Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects of Plants in Genus Sonchus (Asteraceae)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects of Plants in Genus Sonchus (Asteraceae) REVIEW ARTICLE RECORDS OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects of Plants in Genus Sonchus (Asteraceae) Heba Fouad, Eman S. Habib, Safwat A.Ahmed* Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt Abstract Received on: 05. 11. 2019 Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times for treatment of various Revised on: 26. 12. 2019 diseases. Many of the drugs available on the market today originated either directly or indirectly from bioactive compounds isolated from plants. Family Accepted on: 11. 01. 2020 Asteraceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants, comprising 1600 genera and almost 30000 species worldwide (Bisht et al., 2010). The genus Sonchus is a genus of flowering plants in the dandelion tribe of the Asteraceae Correspondence Author: Family. It consists mostly of annual herbs, but a few are perennial or woody Tel: + 01092638387 herbs. Annual herbs, known as sow thistles, were used as food stock for animals, particularly for rabbits. They are also edible to humans as a leafy vegetable. In E-mail address: Chinese folk medicine, sow thistles have been used for the treatment of fever, [email protected] inflammation, for detoxication and improvement of blood circulation. Recent advances in the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological studies of this genus are reviewed in this paper (Muhammed et .,al 2012 ). Results showed that secondary metabolites isolated and identified from genus Sonchus were mainly terpenes, sterols, flavonoids, and coumarins. In vivo and in vitro pharmacological studies have shown that plants belonging to this genus exhibit various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and anti-tumor activities (Jain et al., 2014). Further attention should be given to the study of species belonging to genus Sonchus especially regarding toxicological effects. Further research on Sonchus plants should be conducted using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies to isolate and identify the bioactive metabolites in this genus. Keywords: Sonchus, secondary metabolites, Asteraceae. 1. Introduction Since ancient times, people have turned to from renewable sources, and in most cases, their natural sources, mainly plants, for production of low cost compared to synthetic compounds. foods, clothing, fragrances, flavors and medicines Phytochemical investigation of plants has led to the (Gurib-Fakim, 2006). In recent years, a renewed discovery of novel secondary metabolites, which interest in obtaining biologically active compounds were used as leads for therapeutic agents from natural sources has been observed. Reasons (Savithramma et al., 2011). Family Asteraceae, for this worldwide attention towards formulations previously known as Compositae, is also known as based on natural products include their low toxicity, the daisy family, sunflower family or thistle family. their complete biodegradability, their availability It is one of the largest families of flowering plants, Rec. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 4 (1), 40- 50, 2020 including almost 30000 species and 1600 - 1700 considered noxious weeds, as they grow quickly genera worldwide, and inhabits almost every and spread rapidly in a wide range of conditions. environment. The name Asteraceae comes from the term Aster meaning star and refers to the Sow thistles have been used as food for livestock, characteristic flower heads composed of many small hence sometimes known by the common name flowers, called florets, surrounded by bracts. "hare thistle" or "hare lettuce". They are also edible Asteraceae plants are most common in the moderate to humans as leafy vegetables, commonly regions and hot mountains. (Bisht et al., 2010). consumed in Mediterranean countries. It is very important in the diets of urban people and provides The genus Sonchus is a genus of the Asteraceae a relatively inexpensive vegetable to the society Family that belongs to the dandelion tribe. It (Vilala, 2009). In China, sow thistles have been consists mostly of annual herbs, but a few are used in folk medicine for the treatment of fever, perennial or woody herbs, such as subgenus inflammation, for detoxication and improvement of Dendrosonchus which grows in the Canary Islands. blood circulation (Muhammad et al., 2012). Annual herbs in the genus are known as sow Phytochemical investigation of plants belonging to thistles, because they were fed to lactating sows and genus Sonchus has showed that they contain believed to increase milk production. They are several classes of secondary metabolites, including characterized by soft, irregularly lobed leaves that terpenes, sterols, flavonoids, and coumarins. clasp the stem and sometimes form a basal rosette. Pharmacological studies conducted on the plant The stem can range from 30 cm to 2 m (1 to 6 feet) extracts and isolated compounds have shown that in height and contains a milky latex. Flower heads the plant has various medicinal uses including are yellow, half to one inch in diameter; the florets antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, are all of ray type. Sow thistles are common antibacterial, antidepressant, emollient, blood roadside plants that are native to Eurasia and purifying and liver tonic activities (Jain et al., tropical Africa, but they are found almost 2014). worldwide in temperate regions. Sow thistles are Fig. (1): Sonchus oleraceus herb. Fouad et. al 42 2. Chemical constituents reported from some species of genus Sonchus: 2.1 Flavonoids: R1 R2 R7O O R3 R4 R5 R O 6 Species Name R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 Reference S.oleraceus Luteolin OH OH H H H OH OH (Bondarenko et al.,1973) S.oleraceus Luteolin-7-O- OH OH H H H OH O-Gluc. (Bondarenko et glucoside al.,1973) S.arvensis Isocinaroside OH OH H H H H O-Gluc. (Bondarenko et al.,1974) O- Rutinosi S. arvensis Linarin H OCH3 H H H H de (Bondarenko et al.,1975) S.arvensis Isorhamnetin OH OCH3 H H OH OH OH (Bondarenko et al.,1976) S.arvensis Quercetin OH OH H H OH OH OH (Bondarenko et al.,1976) S.arvensis Soncoside OH OH H OH H OH O-Gluc (Bondarenko et al.,1978) S.arvensis Apigenin H OH H H H OH OH (Qu Guirong et al.,1993) S.oleraceus Apigenin-7- H OH H H H OH O-Glu (Giner et al.,1993) S.asper glucoside S.maritimus Rec. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 4 (1), 40- 50, 2020 2.2. Terpenoids: Plant species Compound name Compound structure Reference OH 15-hydroxy4-β ,15- CH2 dihydroreynosin H CH2OH O O O O H O H S.macrocarpus sonchucarpolide CH2 (Mahmoud et H al.,1984) CH3 OH OH 15-hydroxy-4β,15,11β,13- tetrahydroreynosin CH3 H O CH2OH O O O O CH2 Sonchuside E HO CH O 3 O OH OH OH O HO O CH3 (Shimizu et S. asper HO al.,1989) Sonchuside H O CH3 O OH OH OH O O O CH3 Sonchuside G HO O CH3 O OH OH OH Fouad et. al 44 O HO O CH 2 Sonchuside F HO O CH3 O OH OH OH HO O OH OH O OH O O Sonchuside I CH3 CH3 OH (1β,6α)-1,6-dihydroxy-14-O- [(4hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]eudesma- 3,11(13)-dien-12-oic acid γ- lactone S. uliginosus (Zhang et al .,2006) OH (1β,6α)-1,6,14- trihydroxyeudesma-3,11(13)-dien- 12-oic acid γ- lactone H OH O O CH 3 OH O loliolide O CH3 CH2 H S. oleraceus lupeol (Saad.E.,2009) H H HO H OH O O 1β-(p-hydroxyphenylacetyl)-15- Oβ-D-glucopyranosyl-5α,6Βh- H eudesma-3-en-12,6α-olide OH H O S. arvensise O (Xia et al.,2010) O O OH OH Rec. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 4 (1), 40- 50, 2020 OSO3H H 1β-sulfate-5α,6βH-eudesma-3-en- H 12,6α-olide H O O 2.3. Organic acids: Plant species Compound name Compound structure References S.maritimus O S.asper OH S.glaucescens Caffeic acid OH (Giner et al ., S.oleraceus 1993) OH OH CO2H O S. maritimus OH S.asper O OH S.glaucescens OH S.oleraceus Chlorogenic acid OH (Giner et al ., S.tenerrimus 1993) HCO2H O HO OH O S. oleraceus Caftaric acid CO2H (Ou et al .,2012) OH S.oleraceus Chicoric acid HO O OH O HO O (Ou et al ., 2012) O OH O HO O OH Fouad et. al 46 COOH H S.eruca Erucaoic OH (Muhammad acid H et al.,2012) OH H 2.4. Fatty acids: Plant species Compound name Compound structure References Myristic acid S.arvensise (Shukla et al.,2014) Palmitic acid Linoleic acid 2.5 Miscellaneous compounds: 2.5.1 Coumarins: Cichoriin has been detected in Sonchus asper, Sonchus glaucescens and Sonchus tenerrimus. Aesculetin has been detected in Sonchus asper and Sonchus glaucescens, (Giner et al., 1993). OH OH CH2OH HO O 0 OH O O HO O O OH Cichoriin Aesculetin 2.5.2 Esters Rec. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 4 (1), 40- 50, 2020 Quinic acid ester was identified from Sonchus arvensis (Xu et al., 2008) OR CH2OOC OR OH OR R= 3, 4, 5-tri-(p-hydroxyphenylacetyl) quinic acid methyl ester Hexadecanoic methyl ester was identified from Sonchus wightianus (Joshi et al., 2011). O CH3 CH3 O 2.5.3. Ionone glycosides These were isolated from Sonchus erzincanicus Corchoionoside C 6՝-O-sulfate (Ozgen et al, 2010). Corchoionoside (Ozgen et al, 2010). OH OH OH OH OH OH O O O O HO OSO3H OH OH O O 3. Biological activities of some species of due to the presence of polyphenolic constituent genus Sonchus: (Khan et al., 2012). Using the CAA assay, it was shown that foliar extracts of Sonchus oleraceus 3.1 Antioxidant activity: were effectively absorbed into HepG2 cells, and exerted antioxidant activity at levels comparable to In a study by Khan et al., Sonchus asper extracts those of extracts from blueberry.
Recommended publications
  • Identification of Bioactive Ingredients in Sonchus Oleraceus by Hplc and Gc/Ms
    Plant Archives Volume 20 No. 2, 2020 pp. 9714-9720 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 IDENTIFICATION OF BIOACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN SONCHUS OLERACEUS BY HPLC AND GC/MS Rasha M.M. Mohasib1, A. Nagib2, A. Abdel Samad2, Zeinab A. Salama1, Alaa A. Gaafar1, Hanan A.A. Taie1 and Sameh R. Hussein3 1Plant Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 2 Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Cairo university, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 3Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Abstract This study aims to evaluate the successive extraction of the active ingredients and their anticancer activity of arial parts (stem, leaves and flowers) of S. oleaceous. Therefore, Sonchus oleraceus aerial parts were subjected to a successive extraction by using solvent of different polarities; each fraction was evaluated for its anticancer. Each active extract was farther biogided fractionated to determine and identify the active compound/s present in each sub-fraction. All the tested species were extracted using four solvents: hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Phenols, flavonoids and tannins were quantified for all extracts. The chemical analysis proved it to will be a good source of protein, fat and carbohydrates. The results showed that the percentages of moisture content (92.72%), ash content (15.14%), crude protein (25.94%), crude lipid (4.05%) and carbohydrate (54.87%) respectively of the S. oleraceus L. the highest content of total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF) and total tannin (TT) was obtained by methanol fraction. The active ingredients were evaluated as well employing gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
    [Show full text]
  • Some Biological Observations on Pale Fruit, a Viroid-Incited Disease of Cucumber
    Neth.J . PI.Path . 80(1974 )85-9 6 Some biological observations on pale fruit, a viroid-incited disease of cucumber H. J. M. VAN DORST1 and D. PETERS2 1 Glasshouse CropsResearc han d Experiment Station, Naaldwijlk 2 Laboratory ofVirology ,Agricultura l University, Wageningen Accepted 13 December 1973 Abstract A viroid-incited disease characterized by palefruits , crumpledflowers, an d rugosity and chlorosis on the leaves of cucumber, occurs occasionally in cucumber crops grown in glasshouses in the Nether­ lands. The disease is found primarily in crops planted in spring, rarely in those planted in summer but not in those planted in late summer. The pathogen can be transmitted with sap, during pruning, bygraftin g and with dodder to cucumber and a number of other cucurbitaceous species,but not with M. persicae.Ther e is no evidence for seed or nematode transmission. The incubation period js 21 daysa thig htemperature s(3 0°C )bu tshorte r after inoculationb yrazorblad eslashing . The number of glasshouses with the disease has increased since 1965,bu t the number of diseased plants is usually low. The initial distribution of diseased plants in the glasshouses suggests that the pathogeni sintroduce db ya ninsect . Introduction In 1963a disease in cucumber especially attracting attention by a light green colour on the fruits, but also with affectedflowers an d young leaves, occurred in two glass­ houses in the western part of the Netherlands. The disease, now calledpal efrui t dis­ ease,ha ssinc ebee n observed indifferen t places overth ewhol e country. The number ofaffecte d plantsi na glasshous ei smostl yles stha n0.
    [Show full text]
  • FLORA from FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE of MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2
    ISSN: 2601 – 6141, ISSN-L: 2601 – 6141 Acta Biologica Marisiensis 2018, 1(1): 60-70 ORIGINAL PAPER FLORA FROM FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureş, Romania 2Mureş County Museum, Department of Natural Sciences, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania *Correspondence: Silvia OROIAN [email protected] Received: 2 July 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 15 July 2018 Abstract The aim of this study was to identify a potential source of medicinal plant from Transylvanian Plain. Also, the paper provides information about the hayfields floral richness, a great scientific value for Romania and Europe. The study of the flora was carried out in several stages: 2005-2008, 2013, 2017-2018. In the studied area, 397 taxa were identified, distributed in 82 families with therapeutic potential, represented by 164 medical taxa, 37 of them being in the European Pharmacopoeia 8.5. The study reveals that most plants contain: volatile oils (13.41%), tannins (12.19%), flavonoids (9.75%), mucilages (8.53%) etc. This plants can be used in the treatment of various human disorders: disorders of the digestive system, respiratory system, skin disorders, muscular and skeletal systems, genitourinary system, in gynaecological disorders, cardiovascular, and central nervous sistem disorders. In the study plants protected by law at European and national level were identified: Echium maculatum, Cephalaria radiata, Crambe tataria, Narcissus poeticus ssp. radiiflorus, Salvia nutans, Iris aphylla, Orchis morio, Orchis tridentata, Adonis vernalis, Dictamnus albus, Hammarbya paludosa etc. Keywords: Fărăgău, medicinal plants, human disease, Mureş County 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Correct Generic Names for Sonchus Webbii Sch.Bip. and Prenanthes Péndula Sch.Bip
    Bot. Macaronésica 24: 179-182 (2003) 179 Notas corológico-taxonómicas de la flora macaronésica (N°^ 86-105) THE CORRECT GENERIC ÑAMES FOR SONCHUS WEBBII Sch.Bip. AND PRENANTHES PÉNDULA Sch.Bip. DAVID BRAMWELL Jardín Botánico Canario «Viera y Clavijo», Apdo. 14 de Tafira Alta. 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Cana­ ria, islas Canarias, España. Recibido: febrero 2000 Key words.' Lactucosonchus, Chrysoprenanthes, Sonchus, Prenanthes, Canary Islands. Palabras clave: Lactucosonchus, Chrysoprenanthes, Sonchus, Prenanthes, islas Canarias. SUMIVIARY The correct ñames for two Cañarían Compositae, Sonchus webbii and Prenanthes péndula are dis- cussed in the light of recent publications.The ñame Lactucosonchus webbii is considered to be the correct ñame for the former taxon and the latter is transferred to the genus Chrysoprenanthes. RESUIVIEN Se comenta los nombres correctos de dos compuestas Canarias, Sonchus webbii y Prenanthes péndula en vistas de recientes publicaciones. Se considera como nombre correcto para la primera especie Lactucosonchus webbii y se transfiere la segunda al genero Chrysoprenanthes. INTRODUCTION Two recent publications, REIFENBERGER & REIFENBERGER (1997) and SENNIKOV & ILLARIONOVA (1999) have established a new genus Wildpretia and a new section of the genus Sonchus, sect. Chrysoprenanthes. For different reasons which are discussed below each of these new ñames is considered to be unnecessary. In the first case there already exists a validly published ñame Lactucosonchus (Sch. Bip.) Svent. with priority over Wildpretia Reifenberger and in the second case, molecular studies show that Prenanthes péndula Sch. Bip., though not a true member of the ISSN 0211-7150 180 DAVID BRAMWELL genus Prenanthes is also not a Sonchus as it forms a sister dade to Sonchus along with Sventenia and Babcockia.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Food Plants in Graecanic Communities in Calabria, Southern
    Wild food plants in Graecanic communities in Calabria, Southern Italy - Ethnobotany, current role in Mediterranean diets, and antioxidant activity Thesis presented by Sabine M. Nebel for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy The School of Pharmacy University of London 2006 ’^OL OF " ProQuest Number: 10104805 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10104805 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 This thesis describes research conducted in the School of Pharmacy, University of London between 2002 and 2006 under the supervision of Prof. Michael Heinrich. I certify that the research described is original and that any parts of the work that have been conducted by collaboration are clearly indicated. I also certify that I have written all the text herein and have clearly indicated by suitable citation any part of this dissertation that has already appeared in publication. 7 / (^foC Signature Date Abstract Dietary patterns are changing rapidly all over the world. The body of available local food knowledge, which forms the basis of many local traditions, is decreasing dramatically.
    [Show full text]
  • Illinois Exotic Species List
    Exotic Species in Illinois Descriptions for these exotic species in Illinois will be added to the Web page as time allows for their development. A name followed by an asterisk (*) indicates that a description for that species can currently be found on the Web site. This list does not currently name all of the exotic species in the state, but it does show many of them. It will be updated regularly with additional information. Microbes viral hemorrhagic septicemia Novirhabdovirus sp. West Nile virus Flavivirus sp. Zika virus Flavivirus sp. Fungi oak wilt Ceratocystis fagacearum chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and Ophiostoma ulmi late blight Phytophthora infestans white-nose syndrome Pseudogymnoascus destructans butternut canker Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Plants okra Abelmoschus esculentus velvet-leaf Abutilon theophrastii Amur maple* Acer ginnala Norway maple Acer platanoides sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus common yarrow* Achillea millefolium Japanese chaff flower Achyranthes japonica Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens climbing fumitory Adlumia fungosa jointed goat grass Aegilops cylindrica goutweed Aegopodium podagraria horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum fool’s parsley Aethusa cynapium crested wheat grass Agropyron cristatum wheat grass Agropyron desertorum corn cockle Agrostemma githago Rhode Island bent grass Agrostis capillaris tree-of-heaven* Ailanthus altissima slender hairgrass Aira caryophyllaea Geneva bugleweed Ajuga genevensis carpet bugleweed* Ajuga reptans mimosa
    [Show full text]
  • José A. Mejías, Mariano García Del Rey & Jose L. Silva Variability in Prickly Sow-Thistle (Sonchus Asper) from Western Me
    José A. Mejías, Mariano García del Rey & Jose L. Silva Variability in prickly sow-thistle (Sonchus asper) from western Mediterranean region Abstract Mejías, J. A., García del Rey M. & Silva J. L.: Variability in prickly sow-thistle (Sonchus asper) from western Mediterranean region. — Bocconea 24: 285-293. 2012. — ISSN 1120-4060. We studied the morphological variability of Sonchus asper (L.) Hill in the western Mediterranean region by means of multivariate analysis. A two-step clustering method indicat- ed that selection of a two-cluster model was optimal, with anther length and ligule length as the main characters contributing to cluster delimitation. These variables presented a general bimodal pattern of frequency distribution, denoting the presence of two floral morphotypes in the complex that, although partially sympatric, seem to show distinct geographical ranges and important differences in their reproductive systems. In addition, a preliminary karyological analysis yielded differences in chromosome morphology between the two morphs. Possible tax- onomic implications of this variability are discussed. We propose the segregation of plants showing different flower morphotype as different taxa at specific level: large-flowered plants should be designated as Sonchus nymanni Tineo & Guss. in Guss., while small-flowered plants correspond to Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Introduction Prickly sow-thistle (S. asper (L.) Hill) is a common weed with a cosmopolitan distri- bution, although it appears to be introduced in the New World and some tropical areas (Reiche 1910: 39, Boulos 1973). At present, the variability of the species is commonly resolved by subdivision into two taxa: the typical subspecies and one more subspecies des- ignated, depending on the authors, as S.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plant List
    UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plants Below is the most recently updated plant list for UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve. * non-native taxon ? presence in question Listed Species Information: CNPS Listed - as designated by the California Rare Plant Ranks (formerly known as CNPS Lists). More information at http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php Cal IPC Listed - an inventory that categorizes exotic and invasive plants as High, Moderate, or Limited, reflecting the level of each species' negative ecological impact in California. More information at http://www.cal-ipc.org More information about Federal and State threatened and endangered species listings can be found at https://www.fws.gov/endangered/ (US) and http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/ t_e_spp/ (CA). FAMILY NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LISTED Ferns AZOLLACEAE - Mosquito Fern American water fern, mosquito fern, Family Azolla filiculoides ? Mosquito fern, Pacific mosquitofern DENNSTAEDTIACEAE - Bracken Hairy brackenfern, Western bracken Family Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens fern DRYOPTERIDACEAE - Shield or California wood fern, Coastal wood wood fern family Dryopteris arguta fern, Shield fern Common horsetail rush, Common horsetail, field horsetail, Field EQUISETACEAE - Horsetail Family Equisetum arvense horsetail Equisetum telmateia ssp. braunii Giant horse tail, Giant horsetail Pentagramma triangularis ssp. PTERIDACEAE - Brake Family triangularis Gold back fern Gymnosperms CUPRESSACEAE - Cypress Family Hesperocyparis macrocarpa Monterey cypress CNPS - 1B.2, Cal IPC
    [Show full text]
  • (Asteraceae) on the Canary Islands
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Evolutionary Comparison of the Chloroplast Genome in the Woody Sonchus Alliance (Asteraceae) on the Canary Islands Myong-Suk Cho 1, Ji Young Yang 2, Tae-Jin Yang 3 and Seung-Chul Kim 1,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; [email protected] 2 Research Institute for Ulleung-do and Dok-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-299-4499 Received: 11 February 2019; Accepted: 11 March 2019; Published: 14 March 2019 Abstract: The woody Sonchus alliance consists primarily of woody species of the genus Sonchus (subgenus Dendrosonchus; family Asteraceae). Most members of the alliance are endemic to the oceanic archipelagos in the phytogeographic region of Macaronesia. They display extensive morphological, ecological, and anatomical diversity, likely caused by the diverse habitats on islands and rapid adaptive radiation. As a premier example of adaptive radiation and insular woodiness of species endemic to oceanic islands, the alliance has been the subject of intensive evolutionary studies. While phylogenetic studies suggested that it is monophyletic and its major lineages radiated rapidly early in the evolutionary history of this group, genetic mechanisms of speciation and genomic evolution within the alliance remain to be investigated. We first attempted to address chloroplast (cp) genome evolution by conducting comparative genomic analysis of three representative endemic species (Sonchus acaulis, Sonchus canariensis, and Sonchus webbii) from the Canary Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Flora of Rarău Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Romania). Note Ii
    Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy Tome XXXVI, 2013 BIOLOGY THE VASCULAR FLORA OF RARĂU MASSIF (EASTERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA). NOTE II ADRIAN OPREA1 and CULIŢĂ SÎRBU2 1 “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, Str. Dumbrava Roşie, nr. 7-9, 700522–Iaşi, Romania 2 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi, Faculty of Agriculture, Str. Mihail Sadoveanu, nr. 3, 700490–Iaşi, Romania Corresponding author: [email protected] This second part of the paper about the vascular flora of Rarău Massif listed approximately half of the whole number of the species registered by the authors in their field trips or already included in literature on the same area. Other taxa have been added to the initial list of plants, so that, the total number of taxa registered by the authors in Rarău Massif amount to 1443 taxa (1133 species and 310 subspecies, varieties and forms). There was signaled out the alien taxa on the surveyed area (18 species) and those dubious presence of some taxa for the same area (17 species). Also, there were listed all the vascular plants, protected by various laws or regulations, both internal or international, existing in Rarău (i.e. 189 taxa). Finally, there has been assessed the degree of wild flora conservation, using several indicators introduced in literature by Nowak, as they are: conservation indicator (C), threat conservation indicator) (CK), sozophytisation indicator (W), and conservation effectiveness indicator (E). Key words: Vascular flora, Rarău Massif, Romania, conservation indicators. 1. INTRODUCTION A comprehensive analysis of Rarău flora, in terms of plant diversity, taxonomic structure, biological, ecological and phytogeographic characteristics, as well as in terms of the richness in endemics, relict or threatened plant species was published in our previous note (see Oprea & Sîrbu 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Common Weed Hosts of Insect-Transmitted Viruses of Florida Vegetable Crops1 Gaurav Goyal, Harsimran K
    ENY-863 Common Weed Hosts of Insect-Transmitted Viruses of Florida Vegetable Crops1 Gaurav Goyal, Harsimran K. Gill, and Robert McSorley2 Weed growth can severely decrease the commercial, virus attacks bell pepper, tomato, spinach, cantaloupe, recreational, and aesthetic values of crops, landscapes, and cucumber, pumpkin, squash, celery, and watercress. waterways. More information on weeds can be found in References to appropriate publications are provided for Hall et al. (2009i). Other than affecting crop production easy cross-reference and more details about the virus by reducing the amount of nutrients available to the main under consideration. Common viruses with their family crop, weeds can also influence crop production by acting as and genus names are provided in Table 2. Information is reservoirs of various viruses that are transmitted by insects. also provided for each vegetable that was reported infected Several insects transmit different viruses in different crops, by the virus, and on the insect vectors that transmit the but aphids and whiteflies are among the most important virus. Some viruses, such as Tomato mosaic virus, are not virus vectors (carriers of viruses) on vegetable crops in transmitted by vectors. Others, such as Bean common Florida. The insect vectors feed on various parts of weeds mosaic virus, can be transmitted by vectors or through seed. that are infected by a virus and acquire the virus in the Detailed information about viruses and their transmission process. They then can feed on uninfected agricultural has been summarized by Adams and Antoniw (2011). crops and transmit the virus to them. Insects are often Common and scientific names of weeds that act as virus attracted to weeds and survive on them because weeds can sources are listed in Table 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Sec. 22-39. - Native Grasses
    Sec. 22-39. - Native grasses. (a) Definitions. Clear area shall mean a five-foot strip of land adjacent to the property line that must be maintained at two to three (2—3) inches in height. Native landscaping shall mean the practice of cultivating plants which are indigenous to the region, which once established, require minimal mowing, fertilization or watering, if any. Noxious weeds. The following plant species are defined as noxious weeds. They are typically opportunistic/invasive weeds/grasses: Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Asteraceae Sow Thistle Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Poaceae Johnson Grass Ambrosia sp. Asteraceae Rag Weed Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis Poaceae Grass Bur Rumex crispus L. Polygonaceae Curly Dock Croton capitatus Michx. Euphorbiaceae Dove Weed Chenopodium sp. Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Amarantus sp. Amarantaceae Pig Weed Rhus toxicodendron L. Anacardiaceae Poison Ivy Conyza Canadensis (L.) Cronq. Asteraceae Horse Weed Texas Wildscapes. Program sponsored by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department that promotes habitat restoration for rural and urban areas. (b) Native landscaping. It shall be lawful to grow native and naturalized plants including ferns, wildflowers, grasses, forbs, shrubs and trees, provided the owner registers their intent to do so with the city. (c) Clear spaces shall be maintained. Registered native landscapes shall maintain a clear area as provided for in this section. (d) Noxious weeds. Noxious weeds are indicators of neglect and areas that contain these species shall be brought into conformance of section 14.3.2.b [sic], even if those properties are registered native landscapes, under the guidelines set forth in that instrumental code. (e) Registration. Owners of property who wish to have a native landscape shall notify the City of Boerne Code Enforcement, in writing, of their intent to manage a native landscape.
    [Show full text]