SSISC's Guide to Identification & Management

Sea to Sky Corridor Invasive Plants A Guide to Identification & Management

March 2012 Adapted from Jeff Hallworth & Ernie Sellentin, MFR – Range Branch

It is recommended that this document be used in conjunction with the following:

Books: “Plants of Coastal British Columbia” (1994, Pojar & MacKinnon, BC Forest Service) “Plants of Southern Interior BC & the Inland Northwest” (1996, Parish, Coupe & Lloyd) “Weeds of the West” (2006, 9th edition, Western Society of Weed Science) “Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest” (2006, Timber Press Field Guide) “Northwest Weeds” (1990, Taylor)

Websites: UBC’s Electronic Atlas of Plants – http://www.eflora.bc.ca Invasive Plants of South Western British Columbia – http://www.shim.bc.ca/atlases/invasivespecies/Title.htm Weeds BC – http://www.weedsbc.ca/browse.html University of California Plant Photo Database – http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/

Acronyms: Provincially legislated species under: WCA - Weed Control Act - Weed Control Regulation FRPA - Forest & Range Practices Act - Invasive Plant Regulation PPNW – Proposed Prohibited Noxious Weed (2012) CC - Community Charter - Environment & Wildlife Regulation

Map symbol: Refers to two letter code used by Invasive Alien Plant Program database on publicly accessible maps. To view maps for all of BC go to: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hra/plants/application.htm and click on: Go to the Map Display module

Priority Definitions: 1. Prevent: species not here yet and any sightings will be treated immediately 2. Eradicate: species is here in small amounts and eradication is the goal 3. Contain: species not in entire region, contain to currently infested areas 4. Strategic Control: species widespread, control measures taken in high priority areas

For more information contact the Sea to Sky Invasive Species council 604-698-8334  [email protected]  www.ssisc.info TABLE OF CONTENTS BY GROUPINGS

Pages: 4-7 Thistles: bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare); Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense); annual sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus); perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis); milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

Pages: 8-9 Very large leaves: giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum); Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica)

Pages: 10-11 Toadflaxes: dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica); yellow (common) toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)

Pages: 12-13 Knapweeds: diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa); spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii); batchelors buttons/cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)

Pages: 14-17 Prickly thickets: cutleaf blackberry (Rubus laciniatus); Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor); Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius)

Pages: 18-19 Daisies: oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare); scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata)

Pages: 20-23 Riparian species: Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera); small touch-me-not (Impatiens parviflora); yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus); purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria); butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii)

Pages: 24-25 Hitch hikers: common Burdock (Arctium minus); teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)

Pages: 26-29 Shade tolerant, under story plants: English ivy & varieties (Hedera helix & var); English holly (Ilex aquifolium); purple dead nettle (Lamium purpureum); yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon); bugle- weed (Ajuga reptans); spurge laurel (Daphne laureola); garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata); periwinkle (Vinca minor & V. major)

Pages: 30-35 White flowered: wild chervil (Anthriscus sylvestris); burr chervil (Anthriscus caucalis); poison hemlock (Conium maculatum); Queen Anne’s lace/wild carrot (Daucus carota); hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana); old man’s beard/travellers joy (Clematis vitalba); field bindweed/morning glory (Convolvulus arvensis); lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album); cherry/English laurel (Prunus laurocerasus)

Pages: 36-39 Miscellaneous: blueweed (Echium vulgare); common bugloss (Anchusa officinalis); lady’s thumb/smartweed (Persicaria); absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium); chicory (Cichorium intybus); common crupina (Crupina vulgaris); foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

Pages: 40-46 Yellow / orange flowers: common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare); tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea); leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula); cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias); orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum); yellow invasive hawkweeds (Hieracium sp.); mullein (Verbascum thapsus); yellow salsify/western goat’s beard (Tragopogon dubius); prickly lettuce(Lactuca serriola)

TABLE OF CONTENTS BY SPECIES

Page Scientific Name Common Name Page Scientific Name Common Name

bugle-weed; common bugle 26 Ajuga reptans 8 Fallopia japonica Japanese knotweed

Hedera helix + Helix 27 Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard 26 English ivy & varieties varieties 36 Anchusa officinalis common bugloss 8 Heracleum mantegazzianum giant hogweed

30 Anthriscus caucalis burr chervil 41 Hieracium aurantiacum orange hawkweed

30 Anthriscus sylvestris wild chervil 41 Hieracium spp. invasive yellow hawkweeds

24 Arctium minus common burdock 26 Ilex aquifolium English holly

policeman's helmet; 37 Artemisia absinthium wormwood 20 Impatiens glandulifera Himalayan balsam 31 Berteroa incana hoary alyssum 20 Impatiens parviflora smallflower touch-me-not 21 Buddleja davidii butterfly bush 20 Iris pseudacorus yellow flag iris

cornflower; bachelors 12 Centaurea cyanus 42 Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce buttons yellow lamium, yellow 12 Centaurea biebersteinii spotted knapweed 26 Lamium galeobdolon archangel 12 Centaurea diffusa diffuse knapweed 26 Lamium purpureum purple dead-nettle

31 Chenopodium album lamb’s-quarters 18 Leucanthemum vulgare oxeye daisy

Chrysanthemum 18 oxeye daisy 10 Linaria dalmatica dalmatian Toadflax leucanthemem 37 Cichorium intybus chicory 10 Linaria vulgaris yellow/common toadflax

4 Cirsium arvense Canada thistle 21 Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife

Cirsium vulgare bull thistle 18 Matricaria perforata scentless chamomile 4 31 Clematis vitalba wild clematis; traveller's joy 36 Persicaria maculosa lady’s-thumb

30 Conium maculatum poison hemlock 31 Prunus laurocerasus cherry-laurel

invasive morning glory; 31 Convolvulus spp. 14 Rubus armeniacus Himalayan blackberry bindweed cutleaf evergreen 14 Crataegus monogyna English hawthorn 14 Rubus laciniatus blackberry 37 Crupina vulgaris common crupina 40 Senecio jacobaea tansy ragwort

15 Cytisus scoparius Scotch broom 4 Silybum marianum milk thistle

27 Daphne laureola daphne laurel, spurge laurel 5 Sonchus arvensis perennial sow thistle

wild carrot; Queen Anne’s 30 Daucus carota 5 Sonchus oleraceus annual sow thistle lace 37 Digitalis purpurea foxglove 40 Tanacetum vulgare common tansy

yellow salsify; western 24 Dipsacus fullonum teasel 42 Tragopogon dubius goat's-beard 36 Echium vulgare blueweed 15 Ulex europaeus gorse

40 Euphorbia cyparissias cypress spurge 42 Verbascum thapsus great mullein

40 Euphorbia esula leafy spurge 27 Vinca minor & major periwinkle

Thistles

Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) Much smaller flower head than bull thistle

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

Thistles

Perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis) Annual sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)

Perennial sow thistle has weak marginal Annual sow thistle has sharp angles on basal lobes prickles on leaves and rounded lobes

*Tap root found on annual sow thistle only, also has smaller flowers than perennial sow thistle. *

* Sow thistles have milky latex; true thistles do not

Grouping: “Thistles” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Features Impacts Control Strategies Map Symbol  dull, prickly, “silvery-green” upper  limits livestock migration  biological - A seed weevil (Larinus planus) has Bull thistle leaves, white hairs underneath  decreases forage value been released in our area that will feed (Cirsium vulgare)  larger purple, spine-tipped flower head (when it gets harvested exclusively on invasive thistles (2.5-4 cm high) with hay)  mechanical – hand pulling small infestations or BT  can overrun clear-cuts repeated mowing before bolting or seed set (see details under Canada thistle below)  dull, prickly, dark green leaves, white  several mowings a year are needed because Canada thistle hairs underneath  restricts recreational access plant populations vary in maturity. Mow as (Cirsium arvense)  small purple to pink to white spineless  can form dense close to the surface as possible. If plants are flower head (1-2 cm high) monocultures resulting in cut above the terminal bud before the stems CT  vanilla-like fragrance on female plants crop reductions elongate, they likely will regrow. It is important to mow before the flowers start showing color because plants mowed after that will likely still produce viable seed. Milk thistle  leaves with spiny margins and white (Silybum marianum) marbling along the veins  toxic to wildlife/livestock  mechanical –dig or excavate  large reddish-purple flowers with long  barrier (impassable)  replace any divots created when removing the Not in IAPP spines on bracts  biodiversity reduction plants to lessen the amount of disturbed soil.  up to 6’ tall  deeply lobed leaves with stalked basal  alternate host to aphids, Annual sow leaves ending with a large, pointed several plant viruses and  mechanical – hand pulling or repeated close thistle segment nematodes mowing before seed set (Sonchus oleraceus)  yellow dandelion-like flowers in flat-  colonizes new areas rapidly topped clusters  impacts native plant AS  hollow stems contain a milky sap communities, especially in  spiny annual sow thistle (Sonchus marshes, ponds, and asper) is similar but leaves have other riparian areas spiny, toothed margins  lower leaves are stalked but upper  chemicals from the roots Perennial sow leaves are stalkless and clasp the and decaying residue  mechanical – several mowings per year required thistle stem; margins have weak prickles from old plant growth to prevent seed set. Intensive, long term (Sonchus arvensis)  grows to 2 m & branches near the top inhibit seed germination (years) cultivation required to exhaust root  stems contain a white, milky juice for other species system PS  yellow flower clusters are borne on  impacts native plant glandular stalks. Flower head bracts communities, especially in are covered with sticky hairs marshes, ponds, and other riparian areas

Grouping: “Thistles” – Part B

Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat Map Symbol Bull thistle  soil disturbance areas e.g. clearcuts, road (Cirsium vulgare) biennial  seed spread 2 km+ per  fleshy taproot FRPA construction year by wind CC  all biogeoclimatic zones BT

Canada thistle perennial  seed spread 2 km+ per  wide spreading roots FRPA  soil disturbance areas – fields, pastures, (Cirsium arvense) year by wind root and creeping WCA roadsides fragments rhizomes CC  wide range of nutrient and moisture regimes CT

Milk thistle biennial or  seed (viability > 5 yrs)  taproot WCA  medium heat and moisture (Silybum marianum) winter annual (new in 2011)  high light and nutrients

Not in IAPP

 seed with a parachute- Annual sow annual to like pappus blows by  short taproot WCA  wide range of environmental conditions but thistle short-lived wind over great CC prefers abundant moisture, open areas, at low (Sonchus oleraceus) perennial distances to middle elevations.  can produce over 6,000 AS seeds per plant  wind blown seed and Perennial sow perennial creeping horizontal  extensive rhizomes WCA  fertile, moist soils in full sunlight on roadsides, thistle roots produce new CC disturbed areas, cultivated fields and riparian (Sonchus arvensis)  climate dependant shoots and areas variable seed fragment easily, PS production of between regenerating into 1,400 to 35,000 new plants seeds per plant  deep vertical and  hooked pappus attach fleshy, creeping to clothes, shoes, hair horizontal roots or fur

Very large leaves

Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)

Japanese knotweed leaf on In winter young knotweed Squamish sighting top of giant knotweed leaf Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) 8

Grouping: “Very large leaves” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Impacts Control Strategies Map Symbol Features Giant hogweed  tall (2 to 6m), hollow stems with  hairs on stems and leaves contain  mechanical – cut the stem a few inches (Heracleum course hairs arising from POISONOUS SAP which exude a below the ground level with an axe or mantegazzianum) blister-like pustules clear, watery sap sensitizing skin to spade. Cut regularly to prevent flowering.  very large, deeply incised ultraviolet radiation; resulting in Shallow excavation to ~20 cm will remove GH severe burns, blistering and painful crown and prevent re-growth. Always bag *Very similar to native “maple leaf-like” leaves to Cow Parsnip (Heracleum over 1.5 m wide dermatitis (forming 24 to 48 hours seed heads and seal tightly and put in lanatum) but is much  numerous, small white flowers in after contact). Avoid contact with regular waste stream. Transport rest of taller, reaching 5-6m a large, flat topped, terminal eyes – may cause temporary or plant to landfill or pile on site in the shade (whereas cow parsnip umbrella like cluster permanent blindness. to dry out, and then compost. rarely reaches 1-2 m and  reddish-purple spots on stems  rapidly occupies and forms a dense has a flower cluster of no  pungent odour when mature canopy in riparian areas out- NOTE: Always wear protective clothing to more than 0.3 m wide). competing native species and avoid skin contact and eye protection. Hogweed leaves are causing stream bank erosion. Recommend hiring a trained professional to much more incised. remove this plant.  spotted green to reddish brown,  same as for Giant knotweed Japanese Knotweed semi-woody, bamboo-like  accelerates erosion along stream  mechanical - grubbing and hand pulling are (Fallopia japonica) stems banks, then pieces of plant matter effective only on small populations  10-15 cm long, egg shaped travel by water which have the (repeated annual mechanical treatment JK leaves which are dark green ability to propagate new plants combined with herbicides is necessary). on top and lighter green  new shoots are known to penetrate Repeated mowing can reduce spread. below, and “squared off” thick asphalt & concrete  compared to giant knotweed NOTE: Considered “the next Scotch leaves. broom of Vancouver Island” and #37 on  creamy-white flowers in clusters the World Conservation Union’s list of from leaf axils the world’s 100 worst invasive species.

Grouping: “Very large leaves” – Part B Species BC Preferred Map Symbol Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit Legislation Habitat  seed production (up to 50,000 seeds  variable: stout, Giant Hogweed perennial per plant) which are winged for fleshy tuberous WCA  moist areas such as ditch lines, (Heracleum ease of dispersal by wind. Seeds root stalks form (new 2011) meadows, thickets, avalanche tracks, mantegazzianum) remain viable for 7-15 years. perennating CC streams, roadsides. Prefers partial  vegetative – plants develop perennial buds each year shade GH buds that form on the root stalks or the crown Japanese Knotweed  seeds distributed by water and  rhizomatous WCA  moist to wet disturbed areas around (Fallopia japonica) perennial transported fill (extremely (new 2011) human settlements, fence lines, JK  creeping rhizomes vigorous FRPA & CC roadsides rhizomes)

Toadflaxes

*LEAF SHAPE KEY DISTINGUISHING FEATURE BETWEEN SPECIES*

Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica)

Yellow (common) toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)

Grouping: “Toadflaxes” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Features Impacts Control Strategies Map Symbol  bright yellow “snapdragon-like  toxic to livestock  biological – Mecinus janthinus weevil (stem); Dalmatian flowers with orange spot on  competes with native grasses and Rhinusa antirrhini beetle (seed, stem) toadflax the lower lip forbs to alter species diversity (Linaria dalmatica)  waxy alternate leaves clasp  reduces forage production  mechanical – hand pull new and small stem populations prior to seed set. Mow/cut to DT  light-green coloured leaves are reduce top-growth and seed set. Sheep shorter, wider, and broad- grazing before plants set seed. based, clasping the stem compared to yellow toadflax  grows to 1.2 m  bright yellow “snapdragon-like  reported to be toxic to cattle  biological – Mecinus janthinus weevil (stem) Yellow / common flowers” but smaller than  competes with native grasses and  Rhinusa antirrhini beetle (seed, stem) toadflax Dalmatian flowers forbs and can alter species diversity.  mechanical - hand pulling in coarse textured (Linaria vulgaris)  alternate leaves soil, with prompt seeding to native  stems with numerous long, perennial grasses YT narrow leaves  * More difficult to control than Dalmatian  grows to only 0.6 m toadflax

Grouping: “The Toadflaxes” – Part B Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Preferred Map Symbol Legislation Habitat  seed drop (can produce over Dalmatian toadflax perennial 500,000 seeds per plant per year  rhizomatous FRPA  cultivated land, roadsides, disturbed (Linaria dalmatica) that can remain viable for up to 10 WCA areas (often on coarse textured years) CC soil) DT  seeds can also be dispersed by wind, insects and animals (deer, elk, and birds), and by machinery  creeping rhizomes  seed drop (can produce up to 30,000  taproot up to 1 m Yellow / common perennial seeds/plant/year and remain viable deep with long FRPA  cultivated land, meadows, pastures, toadflax for up to 10 year lateral roots WCA roadsides (often on gravely , sandy (Linaria vulgaris)  seeds can also be dispersed by developing CC coarse-textured soil) wind, insects and animals (deer, adventitious YT elk, and birds), and by machinery buds that  adventious buds on creeping produce new rhizomes plants

Knapweeds

Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) Spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii)

Bachelors buttons; cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)

Grouping: “Knapweeds” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Features Impacts Control Strategies Map Symbol  biological – Agapeta zoegana moth (roots), Diffuse  spine-tipped floral bract  reduced biological Cyphocleonus achates weevil (roots, foliage), knapweed  flowers are small and white diversity Larinus minutus weevil (seeds), Larinus obtusus (Centaurea diffusa)  leaves are hairy and highly divided,  displaces desirable weevil (seeds), Urophora jaceana fly (seeds) alternating from stem livestock forage  mechanical – repeated hand pulling & digging to DK  aromatic  fire hazard (oils) remove taproot, deep ploughing, to 18 cm, mow/cut before seed set  displaces native forage  biological – Agapeta zoegana moth (roots), Spotted  floral bracts are black tipped, not spiny  produces chemical Cyphocleonus achates weevil (roots, foliage), knapweed  flowers are light purple preventing other Larinus minutus weevil (seeds), Larinus obtusus (Centaurea  deeply lobed, alternate leaves covered species from growing weevil (seeds) maculosa) with translucent dots in the immediate area  mechanical - sheep grazing, cutting, mowing or hand

 aromatic  skin irritation pulling prior to seed set, with follow up treatments. SK  fire hazard (oils) Entire root must be removed. Wear gloves. Bachelors  bears showy, pastel blue, fragrant and buttons repeat-blooming blooms during late  weed in crop fields  mechanical – pull by hand (cornflower) spring to mid-summer  considered a seed (Centaurea cyanus)  upright and has greyish lime foliage that contaminant in crop is matte and medium textured seeds BB  branched, loosely hairy, 0.2-1.2 m tall.

Grouping: “Knapweeds” – Part B Species BC Preferred Map Symbol Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit Legislation Habitat  plants break off and tumble with the wind  disturbed, dry areas e.g. sandy Diffuse knapweed biennial or short- spreading seeds up to 100m per year  taproot only FRPA areas (Centaurea diffusa) lived perennial  by livestock, wildlife, and by humans via WCA  grasslands, pastures, woodland hay and vehicle undercarriages CC clearings, roadsides, clearcuts. DK  can produce up to 18,000 seeds / plant  seed only via gravity, people, hay, vehicle  disturbed areas with a wide range Spotted knapweed biennial or short- under carriages, livestock, wildlife  taproot and FRPA of moisture (Centaurea maculosa) lived perennial  can produce up to 40,000 seeds per plant lateral roots WCA  grasslands/pastures, woodland  vegetatively from lateral roots just below CC clearings, roadsides, clearcuts. SK the soil surface Bachelors buttons (cornflower) annual  seed  taproot None  full sun to light shade (Centaurea cyanus)  average moisture, well drained BB

Prickly thickets

Cutleaf blackberry (Rubus laciniatus) Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor)

English hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)

Prickly thickets

Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius)

Gorse (Ulex europaeus)

Grouping: “Prickly Thickets” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Features Impacts Control Strategies Map Symbol  sprawling, evergreen shrub form large  out competes native  mechanical –roots must be dug out by hand or Cutleaf thickets of trailing to climbing stems vegetation capable of via excavator. Pull canes out of the ground blackberry  Stems are heavily ribbed, purplish-red providing shade, coarse before they produce berries. Reduce (Rubus laciniatus) and are usually prickly or bristly woody debris and detritis to biomass by mowing a number of times per  leaves are alternate and palmately riparian areas year. Integration of cutting, chemical CL compound with 3 to 5 highly lacerated  restricts access by wildlife to treatment of stumps and follow-up herbicide leaflets water courses, degrades application offer the most success.  leaves are green to greenish-red above pastures and limits and paler below and armed with recreational access prickles Himalayan  sprawling, evergreen shrub form large  out competes native  mechanical –roots must be dug out by hand or blackberry thickets of trailing to climbing stems vegetation capable of via excavator. Pull canes out of the ground (Rubus discolor)  strongly angled and furrowed stems providing shade, coarse before they produce berries. Reduce bearing curved prickles, 6-10 mm woody debris and detritis to biomass by mowing a number of times per HI  leaves have 3 to 5 egg-shaped leaflets; riparian areas year. Integration of cutting, chemical *Native black sharp-pointed at tips; smooth above,  restricts access by wildlife to treatment of stumps and follow-up herbicide raspberry (Rubus application offer the most success. leucodermis) has grey-woolly below with prickles on the water courses, degrades white residue on stalks and mid-veins pastures and limits  stems and does not  white to rose-coloured flowers; black, recreational access grow as shiny fruit monoculture. *  NO white residue on stems English  shade tolerant tree  biodiversity reduction  mechanical – cut before seed set; dig or hawthorn  deeply cleft leaves with white flowers and  hybridization threat excavate; pull by hand; saw (Crataegus bright red fruits monogyna)  armed Not in IAPP  no spines  out competes endangered  mechanical – in winter, cut main stem flush to Scotch broom  spindly, evergreen, up to 3 m tall with 5 rain shadow flora e.g. ground, minimizing soil disturbance. (Cytisus scoparius angles green branches Garry Oak ecosystems Completely cover the stump with soil/moss.  bright yellow flowers  fixes nitrogen that favours Pull only plants that are less than a pencil SB  flowers mature to form flattened, brown non-native plants width and don’t worry about plants until they to black hairy seedpod  fire hazard are of flowering age (2-3 years+). Repeat  stems are ridged and woody before flowering. Re-vegetate with native species. Gorse  thorny shrub with inch-long sharp spines  barrier (impenetrable);  mechanical –dig or excavate; pull by hand; (Ulex europaeus) that grows up to 6 feet tall extreme fire hazard; tree mow; roto-till  produces numerous bright yellow seedling competition GO flowers, 1/3 to 1/2 inches long

Grouping: “Prickly Thickets” – Part B Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat Map Symbol

Cutleaf perennial  vegetatively by rooting from the cane  extensive system of FRPA  woodland edges, fence rows, and blackberry tips touching the ground or from inter-connected CC clearings (Rubus laciniatus) nodes along the canes roots can exceed  requires full sun and dry soil.  birds and mammals that eat the fruit 10 m in length CL and 1 m in depth

Himalayan perennial  vegetatively by rooting from the cane  extensive system of CC  low elevations in clearings, blackberry tips touching the ground or from inter-connected disturbed sites, roadsides (Rubus discolor) nodes along the canes roots can exceed stream banks, wastelands,  rhizomes or root fragments, and from 10 m in length pastures, forest plantations, HI the root crown and 1 m in depth fence lines  birds and mammals that eat the fruit

English hawthorn  medium heat and nutrients (Crataegus perennial  seed  taproot None  low moisture monogyna)  high light Not in IAPP

Scotch broom perennial  seed dispersed by gravity, vehicles,  taproot FRPA  open, disturbed sites at low (Cytisus scoparius animals, and internal mechanism CC elevations especially roads, rail to explosively “shoot” seeds from lines and utility R/W’s SB pod up to 5 m  well-drained sandy soil  vegetatively (re-grow from cut stems)  >18,000 seeds / shrub;seeds viable for up to 80 years

 shallow with a deep Gorse perennial  seed primarily tap root FRPA  low moisture and nutrients (Ulex europaeus)  cuttings secondary  this species forms WCA  medium light nitrogen-fixing CC  high heat GO root nodules

Daisies

*LEAF SHAPE KEY DISTINGUISHING FEATURE BETWEEN SPECIES*

Oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare)

Scentless chamomile (Tripleurospermum inodorum)

Grouping: “Daisies” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Impacts Control Strategies Features Map Symbol

Oxeye daisy  white ray and yellow disk  forms dense stands that inhibit  mechanical - hand digging before seed production (Leucanthemum flowers forage production, ensuring as much root as possible is removed. vulgare)  flowers to 5 cm across dominating rangelands  flower heads are solitary at  unpalatable to cattle OD end of branches  reduces forage for livestock and wildlife

 forms dense stands in Scentless  white ray with yellow disk pastures and hay fields  mechanical – till or mow during hot, dry weather chamomile flowers  unpalatable to livestock before plants flower, or torch (burn) prior to seed (Tripleurospermum  flowers 2-3 cm across  reduces yields in grain and formation inodorum)  numerous bracts line stems seed fields, hayfields, pastures, and cultivated SH crops

Grouping: “Daisies” – Part B Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Preferred Legislation Habitat Map Symbol

Oxeye daisy perennial (short lived)  seed – dispersed by gravity  rhizomatous FRPA  dry to moderately dry sites often (Leucanthemum (>500 seeds/plant/ year) (shallow) CC growing along roadsides, landings vulgare)  vegetatively by roots and skid trails.

Scentless annual, biennial or  seed (can produce over 1  extensive fibrous FRPA  moist, fine textured soils e.g. clays Chamomile perennial million seeds per plant) roots (not WCA  low to mid-elevation near (Tripleurospermum  germinates under periodic rhizomatous) CC watercourses and on dry inodorum) flooding conditions and is shorelines, roadsides, fencelines, SH dispersed by water and disturbed areas, perennial forage wind crops, cereal crops

Riparian species

Exploding seeds

Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) Small touch-me-not (Impatiens parviflora)

Yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus)

Riparian species

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)

Similar NATIVE species Hardhack (Spiraea douglasii)

Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii)

Grouping: “Riparian Species” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Impacts Control Strategy Features Map Symbol

 purple to reddish thick, hollow  displaces native vegetation on Himalayan balsam succulent stems (0.6 - 2 m tall) stream banks  mechanical – hand pulling is easy when soil is (Impatiens glandulifera)  Leaves opposite or whorled (at least  chokes drainage ditches moist (shallow roots). Mow/cut prior to seed set. some of them), finely saw-toothed,  increases ditch and stream bank IM 6 – 15 cm erosion  flowers white to pink to reddish  similar to Himalayan balsam but Small touch-me-not smaller (20 - 80 cm) and with  displaces native vegetation on  mechanical – hand pulling is easy when soil is (Impatiens parviflora) yellow flowers stream banks moist (shallow roots). Mow/cut prior to seed set.  leaves alternate, stalked, egg-shaped  chokes drainage ditches Not in IAPP to elliptic, finely and sharply saw-  increases ditch and stream bank toothed, 3-12 cm erosion  Small populations: dig up and remove manually Yellow iris  distinctive “iris–look”  creates dense thickets to choke  Large populations: clip seed heads off to prevent (Iris pseudacorus)  bright yellow flowers waterways and limit native further spread. Cut plant materials close to the  narrow, sword shaped leaves that are vegetation ground and clean debris away. Expose YI dark green with prominent mid-rib  toxic if ingested by livestock and rhizomes and cut to their full depth in 10-15cm  long erect flowering stems humans strips using a sharp tool such as a mattock.  causes dermatitis in sensitive  Remove the strips with the mattock or a crow bar humans ensuring that you go the full depth of the plant (up to30 cm deep).  Address any recently sprouted seedlings in the summer (July).  Monitor regularly for re-growth, and remove any new plants that appear.  purple flowers in a dense terminal  one small isolated cluster of plants  biological – Galerucella calmariensis beetle (buds, Purple loosestrife spike (looks like fireweed in can spread and cover a marsh in shoots, foliage), Galerucella pulsilla beetle (Lythrum salicaria) wetlands) one growing season (buds, shoots, foliage)  square woody stem with opposite or  no known birds or mammals use this  mechanical – entire plant must be removed with PL sometimes whorled stalkless weed as food, therefore as it ALL pieces, including root mat and continuous leaves invades, wildlife habitat is lost removal of seed heads prior to seed set NOTE: # 50 on the World Conservation  restricts water flow, increases Union’s list of the world’s 100 worst sedimentation invasive species.  shrub between 1-5m in height with  takes hold in disturbed areas,  mechanical – mature shrubs can be cut near the Butterfly bush widely spreading branches riparian areas or open ground when in flower. Mowing or cutting does (Buddleja davidii)  foliage semi-erect to falling, leaves woodlands; of the worst weeds to not work on small plants so dig up and remove opposite, lance shaped, slightly forestry managers in New as much of root as possible. Minimize soil (BD) toothed, 10-30cm in length Zealand disturbance and promptly replant with ground  flowers gathered in dense pointed  forms dense thickets which crowd cover to inhibit re-sprouting. clumps, white to crimson with out native vegetation orange stain in centre  may alter soil nutrient concentrations

Grouping: “Riparian Species” – Part B

Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Map Symbol Habitat  seed capsules “explode” at Himalayan balsam annual maturity to release up to 2,500  shallow, fibrous CC  wet sites along river edges, (Impatiens glandulifera) seeds per plant roots wetlands, ditch banks  most seed transported by water IM flow in watercourses  mowing ditches after seed set  collecting/planting seed for ornamental purposes  seed capsules “explode” at Small touch-me-not annual maturity to release up to 2,500  shallow, fibrous None  wet sites along river edges, (Impatiens parviflora) seeds per plant roots wetlands, ditch banks  most seed transported by water  shade tolerant Not in IAPP flow in watercourses  mowing ditches after seed set  collecting/planting seed for ornamental purposes Yellow iris  seeds via wind and water WCA (new 2011)  wet areas / standing water (Iris pseudacorus) perennial  creeping rhizomes  rhizomes FRPA (marshes, stream banks,  continued to be sold as an CC pond edges) YI ornamental  seed – wind, water, animals and  large woody  wet areas / standing water Purple loosestrife perennial humans taproot with WCA (new 2011) (marshes, stream banks, (Lythrum salicaria)  (2 million seeds +/ plants/year !) fibrous FRPA pond edges, ditches,  branching root system rhizomes that CC irrigation canals, lake and PL  root fragments and/or pieces of form a dense river shorelines)

stem mat that is deeply rooted

 nursery trade introduction  Usually occurs in open and perennial  produces large quantities of  taproot None disturbed sites, railways, Butterfly bush extremely lightweight, winged road edges, walls, cliffs, (Buddleja davidii) seeds – up to 3 million per building sites and waste plant or 40,000 per flower lands. (BD) head  Riparian areas, particularly  seeds dispersed by wind or water those with frequent  Cut stems can sprout roots disturbance and open gravel bars.

Hitch hikers

Common burdock (Arctium minus)

Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)

Grouping: “Hitch hikers” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Impacts Control Strategies Features Map Symbol  bracts have “velcro” hooks  associated with micro- Common burdock  flowers are reddish - purple on a organisms that cause  mechanical –sever taproot below the root collar (Arctium minus) bur with hooked bristles and powdery mildew, and root (where the stem becomes a root) with a flat may be alone or in clusters rot nosed spade or mowing / tillage / mechanical CB  leaves are large, dark green and  potential diuretic effects and removal to kill the plants at the first year heart-shaped with wavy allergic reactions to rosette stage edges hooked burs under the skin’s surface  tall plant (to 2 m) with stems Teasel marked by parallel ridges  reduces natural diversity by  mechanical – hand pull or dig to remove roots (Dipsacus fullonum) and downward pointing forming dense stands that below the crown to prevent re-sprouting. spines exclude native vegetation Mow/cut and remove flowering stalks once TS  wrinkled leaves with flowers form. conspicuous veins and  spines on underside of mid- rib  small purple flowers within dense heads protected by stiff spiny bracts

Grouping: “Hitch hikers” – Part B

Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat Map Symbol

Common burdock biennial  burred seed carried by animals 10  thick, fleshy taproot FRPA  disturbed areas, grasslands, (Arctium minus) km+ per year. Burrs can stay WCA roads, ditches, riparian areas on animals for several weeks. CC  nitrogen-rich soils CB

Teasel biennial  seed (can produce over 2,000  shallow taproot with FRPA  moist, sunny, open sites with rich (Dipsacus fullonum) seeds per plant) fibrous secondary soils.  humans (transported as an roots  roadsides, pastures, ditches, TS ornamental) disturbed areas

Shade tolerant, understory plants

English ivy & varieties (Hedera helix & var) English holly (Ilex aquifloium)

Purple dead nettle (Lamium purpureum) Yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon) Bugle-weed; common bugle (Ajuga reptans)

**THESE THREE ARE IN THE MINT FAMILY** 26

Shade tolerant, understory plants

Spurge laurel (Daphne laureola) Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)

V. minor V. major Periwinkle (Vinca major, V. minor)

Grouping: “Shade tolerant, understory plants” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Features Impacts Control Strategies Map Symbol  threatens all vegetation levels: forested &  cut ivy vines growing up trunk of tree at two English ivy &  evergreen climbing vine open areas, growing into canopy locations –at shoulder height and at ankle varieties  leaves alternate along stem  dense growth adds weight and limits height. Then pull ivy away from the base of the (Hedera helix &  3-lobed leaves occur on the juvenile photosynthesis of standing trees, tree at for at least 2 meters in all directions into varieties) plant with unlobed, oval leaves on thereby increasing sail and reducing an “ivy roll” host vigour pull and roll from outer edges of infestation EI a mature plant.   followed by windthrow and tree death toward centre. English holly  woody shrub with prickly leaves and  can form dense monocultures that exclude  mechanical – pull small plants, cut and dig out (Ilex aquifolium) bright red berries all other vegetation stumps from larger plants  two distinct leaf characteristics are  restricts access due to its sharp thorny  repeated removal of shoots from stumps will IA evident, solid green and leaves. eventually result in die off variegated  not palatable by ungulates Purple dead nettle  square stems with opposite leaves (Lamium purpureum) (mint family)  can form a dense ground cover shading  mechanical –hand weeding before seed set  upper leaves are usually purple out native species PD  has stalked leaves Yellow archangel  leaves- serrated edges, silver/ white (Lamium galeobdolon) markings with green trim  As an evergreen vine can swiftly displace  mechanical - plants are shallow rooted so  stems, green, square and hairy local native groundcovers such as sword continual hand pulling works well YA  flowers, yellow w/ hooded upper fern, trillium, and false-lily-of-the-valley. petal and lipped lower petal Bugle-weed;  low-growing evergreen groundcover common bugle forming a dense mat of blue  biodiversity reduction  mechanical – Mow pull by hand (Ajuga reptans) flowers in spring Not in IAPP  member of mint family Spurge laurel  reminiscent of rhododendron  leaves, sap, bark & berries are toxic  mechanical - Hand pulling of small. Cut larger (Daphne laureola)  stems too rubbery to break  produces a noxious substance which can plants below ground level where stem changes  small yellow flowers develop into cause severe eye and skin irritation from brown to orange root. DA purple-black berries  noxious compounds can cause respiratory irritation. Always wear gloves; never transport  forms monoculture cuttings or plants inside an enclosed  changes soil chemistry (alleopathic) vehicle Garlic mustard  12 to 48 inches in height  mechanical – mow; when pulling, the upper half (Alliaria petiolata)  leaves and stems emit odour of  biodiversity reduction of the root must be removed in order to stop onion or garlic when crushed  shades out tree seedlings buds at the root crown from sending up new AP  white flowers with four petals flower stalks  stem leaves are alternate and triangular in shape, have large teeth, can be 2 to 3” across Periwinkle  evergreen to semi-evergreen  mechanical –one of the few invasives easily (Vinca major, V. minor)  leaves are shiny, dark green, and  toxic to humans & animals, biodiversity controlled by hand, repeated pulling of the opposite; 3-9cm long reduction, tree seedling competition plant as it appears will ‘starve’ it – persistence Not in IAPP  flowers are pale blue to lavender in is key, as well as replanting color, up to 3cm wide, and 5-  remember to remove it down to the root level petaled 28

Grouping: “Shade Tolerant, Understory Plants” – Part B Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Preferred Map Symbol Legislation Habitat  woody with tap root in English ivy & perennial  seeds are dispersed to new areas larger plants CC  grows in variable light conditions but prefers varieties primarily by birds.  Ivy is not parasitic, once shade, damp soils, and a moist, cool (Hedera helix &  used extensively in many parts of BC the vines are separated environment varieties) as an ornamental landscape plant from the root system;  garden escapee/garden waste the vines dehydrate & EI ultimately fall from the tree. English holly  nursery trade introduction (Ilex aquifolium) perennial  birds eat and then disperse seeds  woody None  grows in sun to shady conditions.  can be found far from human  does well in forest understory IA habitation Purple dead nettle annual  nursery trade, potters and garden  shallow succulent roots None  gardens, orchards and fields, waste places (Lamium purpureum) waste dumping

PD Yellow archangel (Lamium perennial  propagation occurs by both seeds and  shallow roots None  grows very well on forest floors with deep leaf galeobdolon) vegetatively from stolons litter  nursery trade, potters and garden  prefers shade YA waste dumping

Bugle-weed;  prefers moist, well-drained soils of average perennial  spreads by means of leafy runners  fibrous roots and rooting None common bugle fertility in partial shade, with regular watering which set out rosettes of leaves, runners (Ajuga reptans) during the hot and dry periods of Summer; soon forming a thick mat however, it is adaptable to more harsh Not in IAPP conditions, including poor soils and heat

Spurge laurel perennial  reproduction by single seeded berries  woody, rubbery tap root CC  prefers loamy to clay soils that are well-drained (Daphne laureola) and distribution by birds and which range from neutral to acid  sold in the nursery trade  able to tolerate a range of conditions including DA  sprouts from lateral roots dry to moist soil and full to partial shade WCA Garlic mustard biennial  hundreds of seeds per plant dispersed  fibrous roots (new 2011)  low light but can grow in full sun (Alliaria petiolata) by animals, water and humans PPNW 2012  medium heat and nutrients (viable for 5-10 years) CC  high moisture AP  allelopathic

Periwinkle  reproduces by runners (Vinca major, V. perennial  rhizomes primarily with stems rooting at None  prefers shade minor)  by seeds secondary the nodes  medium heat, moisture and nutrients Not in IAPP  creeper and rapid regeneration time 29

White flowered

Wild chervil (Anthriscus sylvestris) Bur chervil (Anthriscus caucalis)

Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) Queen Anne’s lace; wild carrot (Daucus carota)

*ALL IN THE CARROT (Apiaceae) FAMILY*

White flowered

Hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana) Old man’s beard; travellers joy (Clematis vitalba)

Field bindweed; morning glory (Convolvulus arvensis)

Lambs quarters (Chenopodium album) Cherry/English laurel (Prunus laurocerasus)

Grouping: “White flowered” – Part A

**These 4 species all in the carrot (Apiaceae) family** Species Principal Distinguishing Impacts Control Strategy Map Symbol Features  Wild chervil  furrowed, hollow stems with hairs at  out competes pasture and  mechanical – young plants can be hand-pulled (Anthriscus sylvestris) stem nodes. Grows to 1.8 m + hay crops reducing forage prior to seed production. Mature plants must  fern-like hairless leaves for grazing animals be dug below the root crown. Repeated WI  small white flowers in umbrella-like  host for virus of some mowings prior to seed set reduces clusters produce 2 joined seeds with vegetable crops infestations. tiny antennae-like structure at tips

 up to 3’ tall Bur chervil  leaves alternate, finely divided with a (Anthriscus caucalis) lacy appearance and generally hairy when young CB  aromatic with tiny white flowers  closely resembles A. sylvestris but is more delicate and the bristles on the fruit have obvious hooks  hollow stems purple-spotted  POISION - Every part of this Poison hemlock  can grow to over 6’ plant, especially the fresh  mechanical – mow or pull by hand (Conium maculatum)  leaves fern-like with lacy appearance & leaves and fruit, contains emit a foul odour when crushed a volatile, oily alkaloid, PH  can sometimes be confused with water which is so poisonous that hemlock (Cicuta maculata) - the leaf a few drops prove fatal to veins in water hemlock end in the a small animal notches between the teeth of the  skin irritation from dermal leaflets and in poison hemlock the contact veins end at the tips of the teeth.  biodiversity reduction

Queen Anne’s  20-120 cm tall lace; wild carrot  leaves fern-like and lacy  skin irritation from cell sap  mechanical – dig or excavate, mow, roto-till (Daucus carota)  flowers white or yellowish (but central and in light flower of umbel commonly pink or  toxic only if large quantities Not in IAPP purple) are eaten  when in fruit shaped like ‘bird’s nest’

Grouping: “White flowered” – Part B Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Map Symbol Habitat  thick, tuberous  moist to wet disturbed sites Wild chervil biennial to short-  seed movement through roadside taproots WCA from low to mid-elevation (Anthriscus sylvestris) lived perennial and ditch mowing operations  develops sprouts from CC  ditches, stream banks,  birds, ditch water side of parental moist woods, riparian WI  contaminated wildflower seed taproot areas, roadsides, fence  can extend over 2 m lines, pastures deep in soil  along stream banks and in Bur chervil annual  seeds that are covered with  taproot WCA moist, open places, (Anthriscus caucalis) minute hooked bristles (new 2011) sometimes near old buildings and farmyards CB

 one plant can produce over  root is long, forked, Poison hemlock biennial usually 30,000 seeds pale yellow and 1/2 CC  wet ditches, moist disturbed (Conium maculatum)  rapid regeneration time, seed to 3/4 inch in sites, waste places at low viability >5 years diameter elevations PH

Queen Anne’s lace; biennial  high amount of seed  well developed, None  roadsides, fields, pastures, wild carrot (Daucus  fruit 3-4 mm, armed with barbed whitish, bitter waste places, moist carota) prickles along alternate ribs taproot clearings, at low elevations Not in IAPP

Grouping: “White flowered” continued - Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Impacts Control Strategy Map Symbol Features  small white flowers with deeply notched Hoary alyssum petals  increases in forage crops  hand pull small infestations and maintain (Berteroa incana)  flattened oval-shaped seedpods (5-8  potential for animal competitive forage planting. Mowing will mm) are held close to the stem poisonings - horse deaths reduce seed production. HA  entire plant covered with star-shaped have occurred hairs

Old man’s beard;  aggressive climber  animal ingestion,  cut before seed set; pull by hand; saw travellers joy  flowers white or pale yellow, while native biodiversity reduction,  stems can re-root if left in contact with the (Clematis vitalba) species all produce a darker color of dermal contact ground for a long period of time either blue, reddish or brownish-purple Not in IAPP  pull by hand, be careful to break as little Field bindweed;  trailing to twining; forms hedge-like  crop or forage yield rhizomes when pulling since new plants can morning glory growths over various objects or other reduction be propagated from exceptionally small (Convolvulus vegetation  biodiversity reduction rhizome pieces, to digging and especially arvensis)  leaves arrowhead-shaped rotovating can make matters much worse  flowers white to rose-purple; 1.5-2.5 cm  exclusion of light know to be affective; cover FB long ground with carpet, cardboard, etc. for about a year  causes sickness and death Lambs quarters  leaves egg- or diamond-shaped; in livestock if large  cut before seed set; mow (Chenopodium greyish-green and covered with mealy quantities are ingested album) particles  humans who consume large  flowers tiny; in dense clusters or spikes quantities of the plant and Not in IAPP in the leaf axils and at the stem tips are subsequently exposed to sunlight suffer photosensitization  crop or forage yield reduction  harbours pests

 leaves evergreen, narrow, dark green, Cherry/English  biodiversity reduction  saw simple, alternate 2-6” long laurel  hybridization threat  large, spreading evergreen shrub 3-5’ in (Prunus  berries poisonous to height laurocerasus) humans  flowers are tiny, white and intensely Not in IAPP fragrant, appearing in mid-spring

Grouping: “White flowered” continued – Part B Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Map Symbol Habitat  idle areas, overgrazed or Hoary alyssum annual to short-  seed  slender taproot FRPA stressed (Berteroa incana) lived perennial  contaminated hay WCA pastures/meadows, CC hayfields, roadsides, HA railways.  well adapted to dry, sandy or gravely soils. Old man’s beard; travellers joy perennial  high rate of seed; spread by wind  shallow roots None  medium heat, light, moisture (Clematis vitalba) (grows 20-50’ per  cuttings (vegetative)  high nutrient year)  climber, creeper, modified seed, Not in IAPP Field bindweed;  by seed and by sending up new morning glory perennial shoots  deep rhizomes None  low heat (Convolvulus arvensis)  allelopathic, climber, rapid  medium moisture; nutrient regeneration, seed viability >5  high light FB years Lambs quarters  disturbed sites, especially (Chenopodium album) annual  seed  taproot None cultivated land, roadsides;  high rate of seed production common low to middle Not in IAPP elevations

 extensive root system Cherry/English perennial  seed  known to grow new None  shade tolerant laurel  layering shoots from a cut  medium heat, moist (Prunus laurocerasus)  stimulated by cultivation stem and to sucker (grow shoots from Not in IAPP its roots) if it is just cut

Miscellaneous

Blueweed (Echium vulgare)

Common bugloss (Anchusa officinalis) Lady’s thumb; smartweed (Persicaria maculosa)

Miscellaneous

Absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) Chicory (Cichorium intybus)

Common crupina (Crupina vulgaris) Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

Grouping: “Miscellaneous” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Impacts Control Strategies Map Symbol Features  many small blue flowers arranged on  increases on overgrazed dry Blueweed upper side of short stalks pastures and rangelands  cut root at taproot and bag seed heads (Echium vulgare)  entire plant conspicuously hairy  potential toxic threat due to  bright blue flowers shaped like a funnel; presence of pyrrolizidine BW upper two petal lobes somewhat larger alkaloids than lower three  branched with stems growing erect or Lady’s thumb; spreading from 0.2 to 1 metre long  biodiversity reduction or  mechanical methods (hand-pulling, smartweed  lance-shaped leaves with black blotch in habitat loss of native flora mowing) can control populations. (Persicaria maculosa) centre and a thin papery sheath with  agriculture and wetland or Improving the drainage will discourage long hairs at the base lake are high risk sites these weeds from reestablishment LT  flowers are pink in a small spike-like cluster  softly spreading-hairy; stems often  can be controlled by regular cultivation. Common bugloss several, 30-80 cm tall  reduces agriculture crop or Care must be taken to sever the roots (Anchusa officinalis)  flowers are initially reddish, later turning forage yield production below the crown. Prevent seed deep blue to purple with white centres. production by cutting and destroying AO They originate at the ends of the stalks flowers. Mowing is not a good control with each flower stem coiled like a option because taproots are still viable fiddleneck at first. and re-growth typically occurs. Absinth  leaves alternate, gray-green, 2.5-10 cm  reduces agriculture crop or wormwood  strong sage-like scent when crushed forage yield production  mowing may prevent seed production if (Artemisia  flowering occurs in midsummer, when  allergen mowed several times throughout the absinthium) pale yellow, tubular flowers develop in  toxic if large quantities are growing season WW drooping heads in the axils of leaves eaten Chicory  flowers blue, rarely pink or white  biodiversity reduction or (Cichorium intybus)  basal leaves deeply toothed to lobed, habitat loss of native flora  mechanical - mow lance shaped  recreational turfgrass CY  stems exude milky juice when broken  grows 1 to 4 ft. (0.3-1.2 m) tall  mechanical – burn; pull by hand; roto-till Common crupina  leaves are entire to finely dissected  reduces agriculture crop or  NOTE: Grazing (deer or livestock) or (Crupina vulgaris) (leaves become more divided towards forage yield production cutting can stimulate lateral branching, the apex) and up to 6 in. (15.2 cm) thereby increasing flower and seed CC  flowers are purple to pink, long, slender production (vase-shaped)  stems leafy  HIGHLY TOXIC may be fatal Foxglove  leaves egg- to lance-shaped; green and if eaten; threat to humans  cut before seed set (Digitalis purpurea) soft-hairy above, green-woolly below and animals  flowers pink-purple with deeper-purple  hinders natural successional Not in IAPP spots inside; petals fused into a long, processes gaping tube 38

Grouping: “Miscellaneous” – Part B Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Map Symbol Habitat  seed (the majority fall below the  dry, rocky, shallow soils Blueweed biennial to parent plant; viable for >5 yrs)  long, stout taproot with FRPA especially over limestone (Echium vulgare) short-lived  rough seeds can attach to small fibrous laterals WCA  low to mid-elevation dry perennial clothing, animals and birds CC roadsides, rocky BW  can produce up to 2,800 seeds pastures/range, disturbed per plant sites Lady’s thumb;  seed is main reproduction; can smartweed annual remain viable in soil for 45 years  taproot None  medium heat, light, moisture & (Persicaria maculosa)  by rhizome is secondary nutrients

LT Common bugloss  main reproduction by seed (Anchusa officinalis) biennial or  secondary reproduction by  taproot FRPA  high heat and light perennial cuttings (vegetative) WCA  low moisture AO  medium nutrients

  taproot occasionally Absinth perennial  main reproduction by seed reaching 5 cm in  high light wormwood  secondary reproduction by diameter with shallow None  medium heat (Artemisia absinthium) cuttings (vegetative) lateral branches  low moisture and nutrients  allelopathic extending 6 feet in all WW directions

Chicory None (Cichorium intybus) perennial  seed  deep taproot  medium heat and light  low moisture and nutrients CY

Common crupina WCA (Crupina vulgaris) annual  seeds spread by livestock, birds  short taproot PPNW 2012  medium heat, light, moisture &

and water CC nutrient CC Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) biennial  small and numerous seeds are  minimum root depth is 6 None  medium heat and light dispersed by wind and water inches  high moisture and nutrients Not in IAPP

Yellow / orange flowered

Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea)

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) Cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias)

Yellow / orange flowered

Orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum)

Mouse ear hawkweed (H. pilosella) Queendevil hawkweed (H. praealtum) Meadow hawkweed (H. caespitosum) Spotted hawkweed (H. maculatum)

Invasive yellow hawkweeds (Hieracium sp)

Yellow / orange flowered

Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)

Yellow salsify; western goat’s beard (Tragopogon dubius) Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola)

Grouping: “Yellow / orange flowered” – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Impacts Control Strategy Map Symbol Features  cannot be controlled with single mowing events (e.g. Common tansy  purple/red stem with glands  TOXIC to humans and livestock once-a-year), as the plants will respond with an (Tanacetum vulgare)  aromatic  displaces native vegetation or increase in vegetative growth  showy, button-like yellow desirable forage in pastures  mowing sites very low to the ground before July can TC flowers in dense clusters  particularly aggressive when prevent seed production lacking ray flowers growing along watercourses  if hand pulling gloves and other protective clothing  alternate leaves, deeply where it can restrict flow should be worn to prevent skin irritation. divided into numerous  the use of fertilizer can increase the competitive individual leaflets ability of grasses and other desirable plants, thereby preventing or reducing infestations  TOXIC to humans and livestock Tansy ragwort  similar to Common Tansy but  reduces forage production by up  mechanical control involves physically pulling the (Senecio jacobaea) also has yellow ray flowers to 50% entire root system of the plant, otherwise regrowth  dark green, stalkless leaves  animals seldom eat mature will occur. Mowing can cause the plant to act like a TR which are deeply lobed, plants but poisoning can occur short-term perennial by growing hundreds of giving each plant a “ragged” when seedlings are rosettes from its roots. appearance accidentally grazed with other forage or hay is contaminated  biological – Aphthona cyparissiae – flea beetle (roots); Leafy spurge  small yellowish-green flowers  destroys native grassland Aphthona nigriscutus - flea beetle (roots); sheep and (Euphorbia esula) with distinctive paired heart- biodiversity, displaces forage goats grazing. shaped yellow-green bracts for livestock and wildlife  properly timed cultivation (2 options below) and/or LS underneath  increases soil erosion planting of competitive grass species  thickly clustered stems grow  reduces property values  intensive cultivation: begin in spring, 2-4 weeks after 20 to 90 cm tall  irritates skin of humans and can plant emerges, tilling 4 inches deep. Continue every  entire plant is hairless and damage feet, mouth and three weeks until the soil freezes; for one to two contains a white, milky sap stomach of livestock years. Tillage schedule should not be interrupted because leafy spurge recovers quickly from effects of cultivation. Pieces of roots as small as 0.5 inch long and 0.1 inch diameter can produce new shoots.  fall cultivation: cultivate when the plants are 3 to 6 inches tall post-harvest one or twice (twice reduces infestations faster) each fall after harvest for 3 years.  similar to leafy spurge (above) Cypress spurge  most obvious difference  destroys native grassland  mechanical – see strategy for leafy spurge above (Euphorbia between these plants is biodiversity, displaces forage cyparissias) that E. esula is much taller for livestock and wildlife and more robust than E.  irritates skin of humans and can CS cyparissias; it also has damage feet, mouth and fewer, wider leaves and stomach of livestock larger bracts.

Grouping: “Yellow / Orange Flowered” – Part B Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Map Symbol Habitat  seed (up to 50,000 seeds per Common tansy perennial plant) via water and the wind  rhizomatous FRPA  well drained soil along roads (Tanacetum vulgare) 0.5 km + per year WCA and streams  creeping roots and fragments CC TC  seeds - by wind, water, animals Tansy ragwort biennial to short  can produce over 150,000 seeds/  taproot with well- FRPA  disturbed sites in pastures, (Senecio jacobaea) lived perennial plants/ year developed fibrous WCA hay fields, roadsides and  vegetatively - roots can develop roots whereby root CC clear cuts TR new root and buds, especially fragments can in response to disturbance or produce new shoots injury

 seeds (up to 250 seeds per shoot Leafy spurge perennial  persistent, deep, FRPA  wide range of habitats from with viability in soil of 5 to 8 (Euphorbia esula) vertical (to 5 m) and WCA rich, damp soils in riparian years). One large plant can extensive lateral CC sites to extremely nutrient produce up to 130,000 seeds LS root system (8 m poor, dry sandy and  insects, birds and other wildlife, spread or more) gravely soils livestock, humans and  brown, woody roots  disturbed to undisturbed machinery develop numerous sites on cropland,  seeds naturally disperse up to pink buds that form pastures, rangelands, 4.5 m from the parent plant and new plants woodlands, roadsides, idle are easily transported by water, areas animals and human activity

Cypress spurge  main reproduction by seed (Euphorbia cyparissias) perennial  secondary by rhizomes  rhizomatous None  medium heat and light  rapid regeneration time  low moisture and nutrients CS

Grouping: “Yellow / orange flowered” continued – Part A Species Principal Distinguishing Impacts Control Strategy Map Symbol Features  flowers clustered at top of leafless  chemical – fertilize with high % nitrogen or Orange hawkweed stem  aggressively crowds out sulphur (Hieracium aurantiacum)  vibrant orange to red petal-like ray palatable pasture and  mechanical – for small patches, dig out the flowers with notched tips range plants forming a entire plant (roots, stolons, stems and flowers) OH  stem contains milky juice complete mat but do not scatter roots and/or stolons. For  stiff hairs on stem  unpalatable by livestock large infestations, use excavator.

 similar in appearance to orange Invasive yellow hawkweed except with  rapid colonizer displaces  chemical – fertilize with high % nitrogen or hawkweeds buttercup-coloured yellow native and seeded sulphur (Hieracium sp) flowers pasture vegetation  mechanical – carefully remove all roots  leafless stems (native hawkweeds  destroys biodiversity and (fragments will re-sprout), fertilize to increase HS have leaves on stems – key forage values for grazing the competitiveness of perennial grasses & distinguishing feature) animals beneficial forbs See Linda M. Wilson’s 2006 publication: Key to  a number of yellow-flowered Identification of Invasive and Native Hawkweeds hawkweeds exist in BC making in the Pacific NW. identification to species difficult  unbranched and can grow to more  plants are easily hand pulled on loose soils due Mullein than 6.6 ft. (2 m) tall  crop or forage yield to relatively shallow tap roots. This is an (Verbascum thapsus)  basal rosette of felt-like leaves reduction extremely effective method of reducing covered with woolly hairs populations and seed productivity, especially if MU  five-petaled yellow flowers plant is pulled before seed set. If blooms or arranged in a leafy spike seed capsules are present, reproductive structures should be removed, bagged, and properly disposed of in a landfill. Care should be taken, however, to minimize soil disturbance since loose soil will facilitate seed germination.  grows from 0.3 to 1 m height Yellow salsify;  long grass-like leaves with crisp  biodiversity reduction and  mechanical – tillage in the spring or fall western goat’s beard margins; stems swollen below habitat loss of native flora eliminates all existing plants. In small areas, a (Tragopogon dubius) the flower head; contains a hoe or shovel can be used to cut the plant at milky juice or below the soil surface. WG  seed head is globe shaped like a dandelion, but much larger  can reach heights of 6 ft.  mechanical – easily controlled by cultivation or Prickly lettuce  leaves have a conspicuous, white  biodiversity reduction and pulling; mowing not effective because leaves (Lactuca serriola) midvein with the underside of habitat loss of native flora lie close to the soil surface & plants that are vein covered with prickles mown after stem extension readily produce Not in IAPP  all parts of the plants emit a milky new stems or branches and flowers sap when cut

Grouping: “Yellow / Orange Flowered” continued – Part B Species Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Map Symbol Habitat  low to mid-elevation open Orange hawkweed perennial  seeds via recreationists, pack  fibrous-rooted with FRPA areas such as pastures, (Hieracium aurantiacum) animals and hay horizontal above WCA meadows, forest  ground runners (stolons) ground runners CC clearings, roadsides OH (stolons) that root at  disturbed areas on well the nodes drained, coarse textured soils  low to mid-elevation open Invasive yellow perennial  seeds via recreationists, pack  fibrous-rooted with FRPA areas such as pastures, hawkweeds animals and hay horizontal above meadows, forest (Hieracium sp)  ground runners (stolons) ground runners clearings, roadsides (stolons) that root at  disturbed areas on well HS the nodes drained, coarse textured soils  intolerant of shade, will Mullein biennial –  it is estimated that a single plant  relatively shallow tap None grow in almost any open (Verbascum thapsus) the plant bolts in can produce 100,000-180,000 roots area including natural the second year seeds which may remain viable meadows and forest MU for more than 100 years openings as well as neglected pastures, road cuts, industrial areas  common mullein prefers, but is not limited to, dry sandy soils Yellow salsify; CC  relatively dry open areas western goat’s biennial to short-  1,000 seeds may be produced  taproot considered for the with a high level of beard lived perennial per plant and spread by wind a Weed Control sunlight, but does not like (Tragopogon dubius) few meters or across many Act/Regulation cultivation due to its poor miles revision emergence from deeper WG seed placement Prickly lettuce  native to the Mediterranean (Lactuca serriola) annual or biennial  dandelion-like seeds spread by  taproot None region and occurs along wind roadsides, in abandoned Not in IAPP fields, and other disturbed areas