TRADE AND POLITICS IN BANJ ARMAS IN 1700 - 1747 by GOH YOON FONG Being a thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May, 1969 ProQuest Number: 11010544 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010544 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 Brunai S am b as KUTAI LAWAI JL K ( fe' ^Sukadanas P asir Mendawai ^3andj armasin '^'S atu i J) Kinta? Tabuniau PULAU LAUT 3 ABSTRACT Barg armasin was one of the chief sources of pepper in South East Asia during the period 1700-1747. The need for this commodity attracted the English, Dutch, Chinese and Indonesian merchants to the area* This study, therefore, is not only concerned with the development of Banjarmasin as a commercial mart but also v/ith the activities of the traders, particularly the Europeans in the region, and the response of the local rulers to their coming. Since the commercial policy of the rulers was shaped to a large extent by political forces, special attention is paid to the role of the t3ugis in local politics and an attempt is made to examine the effect of their intervention in the Civil War of the 1710*s on the pepper economy. In tracing the course of English and Dutch activities, stress is laid on the strategic and political considerations which besides the commercial ones, led the Europeans to enter the area. This study also presents a detailed narration of the mechanics of trade in the port« In this connection, particular reference is made to the important part played by the Chinese merchants, and finally, the commercial and political activities of the aboriginal tribes, the Biajus, and the repercussions of Banjarose rule over these people. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page Title page 1 Map of Borneo 2 Abstract 3 Contents 4 Abbreviations 5 Glossary 6 Weights and Measures 7 List of Panambahans 8 List of Governor-Generals of Batavia 9 List of Dutch factors at Banoarmasin ( 1711-1737 ) 10 CHAPTER I Introduction A. Origins 11-30 B# The Historical Background 31-51 II The English Settlement; 1700-1707 52-117 III Political Disturbances 118-151 IV Dutch Activitiess 1711-1737 152-187 V Problems of the Pepper Trade 188-204 VI Chinese Junk Trade: 1700-1737 205-236 VII English Activities: 1713-1747 237-293 VIII Conclusion 294-328 Appendices I - III 329-338 Bibliography 339-348 Map of Southeast Borneo 349 5 ABBREVIATIONS LB Letter Book OC Original Correspondence CM Court Minutes JFR Java Factory Records SFR Sumatra Factory Records CFR China Factory Records FRM Factory Records Miscellaneous HMS Homo Miscellaneous Series EIC East India Company JMBRAS Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society KA Koloniaal Archicf BTLV Bijdragen tot do Taal, Landen Volkcnkunde van Nederlandsch Indie uitgcgcven door hot Koninklijk Instituut TEG Tijdschrift vobr Indische Taal. London Volkcnkunde uitgegcvcn door hot IConinklijk Bataviaisch Gcnootschap 6 GLOSSARY Beeswax wax obtained from the honey«*comb of a special genus of bees called Apidae. It is used for manufacturing candles. Beaoar stones a concretionary substance found in certain apes or monkeys of Borneo and certain other Indonesian islands. It is used to counteract poisons. Bichara consultation or discussion. Birds nest a type of nest made by swiftlets which Chinese eat as a delicacy. Cassia Lignum an extract from a type of shrub, or herb: found in Java, Borneo or Sumatra for the treatment of cutaneous diseases and also used as a purgative. Daching a steel-yard for weighing pepper or other products, (commonly used by the Chinese and Indonesians). Dragons Blood sap extracted from a herbaceous plant grown in Borneo and other parts of the East Indies for medicinal purposes. Kuala estuary or mouth of a river. Nakhoda master of a junk or other trading-ship. Padi rice which is not winnowed or cooked. Pagar palisade or stockade. Perahu light Indonesian sailing craft. WEIGHTS M D MEASURES 1 kati: 16 tchils or Ik lbs. (r.vcrdupois) 1 pikul: 133-134 (English) lbs. or 122-125 (Dutch) lbs. 1 bahnr: varied betxveen 360 and 600 lbs. 1 ganteng: 3 1/3 - 3k lbs. (evcrdupois) 1 keyan: 3,400 lbs. and considered the equivalent of a last (or ton of shipping spree) or two tons (measurement). LIST OF PAI'TAMBAHANS OF BANJARMASII1 1642 - 1759 Pongcran Rat& or Sultan Ra*jat Allah 1642-1661 Sultan Amir Allah 1661-1663 Pongoran Dipati Anom 1663-1680 Sultan Bagus Kasuma 1680(?)-170 Sultan Suria Alam 1708-1718 Sultan Kasuna Dilaga 1718-1730 Sultan Hamid Dulla 1730-1734 Sultan Tamjeod Dulla or ICasuma Alan 1734-1759 LIST OF GOVERNOR*GENERALS OF BATAVIA 1650 - 1750 Carol Reyniersz 1650-1653 Joan ITaetsuycker 1653-167G Rijckloff van Goons 1678-1681 Cornells Janszoon Specimen 1681-1684 Joannes Camphuys 1684-1691 Willem van Outhoorn 1691-1704 Johan van Eoorn 1704-1709 Abraham van Riebeeck 1709-1713 Christoffel van Zwoll 1713-1718 Hendrick Zwaardecroon 1718-1725 Hattheus do Haan 1725-172S Didcrick Durven 1729-1732 Dirck van Cloon 1732-1735 Abraham Patras 1735-1737 Adrican Vslekenicr 1737-1741 Johannes Thcdens 1741-1743 Gustaaf Willem, Baron van Imhoff 1743-1750 LIST OF DUTCH FACTORS AT BANJARMASIN 1711 - 1737 N.V.D* Bosch and I, Indus Sept.- Oct. 1711 K.V.D. Bosch and A* Poulle Aug.- Oct.‘1712 J. Landsheer and J.M. Broun Nov* 1726 - June 1727 May - Dec. 1728 A. Broyell and J.M. Broun April - Oct. 1729 P. Snippe and P. Kamerbeek Feb. - Aug. 1730 July - Nov. 1731 P. Snippe and C. Braine March - July 1732 C. Marre and D. Brouwer March - Oct. 1733 April - Nov. 1734 Jan. - Aug. 1735 J. Brouwer and G. Keyser April - July 1736 11 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A - ORIGINS Situated in the south-eastern part of Borneo, Banjarmssin is drained by the Barito or Banjar river, which has its source in the central range of mountains commonly known as the- ^unong TeMng range.^ The principal tributary of the Barito is the Negara or Bahen, while two other important rivers flowing parallel to it into the Java sea 2 are the Kahajan and the Kapuas Murung. Between the mountains of the interior and the swampy coastal lowlands lies an irregular hilly zone covered predominantly with tropical rain forests. The climate is equatorial with heavy rains during the period of the south-west monsoon from May to September, while a drier spell prevails between October and a April, the season of the north-east monsoon." 1 . J.J. de Hollander, Handle!ding bi.i do beoefening dor Land en Volkenkunde*van Nederlandsch Post-Indies Vol. II,"(Breda, 1884),' p. 9. 2. Ibid., p. 23. The Kahajan and the Kapuas Murung are also known as the Great Dayak and Small Dayak rivers respectively. 3. E.H.G, Dobby, Southeast Asia, (London, 1953), p. 244; C.A. Fisher, Southeast Asia, (London, 1964), pp. 221-23. 4. Fisher, op. cit., p. 215; Dobby, op. cit., pp. 36-39. 12 In the seventeenth century, settlement was peripheral, bordering the coastal regions and estuaries, with river navigation as the most practicable means of transport. The early immigrants from Java and the people of Malay stock from other parts of the archipelago, for instance, settled on the lower banks of the Barito river, but when the royal capital was shifted to Martopura after the destruction of Banjarmssin in 1612 by the Dutch, the colonists also noved to this area. Consequently, Kayu Tinggi and Tartas (the river-island lying between the Barito raid Antassan-Kween rivers)^ were established as new towns, while smaller pockets of settlement were found in the neighbouring districts of- Rian Kiwo, Riaa Kenan, Margasari and Pulau Laut% Due to their good harbour facilities, Banjarmasin and Tartas attracted foreign traders, including Arabs, Bengalis, Madurese, Balinese and Chinese, a large number of whom 7 became permanent residents. By the mid-seventeenth century, the Bq h jarose settlements had extended to Anuntoi in Upper Negara, Kota Waringin and Sampit, 5. C.A.L.M. Schwaner, Borneo, Pt. I, (Amsterdam, 1853), p, 15. 6 * Ibid,, p* 43; Hollander, Handle!ding, pp. 136-37. 7* Schwaner, op. cit., pp. 55 & 70-71^ Hollander, Handloiding, pp% 139-41. For details of port facilities and the volume of trade handled by Ban;] arms sin, especially with reference to the early twentieth century, see R. Brocrsma, Handel en Bedri.if in Zuicl on Oost-Borneo. (The Hague, 1927)'', p'p."lB-£fe. 13 The Ban;)arose, who claimed to be the result of intermarriage between the original Javanese inhabitants o and the foreign immigrants, and described as "well-shaped, clean limbed, middle statured" with "black hair and a complexion somewhat darker than Mulattoes"9 lived in attap huts built on stilts or wooden logs along the river banks. Their chief occupations were fishing, pepper-trading, boat- making, handicraft-work, especially with wood or rattan, TO gold and diamond mining. w Although the majority of Banjarose were not inclihGcl to wal'd s agriculture, small plots of padi, tapioca, and sugar cane were planted for home consumption as in Amuntai, Plcihari and Lampcj.