Successful virtual Secretary of Defense race would have long ago ceased to exist. should best defend what they stand for. and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs essay This indomitable spirit is exactly what Our Forum presents four important competitions were held earlier this year, jointness does for the American military: it articles that take us from the battlefield and NDU Press proudly presents the provides the ways and means to continue in a traditional sense to the far reaches winners of some very close contests. to survive and provide, collectively, for the of the newest domain of cyber.
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