UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IN UNDEVELOPED REGENCY THROUGH MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE

(CASE STUDY: REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING OF ) Imanuddin ABDULGANI, [email protected], Gadjah Mada University

ABSTRACT

The North Kayong Regency is one of the new Regency in West Province that is still lack of infrastructure development such as infrastructure and public amenities. The purpose of this research is to contribute in regional development planning policy through determine appropriate method in maritime infrastructure for increasing regional economic growth. Our study shows that the best practice to improve the development planning process is improve better and appropriate policies that might be apply through the new methods on practice oriented, focus on strategies, tools and manage the utilization of planning and resources. By maintain strategies, develop solution that integrates different dimension of regional planning and resources in every conceivable way to solve the problem and to overcome the obstacles. Keyword : Economic Growth, Maritime Infrastructure, Interconnectivity, Regional Development Planning, Undeveloped Regency

INTRODUCTION

The Maritime Infrastructure and its benefit for Development can not be implemented optimally, since there is regulation that the use of maritime infrastructure must follow the order of the Ministry of Transportation and Provincial Agency for Transportation which supplemented by the Provincial Spatial Plan (RTRW). The challenge is that the maritime infrastructure is not always coincident with the administrative area so as to allow synergies between agencies can not run harmoniously and produce no real technical action. For example, making a grand design of a regional sea port development can have a different direction of environmental function with a land allocation which is arranged in the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW). Therefore, the evaluation of the suitability between the regional functions in the RTRW and the utilization for sea port functions is necessary to be studied. The inappropriate for land use allocation with maritime infrastructure for economic growth may result in a decrease in carrying support capacity. This downturn is characterized by litter, vandalism, damage mangrove and underwater coral, oil leakages and decrease fish in nearby area of the port. Adjustment of the spatial plan covering the human activity should consider of the environmental carrying capacity.

Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 125

Figure 1. North Kayong Regency North Kayong Regency location is shown on Figure 1. It has a new expanded Regency from Regency which capital city is . North Kayong Regency has formed according to UU No. 6 Year of 2007 and Letter of Interior Minister of Republic No. 135 / 439 / SJ, 27th February 2007 which total administrative area 4.568,26 KM2. It is divided into 6 administrative district, 43 sub-district. The North Kayong is located in the strategic region that well-known as Second Main Gate behind city for its sea port. The North Kayong Regency can be reached by Speedboat that is currently the main transportation to this regency (see Figure 2). It accommodates many route such as through Pontianak Seng Hie Port and Rasau Jaya Port which only one time a day to Sukadana and Teluk Batang Port (see Figure 3). From Sukadana and Teluk Batang the long boat has always be the main transportation to Pontianak. In addition to this, the route of speedboat also provide transport to nearby island and archipelago such as Tanjung Satai, Desun Besar and Karimata Island which is only two times departure in a week.

Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 126

Figure 2. North Kayong Transportation

Figure 1. North Kayong Sea Port

Objective of the Study

1. to get better policies of the utilization for Maritime Infrastructure for Regional Development, 2. to predict the profound impact from Regional Sea Port Development according to environmental impact assessment based on RTRW and related policy document, and

Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 127 3. to evaluate the effectiveness of the RTRW of North Kayong Regency in controlling the impact of Regional Sea Port Development toward Trans Kalimantan Road as a main gate for many goods in remote area Regency of West Kalimantan.

METHODS

Analytical Method using descriptive qualitative, SWOT and the application that implement the theory of regional development planning for infrastructure connectivity. The analytical method offers tools and approach for deep analysis and consideration for policies through its implement according to the government program and its obstacle for regional development: In this study, the obstacle should always take into account before built the project for maritime infrastructure such as the conservation area and strategic environmental impact assessment that not utilize properly. The SWOT analysis was used to estimate benefits and drawback that might affect for Regional Development and the chance to mitigate the negative impact from many constraints, impact and its strength because in some case the unavailability of data would affected in the process of analysis before determining the conclusion of the approach. Descriptive Qualitative Analysis Method

This approach is making analysis through the provincial government, regional government and central government for its policies regarding maritime infrastructure and transportation for enhance economic growth in undeveloped regency. The regional sea port in North Kayong Regency already finish to be built after several years in three different location, Cik Kadir Sea Port in Sukadana, Teluk Batang Sea Port, and Teluk Melano Sea Port. However, the implement of utilization through open access connectivity to surrounding area of its region has been denied to be effective. The possibility connectivity through Trans Road to unlock the congestion traffic route that occurred in capital city of Pontianak Port and its long delivery time from sea port to regional in remote area of Borneo. The new unfinish access route in Perawas (Kayong Utara Regency) – Simpang Dua () section in South Trans Borneo Road of West Kalimantan has been always obstacle due to the National Government program to enhance the status of strategic access route to Trans Borneo. The nearby access for strategic access to Trans Borneo (Ketapang-Siduk) already in the process for legalise, meanwhile the Perawas – Simpang Dua section more significant due to very short access route compare to the Ketapang Siduk to Trans Borneo. The land use degradation in palm oil plantation has always been neglected since there are no strict rules to implement in peat soil of utilization in spatial planning considering most of the plantation situated in peat. SWOT Analysis Method

Analysis for the strength, potential, opportunity, and chance in making of its benefits before approaching to determine the weaknesess, threats and negative impact. Some of the problems has been long time to resolve due to location of the Regency, are: 1. the unconducive situation of infrastructure in North Kayong Regency is limited and lack of development since there are no accessibility to the provincial capital city through land road and the only access is through rivers, straits and sea using Ferry and speedboat with long time to spend to the journey approximately 8 – 10 hours.

Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 128 2. there is no airport that can reliable for the citizen which always been the major obstacle in development of its economic growth in North Kayong Regency, therefore it is always be high cost for transporting goods and passengers. The policies that implement in the strategic access road to Trans Borneo in order to apply the effectiveness of Sea Port has been the major obstacle in embrace the state budget for strategic access road to Trans Borneo because it is not allowed to open two parallel strategic road access approaching to South Trans Borneo Road. Analysis for the Government Program Implementation

Many of local government program for maritime infrastructure has not been taking into account for many possibilities that might trigger for economic growth such as the inter connected road that will open access for sustainable activity through sea port to many regency. The maritime infrastructure should be build when many stakeholders involve in considered supporting infrastructure that will be mandatory to support its sustainability through provider the amenities and its physical facilities. The National government as a provider for state budget should take into account many legal document aspect, which government will own or which ministry will use the asset, Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS) and provincial / regional spatial planning document (RTRW) as a requirement to build the infrastructure. The feasibility study also taken into account for the analysis, based on the technical feasibility, economic feasibility, environmental feasibility, economic growth and the regional social development, inter mode transportation, accessibility to the hinterland area, safety and security for shipment and national defense & security.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Analysis of Policies

Evaluation of analysis for Gap policies among provincial government and regional government. According to the regulation of Minister of Transportation, Republic of Indonesia No. 51 Year of 2015 regarding standard and procedure for Sea Port activity; Provincial and Regional Spatial Planning Document (RTRW), Regional Strategic Mid-Term Document for Development Planning (RPJMD), carrying capacity, and economic life and activity for its surrounding area. Despite the fact that, three of the sea port project in North Kayong Regency already finished of build for the main building and supporting facilities, only the Regional Sea Port of Teluk Batang maintain its activity for loaded of goods, vehicle and passengers from ferry shipment activity. This is a good things to increase regional income from tax in will be pay to the local government. Although, the main road of Regional Sea Port in Teluk Batang already open for accessibility from provincial road, the road is unfinished from asphalt. Recently, they only resistant for vehicle that used to hard soil road. The project should have been using Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS) to get better preparation on its environmental impact of surrounding area such as mangrove, coral reef, waters, social life, culture, and economic impact. Assessment process is to evaluate according to the direct and indirect economic Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 129 benefits for regional development, which also conduct investment and benefits for development of sea port that influence on the economic growth and open access to unlimited opportunity of regional development. Triggered economic growth from transportation and tourism sector in North Kayong Regency. If the accessibility from Perawas –Simpang Dua section to national Trans Borneo Road open in many possibilities, the economic growth will increase deliberately to remote area of West Kalimantan Province. This is shortly and approaching to be happen due to the stagnant and crowded of the Pontianak Seaport and its impact to making congestion along the way of provincial road during the peak hours. Although, the provincial government already making decision to make an alternative seaport in order to decrease dwelling time in the port to make an effective price of the goods when its deliver to the remote area regency in West Kalimantan Province, it will not reach an effectiveness in very short time since there are many infrastructure to be build in order to support the seaport. According to Provincial Regional Spatial Planning Document (RTRW) 2014-2034, the track for vessels in nearby North Kayong Regency waters are :  The vessels track in Sea Port Teluk Batang – Maya Strait – Karimata Strait.  Most of the vessels track always through the Karimata Strait to transport goods from capital city of Pontianak to Industry Region in Java Island which is south of the Karimata Strait to the Java Sea further south.  The development always consistently focused on the physical facilities of sea transportation in the region of West Kalimantan to support the activity of shipment in Indonesian Archipelago Sea Track (ALKI I) which through Natuna Sea and Karimata Strait in the west coast of West Kalimantan Province.  The sea port should always support and back-up in the making of national defense and national security, along with open access through sea port for maintain & fixing of marine national army and coast guard shipyard.

Figure 2. Strategic Position of West Kalimantan Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 130 Table 1. SWOT Analysis (Policy)

Positive Negative

Internal Strenghts Weaknesses

Situated and Located in Indonesian Geographic location in remote area that Archipelago Sea Track (ALKI I) in difficult to reach for accessibility the west coast of West Kalimantan through Trans Borneo Road, unless the Province that allow many shipment to strategic access road in Perawas- making path along this Sea Simpang Dua section would be open Transportation Track immediately. The provincial and central government needs to be more wisely to determine which strategic route access to Trans Borneo Road will be open and build to support maritime infrastructure. External Opportunities Threats

Needs to legalize the legitimate of Lack of coordination among the optimization for the existence stakeholders will result the drawback of maritime infrastructure that already regional development that already achieve provide to developed more political satisfaction in numbers of economic bargain in order to take its benefits. growth.

Analysis for the Government Program Implementation

Based on The Regional Strategic Mid-Term Document for Development Planning (RPJMD): the unoptimizing of utilization for three sea port, both the provincial and regional government already conduct many work plan that will boost the main function of the three sea port in North Kayong Regency. For instance, provide the solar cell, physical facilities and amenities of sea port, branch office of sea port authority and open access road toward the sea port main terminal building. Several navigation signage already exist in the area between two regional borders and North Kayong Regency which is legitimation from Provincial Agency for Transportation in order to support Regional Sea Port. The only reason for abandon this Sea Port is lack of accessibility through Trans Borneo Road which will be the shortest route to reach the seaport from remote area regency in West Kalimantan Province such as Putusibau, Sintang, Melawi and Sekadau. The necessarry of Perawas – Simpang Dua section to be open for making short time access to national Trans Borneo Road will minimize the drawback from expensive price of the goods. Another benefits of economic growth will increase deliberately to remote area of West Kalimantan Province. This is shortly and approaching to be happen due to the stagnant and crowded of the Pontianak Seaport and its impact to making congestion along the way of provincial road during the peak hours. Although, the provincial government already making decision to make an alternative seaport in order to decrease dwelling time in the port to make an effective price of the goods, it will not reach an effectiveness in very short time since there are many infrastructure to be built in order to support the seaport. Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 131 Despite the fact that the Directorate General of Waters and Saraea Transportation, Ministry of Transportation already located the office in the sea port it will not assure the activity will remain in the near future. This is only occur for the traditional shipment for wooden ship and speedboat for passengers and many goods to loaded and unloaded in the three sea port in North Kayong Regency. The seaport authority is not rely on the big State Company to operate the sea port since the status of the seaport only seaport for feeder to the nearby industry area such bauxite, crude palm oil (CPO) from palm oil plantation, and few mineral resources. In the Teluk Melano seaport, there is a port for industry such as natural asphalt that is still exist today. Ferry harbour and wooden shipment in Teluk Batang port always remain crowded throughout the peak season and low season since this ferry port only transporting truck and goods to the capital city of Pontianak because the land road very far away to make detour route therefore it is more effective to use rivers transportation through this means of transportation. Teluk Batang port already developed as centre for National Coastal Port of Fishery and Fishery Port that have 11 seaport based on its function in the North Kayong Regency. This is will bring the regency into the highest numbers of national income from fishery that contribute to provincial government. The regional powerplant will be located in the local port of Teluk Batang and Teluk Melano in order to support regional power needs that is always not rely on the Ketapang Power. This development will not only highlighted the economic boost of surrounding area, but also will attract many investor to build more investment in the region of North Kayong.

Since successfully hosted biggest National event for Sail Karimata Straits in 2016, the expectation highly increase to promote tourism and utilization of regional maritime tourism and its resources to enhance the social and economic development of North Kayong Regency. One of the sector that hopely increase is tourism from National Park of Gunung Palung and Karimata Sea Conservation that attracts many tourist to visit and it will eventually become reliable sector to increase economic growth of undeveloped regency especially in remote area location of Karimata Archipelago. Table 2. SWOT Analysis (Program Implementation)

Positive Negative

Internal Strenghts Weaknesses The physical facilities and amenities The abandon physical facilities and for maritime infrastructure needs to amenities for maritime infrastructure has utilize in every conceivable way such always be a drawback for maintain and as for traditional wooden ship for secure the assets from weather and loaded and unloaded cargo or small corrosion from sea climate. numbers of ferry passenger to use the abandon sea port. External Opportunities Threats

Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 132 The physical facilities and amenities The physical facilities and amenities for for maritime infrastructure has maritime infrastructure has many major always be major benefits to increase impact of environment and social, regional income of North Kayong economic condition of the people in Regency from taxes, seaport surrounding area. If the seaport really authority and private sector. operate in the recent time and the future.

Figure 3. Sukadana Cik Kadir Sea Port

Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 133 Figure 4. Strategic Planning Map of the North Kayong

Evaluation Spatial Plan Land Use (RTRW) to Maritime Infrastructure

Teluk Batang port already developed as centre for National Coastal Port of Fishery and Fishery Port that have 11 in the North Kayong Regency based on the Provincial regulations for Provincial Spatial Plan document 2014-2034. This is will bring the regency into the highest numbers of national income from fishery that contribute to provincial government. According to Regional Spatial Plan Document of North Kayong Regency, the district of Teluk Batang and Teluk Melano are appropriate used as industry region for land use due to its location as main gate to the region and its history to support many established industry such palm oil plantation, fishery and saw mill industry. Although, the district of Sukadana to be planned as capital city and administrative district, it is also developed for tourism, agriculture, and sea port in coastal area of the district. The spatial structure of land use planning has been match with real current condition, therefore it is mandatory to maintain and sustain its potential for regional development. In every district of North Kayong Regency, there are many small traditional port and hub among many means of transportation from land and waters transport. However, the land transport is not provide sufficiently due to limitation of budget in regional government of Kayong and there is no better planning for public transportation and facilities for supporting that activity.

Despite the fact that the spatial pattern also shared border with the National Park in Sukadana seaport, it is require to preserve and conserve many rare species on its surrounding area of the Sukadana seaport. The Coastal resources should always to be mitigate before the development of seaport area, it is rarely occurred for this kind of reason due to lack of awareness from related stakeholders. Many of basic infrastructure and facilities always depend on the main resources that situated in the core zone of National Park such as resources for fresh water supply. Therefore, it is very common obstacle and challenge in provide basic infrastructure due to limited access to take the benefits from the National Park as well. Table 3. SWOT Analysis (Spatial Planning)

Positive Negative Internal Strenghts Weaknesses Situated and Located in Indonesian Geographic location in remote area that Archipelago Sea Track (ALKI I) difficult to reach and needs more budget which through Natuna Sea and to build and provide many amenities and Karimata Strait in the west coast of facilities. West Kalimantan Province. Lack of awareness from related The three seaport of North Kayong stakeholders has occurred because it is Regency has maintain the RTRW rely on the state budget that is need Interconnected concept to surrounding legitimate and legalise document main port in West Kalimantan according to the regulation from Ministry Province for waters and sea of Transportation. transportation in Great Kapuas River.

Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 134 External Opportunities Threats Needs to be optimalization the Located in open sea waters that is existence maritime infrastructure that require to considered many provide to developed more environmental impact of the innovation in order to take its infrastructure development. benefits. Vulnerable for the climate change Making prepare for many related because of the weather regurlarly changes documents to support the funding in almost every year, including smoke from state budget will be mandatory haze disaster that regurlarly strike west to achieve the maintenance and coast of Borneo due to peat soil burned. providing operational system

Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 135

Figure 5. Map of Interconnected toward maritime infrastructure in Karimata Straits

Figure 6. Big Potential Natural resources in Karimata Archipelago

CONCLUSSION

1. The strategic location of North Kayong Regency to be the second main gate because the existence of Regional Seaport in Teluk Batang and Local seaport in Sukadana along with Strategic National Road that connected the centre of regional economic growth and Trans Borneo Road.

Unlocking the Potential Economic through Maritime Infrastructure … 136 2. The potential of tourism development for National Park of Gunung Palung and Karimata Sea Conservation has always be the main of attraction to be developed by Provincial government. 3. The main sector to boost economic growth are agriculture, fishery, mining and mineral resources, and platation. In any time soon the maritime infrastructure will be boost economic growth if all the constraint appropriately and properly maintain. 4. The operational of maritime infrastructure in North Kayong Regency will be a trigger to boost the development for the strategic regional of economic growth. 5. The expectation to build maritime infrastructure in North Kayong Regency will be servicing sector for the ability and provide the effecitiveness of transportation and efficient to fulfill many others necessity in addition to be a mover for boost regional development. 6. The expectation to build maritime infrastructure in North Kayong Regency will be promoting sector for effectiveness and efficient in open access of remote area location and small island that limited in basic infrastructure for human being alive.

REFERENCES

Kostas Zymantas Svetikas, 2014, Strategic Planning for Regional Developmentl, An Introductory Textbook,46-69. Perda Kalbar. No. 10 Year of 2014, Provincial Strategic Spatial Planning (RTRW) PerMen. Perhubungan No. 15 Year of 2015, the regulation of Minister of Transportation, Republic of Indonesia No. 51 Year of 2015 regarding standard and procedure for Sea Port activity Regional Agency for Development Planning, 2017, Provincial Musrenbang Presentation, Pontianak: Bappeda Kalimantan Barat. Regional Agency for Development Planning, 2017, Regency Musrenbang Presentation, Sukadana: Bappeda Kayong Utara. Regional Strategic Mid-Term Document for Development Planning, 2017, Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah (RPJMD) 2013 - 2018, Pontianak: Bappeda Kalimantan Barat. Regional Strategic Mid-Term Document for Development Planning, 2017, Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah (RPJMD) 2013 - 2018, Sukadana: Bappeda Kayong Utara. UU No. 26 Year 2007, Spatial Planning.

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