Index

Acridine orange, 265 Amnion cell, human, 75 Actinomycin D, 64, 65 Amsacta moorei, 25 Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), 39 poxvirus in, 25 Adenosine triphosphate, see ATP Anacystis nidulans, 149, 163, 197 Aedes annulipes, 25 AS phage in, 149 Aedes can tans , 25 Anastomosis, hyphal, 113, 115 Aedes detrius, 25 Antherea eucalypti, 35 Aedes stimulans, 25 virus in, 36, 38 Aedes taeniorhyncus, 25, 28,44,69 Antipolarity, 312 virus in, 29,44,69,71 Apis mellifera, 2,52 Aedes triseriatus, virus in, 6 Nodamura virus in, 52 Agaricus bisporus, 104, 116, 117 Arbovirus, 51,74,75 virus in, 105-110, 117,125-127 "infection threshold," 51 electron micrograph of, 109, 126 Arctia caja, 22 Aglais urticae, 22,45 Aspergillus flavus, virus-like proteinaceous virus in, 45 particles in, III Alfalfa caterpillar, see Colias eurytheme Aspergillus foetidus, 127 Alfalfa looper, see Autographa californica virus in, 11 0-111 Algae, eukaryotic, viruses, 145-234 Aspergillus glaucus, vegetative death in, 104 AS group, 151, 157, 158, 172-177, Aspergillus Iliger, 117 179-180 AS phages, in algae, 149, 156, 162, 165, assembly, 172-173 172,173,177,179 host range, 150-151 ATP (adenosine triphosphatase), 224 infection, 223 A ttagenus picens, 40 LPP group, 150, 154, 158, 186-187, Autographa californica, 60 200-209 Autoradiogram, 306 morphology, 152-156 N group, 150, 158 Bacillus mycoides, 238 SM group, 151, 158 Bacillus subtilis, 238 source, 150-151 Bacteria Algae, prokaryotic, 145, 146, 187, 188, 196 gram-negative, 275 photoautotroph, 196 infected by fungus virus, 235-269 photosynthesis, 187 membrane, 273 virus infecting, see Cyanophage Bacteriophage, 152, 160, 172, 177, 182, Algal viruses, 145-234 272,303 Alkaline proteinase activity, 13 growth,192 Alpha granules, 163 infecting Nostoc muscorum, 155 Amino acid analysis of inclusion body, 13 lambda, 209 337 338 Index

Bacteriophage (cont.) Chilo iridescent virus (CIV), 28, 33 lipid-containing, 271-335 adenosine triphosphatase, 33 characteristic, 274 RNA polymerase, 33 role of lipid, 275 Chironomids, 25,65 nonsense mutant, 310-328 poxvirus in, 65 NS /I, 275 Chironomus plumosus, 16 P22,209 cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in, 16, in Penicillium, 235 28,29 ~6,273,275,295-328 Chloramphenicol, 177, 178 and photosynthesis, 198 Chloroform, 273 PR strains, 293-295 Chlorophyceace,210 precursor, 182 Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), 38 release, 193 Chrysophyceae,211 reproduction, 191 Citrus red mite, see Panonychus citri temperate, 264 Coal tit, see Parusater Baculovirus, 5-15, 45, 47,57-63,69,70, Cockchafter, see Melonotha melonotha 73, 78 Colias eurytheme. 73 Bee paralysis, 38 Core particles, 302 Beetle, see Attagenus. Sericesthis Corethrella brakeleyi, iridescent virus type Bergoldiavirus, 5 13 in, 29 Beta-granule, 163 Costelytra zealandica, 25 BHC,76 Crane fly, see Tipula paludosa Blue-green algae, see Algae, prokaryotic , see Gryllus Boletus edulis, 117 Cryptophyceae, 212 virus in, 11 7 Crystallogenic matrix, containing mature Bombyx mori, 58, 61, 64, 67, 69 virus particle, 64 baculovirus in, 69 Culex tarsalis, 16,40,42 cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in, 2, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in, 16 18-22,58,64,75 Culicoides sp., 25 nuclear polyhedrosis virus, 47, 50, 61, 75 Cyanobacteria, see Algae, prokaryotic (blue• nuclease, ATP-dependent, 19 green) nucleopeptide phosphohydrolase Cyanophage, 145-234 (NTPase),19 and algal bloom, 225 polypeptide, structural, 19 assembly, 182 RNA, 21 classification, 147-152 RNA polymerase (transcriptase), 19 DNA, 156-159, 177-179, 184-186 Borrelinavirus, 5 growth, 153, 162, 193, 224 Bupalus piniarius, virus in, 17 one-step, 163 host range, 147-152 Caddis fly, see Neophylax host metabolism, 187-200 Calcium cycle, 190 infection, 162-172, 180-182 Candida albicans, 122, 129 lysogeny, 200-209 Candida tritaeniorhyneus, 40 morphology, 153 Candida tropicalis, 117 mutant, temperature-sensitive (ts), 204- Candida zealandica, 32 209 Carbon dioxide, 188, 190, 204 photosynthesis during infection, 188-190 cessation, 188-190, 204 properties, general, 147-160 Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl hydra- phy~ca~ 153,156-160 zone (CCCP), 191 protein, 159-160, 174, 175 Cephalosporium sp., 236 synthesis, 173-177, 182-183, 206- Cephalosporium acremonium, 238 208 Chara corralina, 221 replication, 160-200 RNA virus in, 221-223, 225 respiration, 194-196 Charophyta, virus in, 210 typology, 147-152 Index 339

Cyanophycin granule, 163 Fungus, viruses in (cont.) Cycloheximide, 119, 121 replicating in bacteria, 235-269 CYlindrocapsa geminella, 221, 225 assay, 117 virus in, 216 detection, 237-247 Cytoplasmic determinant, 104 discovery of, 235-236 Cytoplasmic membrane, 273 host range, 251 Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, 2,15-23, test system for detection, 237-241 44,58,63-65,71,75 Gaeumannomyces graminis, virus in, 113- DDT,76 114,118 Debaromyces sp., 122 Galleria mellonella, 29, 31 virus in, 33, 34,52, 54,55,67 Densonucleosis virus (DNV) , 33, 35, 54, 67 Gilpinia hercyniae, 68, 69, 73, 74 Deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA, DNase Gliotoxin, antiviral, 119 Determinant, cytoplasmic, 104 Gonometa podocarpi, 35, 76 Dichlorophenyl dimethylurea (DCMU), 191 virus in, 36-38, 76 Dimethylsulfoxide, 129 Granule Dinobryon sp., virus in, 219 Dinophyceae, 212 alpha, 163 Diptera, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in, beta, 163 cyanophycin, 163 15 DNA, 14, 15,67, 152, 156-159, 165, 179, released, 7 196,256,258-259 see Virus granules of fungus, 258 Granulosis virus, see Baculovirus of phage, 165, 184, 186, 187,235 Grassland pests, 25 supercoiled,290 Gryllus bimaculatus, virus in, 38 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 24,67 Gut barrier, 51 DNase, 24 original concept, 52 DNV, see Densonucleosis virus Gut fluid composition, chemical, 49 Drosophila melanogaster, 41-42 Gypsy moth, see Porthetria dispar virus in, 37,41-42 Gyrinus natator, 15 Hansenula sp., 122 Electron microscope investigations, inherent Haptophyceae,211 dangers, 46 He La cell line, 75 Endosymbiosis by bacteriophage, 256 Heliothis zea, 63 Endosymbiotic hypothesis, 258 virus-infected , 60, 63 Epithelium cell, entry point for virus in Helminthosporium maydis, virus in, 114 , 50 Helminthosporium victoriae, virus in, 104, Erythrocyte plasma membrane, phospho- 118 lipid of, 284 Hemagglutinin activity, 8 Escherichia coli, 237-239, 258, 312 Hemolymph, 53 Ethidium bromide, 14 Hepialis sp., virus in, 24 Eukaryotic algae, see Algae, eUkaryotic Heterokaryosis, 115 Euproctis chryssorhoea, 22 Heteromastix sp., virus in, 217 European red mite, see Panonychus ulmi Hypha, anastomosis of, 113, 115 Eustigmatophyceae,211 Honeybee, see Apis mellifera Exoskeleton, 49 Hydruras sp., virus in, 220 Hymenomonas carterae, virus in, 218 FAO,78 Hymenoptera, nuclear polyhedrosis virus in, Fluorouracil, 395 14,15,44 mutant obtained by, 308 Fungus, metabolites, 118-119 Icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyriboviruses, a Fungus, viruses in, 103-143, 251 supergroup, 33 listed,106-108 Inclusion body, 7, 8, 13, 16, 17 340 Index

Inclusion granules, 163 LM, see Plasmid alpha-, 163 Lung cell line, human diploid embryonic, 75 beta-, 163 Lyngbya sp., 147 cyanophycin-, 163 Lysis Indian meal moth, see Plodia interpunctella anomalous, of yeast culture, 104 Induction of lysogen, temperature-sensitive, and virus infection, 124 203 Lysogen, induction of, 203 Infection Lysogeny early, 44-49 in Cyanophage, 200-209 entry route, 43-44 in fungus, 149, 259 latent, 1, 53, 72 induction, 203 mechanism, 43-56 pathway, 43-56 Malacosoma disstria, 20, 21 threshold, 51 Malacosoma fragile, 71 Insect, diseased, as source of virus particles, virus in, 20, 22, 71 2,4,73,74 Malaria eradiction, 77 Insecticide, cost of, 77 Matrix, crystallogenic, 64 Interferon Megaselia halterata, virus in, 116 discovery, 119 Melolontha melolontha, 23 induction, 119-120 Membrane, cytoplasmic, 273 production of, 119 versicles, 286 International Committee of Nomenclature Membrane, peritrophic, 50 of Viruses (ICNV), 5 Microcystis aeruginosa, 148 Inverte bra tes and their viruses, 1-101 Midges, see Culicoides listed,3-4 Mite virus, 37,38,69 Iridescent virus, 25-33,44,48,58,59, Monodus sp., virus in, 221 66-70 Morator (nonoccluded viruses), 5 Iridovirus (icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxy• Mosquito, see Aedes, Culex ribovirus), 5 Moth, see separate moth genera Irradiation, UV, 253, 306 Mouse L cell, transformed by virus, 68 Isometric viruses, small, 33-61 Mucopolysaccharide, 55 Mushroom virus, transmission of, 116 Junonia coenia, virus in, 35 Mutant, 200, 201, 204,105,209,312 lethal conditional, 204, 304 Kidney, 75 nonsense, 304, 310-316 Killer system, 120-125 suppressor, 304 factor, 121 temperature-sensitive, 204 phenotype, 121 Mycelium, 244, 255, 257,261 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 120-122 extract, 241-242 strain, 122 harvesting, 244 toxin, 124 phenotype of sick, 261-262 of Ustilago maydis, 123-124 virus in long-term passage, 246 Kluyveromyces sp., 122 Mycophage, 240, 246 RNA, double-stranded, 235, 236 Laccaria laccata, 104 Mycophenolic acid, 119 Lambda bacteriophage, 209 Mycovirus, 103-105, 115, 128 virus in, 60 Lambdina fiscellaria somnaria, discovery, 104-105 Lentinus edodes, virus in, 117 replication, 119 Lepidoptera, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis see Mycophage virus in, 14,15,44,65 Lipid, 28, 29, 272, 279, 292 Neodiprion sertifer, 73 in LPP, 147, 149, 152, 159, 180, 184, Neodiprion swanei, 73 185,190,197 Neophy/ax sp., baculovirus in, 6 neutral red and, 279 Nitrosoguanidine, 305 phages, 275 for mutagenesis, 308 in PM2, 272 Nitrosomethylbiuret, 265 Index 341

Nodamura virus, 40, 52 Penicillium oryzae, 118 in , 52 Penicillium pseudoalcaligenes, 296, 304, Nonoccluded virus (Morator), 5 307 Nostoc sp., inhibition of CO 2 fixation, 189 Penicillium stoloniferum, 104, 117, 118, Nostoc muscorum, 155 127, 130, 249 NS II phage, 275 virus in, 112-113, 118,249 Nuclear polyhedrosis virus, 6-15, 44, 45, Penicillium variable, 124 50,60,62,63,69,71,75 Penicillium-derived bacterial virus, 130, in nucleus of fat body cell, 9 235-269,275,293 Nuclease, ATP-dependent, 19 composition, 250 Nucleic acids, see DNA, RNA on E. coli, 251 Nucleocapsid, 286, 288 fungus as host, 254-266 fine structure, 9 properties, 247-254 Nucleoplasm, AS virus in, 172 listed, 248 Nucleotide phosphohydrolase (NTPase), 19, purification, 247-254 20,24 structure, 250 Nudaurelia cytherea capensis, 35 UV irradiation, 253 virus in, 37,38 Periconia circinata, virus in, 114 Nymphalis io, 18, 21 Peri trophic membrane permeability, 50 virus in, 18-22 Pestalozzi annulata, growth abnormal, 104 Pesticides, viruses as, 5 Oak looper, see Lambdina Phaeophyceae, 212 Opogonia sp., iridescent virus in, 31 Phage, see Bacteriophage Oral infection, 43, 44 Phalera bucephala, 22 Orgyia leucostigma, 19, 21 virus in, 16 virus in, 19, 22 Phormdium sp., virus in, 147 Ornithodoros savigni, 40 Phorid fly, see Megaselia Oryctes rhinoceros, virus in, 15,37 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), 279 Panonychuscitri, 15, 37, 38 Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), 279 Panonychusulmi, 15,37,69 Phospholipid, 279, 326 virus in, 38,69 extractable phosphorus, 279 Paralysis virus of termite, 39 metabolism of infected cell, 327 Paramecium sp., bacteriophage, endo- synthesis, 292 symbiotic, in, 256 Phosphorylation, 188, 192 Parasite, 44 in blue-gree algae, 188 Parus ater, 73 cyclic, 188, 192 Pathogenicity and virulence, 117-118 noncyclic, 188 Patulin, virus replication inhibited by, 119 oxidative, 194 PBV, see Penicillium-derived bacterial virus Photosynthesis, 187, 198 Penaeus duorarum (pink shrimp), 7 and bacteriophage growth, 198 virus in, 6 in blue-green algae, 187 Penicillium sp., 104, 120,235,238,242, Pichia sp., 122 245,248,255,261,267 Pieris brassicae virus in, 127, 130,235,236,255,261 inclusion body protein, 11 Penicillium arrhenomonas, 131 virus in, 11 Penicillium brevicompactum, 112,130,235, Pink shrimp, see Penaeus 240,247,255,267 Piricularia oryzae, transformation of, 117 cell number, 241, 258 Plant virus, 130-131 DNA,258 Plasmid, bacterial, 304 virus in, 112,247,255,258 Plasmogamy, see Anastomosis, hyphal Penicillium chrysogenum, 118, 127, 130, Plectonema boryanum, 147-149, 161, 180, 240,244,255,261-263 195, 196 virus in, 111-112 electron micrograph, 181 Penicillium citrinum, virus in, 124 growth, heterotrophic, 195 Penicillium funiculosum, 104, 119 lysogeny, 149,201-204 342 Index

Plectonema boryanum (cont.) Provirus, oncogenic, 264 phage Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 238 infection and protein synthesis, 183- Pseudomonas fluorescens, 238 187 Pseudomonas phaseolica, 296, 304 yield, 191, 195 bacteriophage in, 296 protein synthesis after phage infection, Pulse-chase experiment, 306 183-187 Pulse-labeling of infected cells, 306 respiration, dark, 195 Pythium sp., virus in, 131 virus in, 180 Plodia interpunctella, 40, 52 Respiration, and energy conversion, 196 virus in, 52 Phinoceros beetle, see Oryctes rhinoceros PM2 phage, 272-293 Rhodophyceae,212 biogenesis, 289-291 Rhynosciara angelae, virus in, 63 discovery, 272 DNA, 276-277 Ribonucleic acid, see RNA electron micrograph, 277 Rifampin, 176, 178, 306 fatty acid composition, 280 and protein synthesis of phage, 176 host organism is a marine pseudomonad, RNA, 39, 298, 302 BAL-31,272 double-stranded, 19, 22. 110, 111, 119, lipid 120,128,295,317,318 composition, 279-280, 284-286 genome, 22,113 origin, 291-293 messenger, 321 lysis of host cell, 291 viral, 298, 316-321 RNA polymerase (transcriptase), 19, 20, 33, mutant, 291 67,127-129,302,303,321 particle weight, 281 properties, 276-280 proteins, 283-284 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 117, 120-122, reconstitution, 286-289 129,240 size, 281 killer system, 120-122 structure, 280-286 virus, mammalian, grown in, 129 X-ray diffraction, low-angle, 281 Sacbrood virus, 39 Podospora anserina, senescence syndrome Sarcosine, 14 in, 104 Sawfly, see Neodiprion swanei Polyhedra, see Inclusion body Sericesthis iridescent virus (SIV), 28, 58 Polyhedra virus in gut lumen, 45 Sericesthis primosa, 25 Polyhedron membrane, 8 Serratia marcescens, 238 Polyhedrosis virus, see Nuclear polyhedrosis Shrimp, pink, 7 virus Sigma virus of Drosophila, 41-42 Polymerase, see RNA polymerase Silkworm, see Bombyx mori Porthetria dispar, 22, 71 SIV, see Sericesthis iridescent virus virus in, 10, 71 Smithiavirus, 5 Poxvirus in insect, 23-25,65 Spodoptera frugiperda, 13,48,57,62 PR bacteriophage, see Penicillium-related virus in, 13,48,57,62,63 bacterial virus Spodoptera littoralis, virus in, 15 Prasinophyceae,211 Spruce sawfly, see Gilpinia hercyniae Proflavine, 265 Stem borer, see Chilo suppressalis Prokaryotic Stroma, virogenic, see Virogenic stroma algae, see Algae Synechococcus sp., 161, 198 en do symbiont, 256 Synechococcus cedrorum, 149, 162, 175, Protein, viral, 159, 160, 174, 179, 286 176,197 denaturing agent, 155 electron micrograph, 164, 166-170 see Bacteriophage (/>6 Synechococcus e1ongatus, 148, 197 Proteinase, alkaline, 13 phages, 161, 162, 197, 199 Proteolytic enzyme, 282 Synechococcus strain NRC-I, 197 Index 343

Teleogryllus commodus, virus in, 38 Virus (cont.) oceanicus, virus in, 38 development, 197 and chloroform, 299,300 dispersal, 72 denaturing agent, 155 dissemination, 72 genes, 311 ecology, 68-79 lipid composition, 298-299 envelope, 47, 60, 62 mutation, 305 epizootiology, 68-79 protein, 299-303, 314, 315, 325-327 of fungus, 103-143 ThilaJliopsis basicola, virus in, 114-115 alien, 129-131 Thraustochytrium sp., virus in, 127 biology, 115-125 Thymidine kinase, 67 history, 103-105 Tick, see Ornithodoros saJligni infectivity, 115 Tipula paludosa, 2, 25, 32, 75 interferon, induction of, 119-120 Tipula sp., 59 intracellular,125-127 latex agglutination test, 59 killer system, 120-125 virus in, 26, 28, 31, 75 listing of, 106-108 Tobacco mosaic virus, 131,222 lysis, conditional, 124-125 Tobamovirus, 222 metabolite, fungal, 118-119 Togaviridae, 74 pathogenicity, 117-118 Torulopsis glabrata, 122 properties, physicochemical, 105-115 Transcriptase, see RNA polymerase replication, 127-129 Transduction, 146, 200 in spores, 116 Transovarial transmission, 43 transmission, 115-117 Tortoiseshell butterfly, see Aglais urticae ultrastructure, 125-127 Trichoplusia ni, 11,47,57,60-64,69 vector, 116 cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in, 64 virulence, 117-118 granulosis virus in, 11-13 histopathology, 59-63 nuclear polyhedrosis virus in, 47,57,63, inclusion body, 8 69 infection, 173 attachment, 44-49 eady, 44-49 Ultraviolet irradiation, 253, 265, 306 entry route, 43-44 Uronema gigas, 215 pathway, 43-56 virus in, 214-219, 225 resistance, 49-56 Ustilago maydis, 118, 124-124 of invertebrates, 1-101 killer system, 123-124 listed,3-4 killer toxin, 124 movement, 68-75 particles, 2, 18, 24, 54,104,105,120, 225 Vaccinia, enzyme in, 24 aggregation, 54 Vagoiavirus,5 from diseased insect, 2 Vanessa cardni, 22 enzyme activity in, 24 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus membrane, outer, 298 (VEEV),129 of Penicillium, 120 Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), in RNA, double-stranded, in, 104 Drosophila melanogaster, 41 as pesticide, 76-79 Virion, see Virus particles release, 66 Virus, also see separate viruses growth kinetics, 56-59 of algae small, isometric, 33-61,127 eukaryotic, 145-234 spread,68-75 prokaryotic, 145-234 titer, 247 also see Cyanophage transmission antibody in , 75-76 horizontal, 72 definition of, 105 vertical, 72 344 Index

Wax moth, see Galleria mellonella Witlesia sabulosella, 25,32 WHO, see World Health Organization virus in, 32 Whirligig beetle, see Gyrinus natator World Health Organization, 78 White masked tussock moth, see Orgyia leucostigma Yeast, see separate yeasts Wiseana cervinata, 25, 30 virus in, 31 Zymophage, 104