DOCSLIB.ORG

Male Field Cricket Song Reflects Age, Allowing Females to Prefer Young

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Male Field Cricket Song Reflects Age, Allowing Females to Prefer Young Animal Behaviour xxx (2010) 1e11 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Male field cricket song reflects age, allowing females to prefer young males L. Verburgt*, M. Ferreira, J.W.H. Ferguson Department of Zoology and Entomology and Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Pretoria article info Sexual selection often involves female preference for males of a certain age, and a body of theory predicts Article history: preference for old males. We measured a comprehensive set of traits from the acoustic sexual display of Received 10 June 2010 male field crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus, and found that nearly all song traits changed predictably as males Initial acceptance 20 July 2010 aged, involving a general slowing down of the wing movements during song production. Our female Final acceptance 9 September 2010 preference experiments indicated a strong and repeatable preference for the songs of young males, Available online xxx contradicting the existing literature, which argues that female crickets prefer older males on the basis of MS. number: 10-00417R changes in song carrier frequency. Rather, female preference for young male song was determined by its high energetic quality. We develop the ‘old flight muscle’ hypothesis, arguing that age-related degradation Keywords: of stridulatory muscle performance is likely to result in the observed changes with age. Secondary sexual calling song characters may be subject to oxidative somatic degradation suggesting that, when males provide only female preference sperm, females should prefer the sexual displays of young males. Our results support new modelling Gryllus bimaculatus senescence approaches and a growing body of empirical evidence suggesting that old males are not always preferred sexual selection by females. Ó 2010 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The age of a potential mate is an important trait, which can of DNA in the germline is a prominent force in the evolution of mate influence sexual selection. The ‘good genes’ model of sexual selection choice and sexual signalling. If the amount of oxidative DNA damage (Zahavi 1975)predictsthatifthegeneticcharacteristicsrequiredto is correlated with the expression of a secondary sexual character, survive to an old age in the current environment are heritable, then females may avoid the negative heritable consequences by avoiding females should prefer older males as they have demonstrated their sperm damaged by oxidation. The hypothesized mechanism for this viability (Trivers 1972; Halliday 1978, 1983) and are likely to carry is as follows. Oxidation of DNA in the germline takes place with age fewer deleterious alleles (Manning 1985). Modelling approaches through oxidative stress (oxidative stress hypothesis, Sohal et al. attempting to explain the evolution of female preference for males 2002; but see Buffenstein et al. 2008). If the secondary sexual (Hansen & Price 1995; Kokko & Lindström 1996; Kokko 1998; Beck & traits preferred by females are honest indicators of male quality, Powell 2000; Beck et al. 2002; Beck & Promislow 2007), as well as increasing somatic oxidative damage with age will increasingly have empirical studies (reviewed in Brooks & Kemp 2001), have demon- a negative effect on the expression of these traits. In line with the strated different outcomes: female preference may evolve for young, predictions of Beck & Promislow (2007) and Velando et al. (2008), intermediate-aged or old males. It is therefore no longer universally Hoikkala et al. (2008) showed that both reproductive success and accepted that older males always provide good genes. the quality of sexually selected song in Drosophila montana males When females are able to determine a male’sage,preferencefor decrease with male age. Female D. montana are therefore able to younger males is predicted to evolve according to Beck & avoid ‘bad genes’ by preferring younger males on the basis of the Promislow’s(2007)model, assuming an increase in the number of courtship song. deleterious mutations in the germline as a male ages. This model is Because acoustic signals are secondary sexual traits often under of particular relevance in species where females obtain only sperm sexual selection (Andersson 1994) these systems can provide insight from a mating and no other direct benefits: older males are expected into the evolution of female preference. Field crickets (Orthoptera: to be inferior because their fertility is diminished either through Gryllidae) are a particularly well-studied taxon that produce acoustic poor-quality sperm (affecting offspring survival) or insufficient signals by scraping their tegmina (forewings) together. The resulting viable sperm numbers. Velando et al. (2008) proposed that oxidation sound usually has a distinct temporal and spectral structure for each species (Gerhardt & Huber 2002). While certain characteristics of the sound such as the syllable period are thought to be species recog- nition traits (Schildberger et al. 1989; Ferreira & Ferguson 2002), * Correspondence: L. Verburgt, Centre for Environmental Studies, Room 2-1 Geography, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. other song traits (e.g. carrier frequency, intersyllable interval, chirp E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Verburgt). rate) are thought to be sexually selected because they are correlated 0003-3472/$38.00 Ó 2010 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.010 Please cite this article in press as: Verburgt, L., et al., Male field cricket song reflects age, allowing females to prefer young males, Animal Behaviour (2010), doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.010 2 L. Verburgt et al. / Animal Behaviour xxx (2010) 1e11 with a male trait (e.g. body size) preferred by females (Simmons & is broad with little preference variation between 4 and 5 kHz (see Ritchie 1996; Gerhardt & Huber 2002; Scheuber et al. 2003a, b; also Verburgt et al. 2008). Therefore, despite the fact that male Jacot et al. 2007; but see Verburgt & Ferguson 2010). For several cricket song does change with age (Table 1), it is unclear whether cricket species it has been shown that certain male song traits females can detect these changes and whether they show a partic- change with age (Table 1), potentially allowing females to select ular directional preference based on these changes. males of preferred age based on song traits. Finally, within the context of the work by Beck & Promislow An interspecies comparison of age-related effects on cricket (2007) and of Velando et al. (2008), it is not clear why female song traits where nutritional condition was not manipulated does crickets should prefer older male crickets, since males of many not reveal a consistent effect on a particular song trait (Table 1). species usually provide only sperm during mating. In Gryllus Moreover, different studies on the same species have found bimaculatus males, reproductive success as measured by progeny contradictory results (e.g. an age-related effect on carrier frequency production per mating decreases significantly with age (Simmons for Gryllus campestris: Simmons 1995; Jacot et al. 2007; Table 1), 1988). Nevertheless, several studies on grylline crickets have usually explained by differences in experimental design. It is demonstrated female preference for older males (e.g. G. veletis and therefore difficult to make generalized predictions of how male age G. pennsylvanicus: Zuk 1987) although no calling song traits in these is expected to affect mating behaviour. species varied with age (Cade & Wyatt 1984; Ciceran et al. 1994). Jacot et al. (2007) used a longitudinal experimental design In acoustic signalling species it is not only the song structure (same animals measured when young and old) to demonstrate that (temporal and spectral traits) that is of importance but also the for male field crickets, G. campestris, age is predictable from the duration (time spent calling) and timing (temporal calling pattern) songs they produce The carrier frequency (frequency of greatest of the song (Walker 1983; Bertram & Johnson 1998; Bertram 2000; power, hereafter FQ), syllable number (syllables per chirp) and Jacot et al. 2008). Old and very young male Gryllus integer spent less chirp length of old males were, on average, lower than for young time calling per night than intermediate-aged males, while old males. Jacot et al. (2007) focused their discussion on the change in males initiated calling earlier in the evening (Bertram 2000). When FQ (nominally 5 kHz), which was, on average, 80 Hz lower for old investigating the effects of age on male song production, it is males, and suggested that females preferentially select older males therefore important to describe changes in the signalling intensity because they prefer lower FQ (Scheuber et al. 2004). However, they and timing thereof. did not experimentally demonstrate that females were able to Our aims in this study were threefold. First, we investigated how detect such a small change in FQ or that the older male song was calling songs change with age by recording male G. bimaculatus preferred. Verburgt & Ferguson (2010) recently challenged the every night for the duration of their adult lives, and by recording current emphasis on song FQ in studies on grylline crickets and a large array of male song traits, thus improving on the longitudinal showed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Efficiency of Sound Production in Two Cricket Species, Gryllotalpa Australis and Teleogryllus Commodus (Orthoptera: Grylloidea)
    J. exp. Biol. 130, 107-119 (1987) 107 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1987 THE EFFICIENCY OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN TWO CRICKET SPECIES, GRYLLOTALPA AUSTRALIS AND TELEOGRYLLUS COMMODUS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLOIDEA) BY MARK W. KAVANAGH Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia Accepted 27 February 1987 SUMMARY 1. Males of Gryllotalpa australis (Erichson) (Gryllotalpidae) and Teleogryllus commodus (Walter) (Gryllidae) produced their calling songs while confined in respirometers. 2. G. australis males used oxygen during calling at a mean rate of 4-637 ml O2h^', equivalent to 27-65mW of metabolic energy, which was 13 times higher than the resting metabolic rate. T. commodus males used oxygen during calling at a rate of 0-728 ml O2h~', equivalent to 4-34mW, which was four times the resting metabolic rate. 3. The sound field during calling by males represents a sound power output of 0-27 mW for G. australis and l-51XlO~3mW for T. commodus. 4. The efficiency of sound production was 1-05% for males of G. australis and 0-05 % for males of T. commodus. Comparison with other insect species suggests that none is more than a few percent efficient in sound production. INTRODUCTION Many insect species produce stereotyped acoustic signals that are important in intraspecific communication. In most species that communicate by sound, the male's calling song, which seems to attract conspecific females, is the most obvious and the most important component of the repertoire. Production of the calling song will involve a cost to the producer in the form of an increased use of metabolic energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Under Percent
    Listing Statement for Catadromus lacordairei (Green-lined Ground Beetle) Catadromus lacordairei Under percent Green-lined Ground Beetle T A S M A N I A N T H R E A T E N E D S P E C I E S L I S T I N G S T A T E M E N T Image Spencer & Richards Common name: Green-lined Ground Beetle Scientific name: Catadromus lacordairei Boisduval, 1835 Group: Invertebrate, Class Hexapoda, Order Coleoptera, Family Carabidae Name history: Catadromus Carabid Beetle Status: Threatened Species Protection Act 1995: vulnerable Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999: Not listed IUCN Red List: Not listed Distribution: Endemic status: Not endemic to Tasmania Tasmanian NRM Regions: South, North 1 cm Figure 1. The distribution of the Green-lined Plate 1. The Green-lined Ground Beetle (images Ground Beetle in Tasmania, showing NRM regions Spencer & Richards) 1 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Catadromus lacordairei (Green-lined Ground Beetle) SUMMARY specialist soil-dwelling predators. Nothing has The Green-lined Ground Beetle is a large and been recorded of the pupal phase. predatory ground-dwelling beetle, shiny black Adult Green-lined Ground Beetles are in colour and with a distinctive metallic green opportunistic predators/scavengers, taking a line down the other side of the body. The wide range of invertebrate prey, including species has only been recorded from a small oligochaetes (worms), coleopteran (beetle) number of sites in Tasmania, mainly in the larvae, dipteran (fly) larvae, Teleogryllus commodus northern and central Midlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Virus Relatedness Predicts Susceptibility in Novel Host Species
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.16.431403; this version posted February 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Imrie et al. Virus relatedness predicts host susceptibility. 1 1 Virus relatedness predicts susceptibility in novel host species 2 3 Ryan M. Imrie*, Katherine E. Roberts, Ben Longdon 4 5 Centre for Ecology & Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, 6 University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall 7 *corresponding author: [email protected] 8 9 10 11 Abstract 12 As a major source of outbreaks and emerging infectious diseases, virus host shifts cause significant 13 health, social and economic damage. Predicting the outcome of infection with novel combinations of 14 virus and host remains a key challenge in virus research. Host evolutionary relatedness can explain 15 variation in transmission rates, virulence, and virus community composition between host species, 16 but there is much to learn about the potential for virus evolutionary relatedness to explain variation 17 in the ability of viruses to infect novel hosts. Here, we measure correlations in the outcomes of 18 infection across 45 Drosophilidae host species with four Cripavirus isolates that vary in their 19 evolutionary relatedness. We found positive correlations between every pair of viruses tested, with 20 the strength of correlation tending to decrease with greater evolutionary distance between viruses. 21 These results suggest that virus evolutionary relatedness can explain variation in the outcome of 22 host shifts and may be a useful proxy for determining the likelihood of novel virus emergence.
    [Show full text]
  • Immune Function Reflected in Calling Song Characteristics in a Natural
    ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 2005, 69, 1235–1241 doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.09.011 Immune function reflected in calling song characteristics in a natural population of the cricket Teleogryllus commodus LEIGH W. SIMMONS*,MARLENEZUK† &JOHNT.ROTENBERRY† *Evolutionary Biology Research Group, School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia yDepartment of Biology, University of California, Riverside (Received 9 February 2004; initial acceptance 30 March 2004; final acceptance 24 September 2004; published online 17 February 2005; MS. number: 7999R) Secondary sexual traits have been suggested to provide reliable signals of a male’s ability to resist infection by agents of disease. The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis provides a potential mechanism for reliable signalling in the form of a trade-off between expenditure on trait expression and expenditure on immunity. Thus, males resistant to disease can spend more resources on their sexual signals. Examination of calling song parameters in a natural population of the cricket Teleogryllus commodus revealed that males scoring higher on the third principal component for song had significantly lower ability to encapsulate a foreign object. This component of immune function was associated with syllables of longer duration in both the trill and chirp elements of the song. Males with longer syllables in their song had a lower encapsulation ability. Syllable duration is known to influence phonotaxis by female T. commodus. Although the effect was only weak, our data suggest that females may base their choice of mate on reliable information contained within the temporal properties of male calls. Our study thus demonstrates a connection between sexual signalling and immune function in a natural population of insects and lends support to the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Release from Bats: Genetic Distance and Sensoribehavioural Regression in the Pacific Field Cricket, Teleogryllus Oceanicus
    Naturwissenschaften (2010) 97:53–61 DOI 10.1007/s00114-009-0610-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Release from bats: genetic distance and sensoribehavioural regression in the Pacific field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus James H. Fullard & Hannah M. ter Hofstede & John M. Ratcliffe & Gerald S. Pollack & Gian S. Brigidi & Robin M. Tinghitella & Marlene Zuk Received: 1 June 2009 /Revised: 1 September 2009 /Accepted: 9 September 2009 /Published online: 24 September 2009 # Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract The auditory thresholds of the AN2 interneuron ary regression in the neural basis of a behaviour along a and the behavioural thresholds of the anti-bat flight-steering selection gradient within a single species. responses that this cell evokes are less sensitive in female Pacific field crickets that live where bats have never existed Keywords Neuroethology . Genetic isolation . Evolution . (Moorea) compared with individuals subjected to intense Sensory ecology. Island biology levels of bat predation (Australia). In contrast, the sensitiv- ity of the auditory interneuron, ON1 which participates in the processing of both social signals and bat calls, and the Introduction thresholds for flight orientation to a model of the calling song of male crickets show few differences between the Whereas the existence of vestigial characters in organisms two populations. Genetic analyses confirm that the two has long been documented (Darwin 1859), the mechanisms populations are significantly distinct, and we conclude that behind those regressive changes are less well understood the absence of bats has caused partial regression in the (Fong et al. 1995; Borowsky and Wilkens 2002; Romero nervous control of a defensive behaviour in this insect. This and Green 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Assessment Report
    DRAFT ASSESSMENT REPORT 1. Provide information on the taxonomy of the species The following information is required about the taxonomy of the species and its role in its natural environment: a) Family name: Gryllidae b) Genus name: Gryllodes c) Species: sigillatus d) Subspecies: There are no known subspecies for Gryllodes sigillatus. However, for many decades Gryllodes sigillatus was often incorrectly named as Gryllodes supplicans. G. sigillatus and G. supplicans are now known as two distinct species (see attached reference by Otte, 2006) e) Taxonomic Reference: Otte, D & Alexander, RD (1983) The Australian Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Monograph 22, Academy of Philadelphia, Allen Press, Kansas. Pages 160 – 162, Illustrations (page 161, Figures 119 and 120). Otte, D (2006) Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker) is a valid species distinct from Gryllodes supplicans (Walker). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132: 223-227. f) Common Names: Gryllodes sigillatus is known by various common names worldwide, including: decorated cricket, tropical house cricket, Indian house cricket, banded cricket. g) Is the species a genetically-modified organism (GMO)? This is not a genetically-modified organism. 2. Provide information on the status of the species under CITES The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international treaty involving over 150 countries with the purpose of protecting wildlife from unregulated trade. Australia, as a member country, controls the import and export of species that are threatened or could become threatened due to trade in them or their products. A species may be affected in its natural environment by factors such as habitat destruction and fragmentation, and illegal collection for a variety of purposes e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Recognition of Courtship Song in the Field Cricket, Teleogryllus Oceanicus
    Anim. Behav., 1996, 51, 353–366 Recognition of courtship song in the field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus ROHINI BALAKRISHNAN & GERALD S. POLLACK Department of Biology, McGill University (Received 4 November 1994; initial acceptance 9 February 1995; final acceptance 9 June 1995; MS. number: 7146) Abstract. The courtship song of the cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus plays an important role in inducing the female to mount the male, which is necessary for mating. The song consists of a short, amplitude-modulated chirp, followed by a long trill of constant intensity and high syllable rate. Using playback techniques, it was determined which physical parameters of courtship song are necessary and/or sufficient to evoke normal female mounting of muted, courting males. The higher harmonics of natural courtship song were neither necessary nor sufficient for the effectiveness of the song. The chirp component alone was sufficient to evoke normal levels of mounting, but the trill was only partially effective on its own. The conspicuous amplitude modulation of the chirp was not necessary to evoke normal responses. The results suggest that the high effectiveness of the chirp is due to its characteristic temporal pattern. As in other cricket species, the song repertoire of T. oceanicus also includes distinct calling and aggression songs, which contain chirps that are structurally similar to the courtship chirp. Both calling and aggression songs evoked normal mounting responses when played back in the context of courtship. ? 1996 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Crickets use acoustic signals to communicate and courtship songs are recognized share common with each other. These signals take the form of or similar features.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Virus Correlations in the Outcome of Infection Across Host Species
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.16.431403; this version posted March 18, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Imrie et al. Between virus correlations across host species 1 1 Between virus correlations in the outcome of infection across host species: 2 evidence of virus genotype by host species interactions 3 4 5 Ryan M. Imrie*, Katherine E. Roberts, Ben Longdon 6 7 Centre for Ecology & Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, 8 University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall 9 *corresponding author: [email protected] 10 11 Abstract 12 Virus host shifts are a major source of outbreaks and emerging infectious diseases, and predicting 13 the outcome of novel host and virus interactions remains a key challenge for virus research. The 14 evolutionary relationships between host species can explain variation in transmission rates, 15 virulence, and virus community composition between hosts, but the potential for different viruses to 16 interact with host species effects has yet to be established. Here, we measure correlations in viral 17 load of four Cripavirus isolates across experimental infections of 45 Drosophilidae host species. We 18 find positive correlations between every pair of viruses tested, suggesting that broadly susceptible 19 host clades could act as reservoirs and donors for certain types of viruses. Additionally, we find 20 evidence of genotype-by-genotype interactions between viruses and host species, highlighting the 21 importance of both host and virus traits in determining the outcome of virus host shifts.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in Song Patterns of Antipodean Teleogryllus Species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and a Proposed Phenetic Classification
    797 Variation in song patterns of Antipodean Teleogryllus species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and a proposed phenetic classification C. MADSEN Department ofZoology•, McGill University, Montreal, Que. V. R. VlCKERY Lyman Entomological Museum, Macdonald College of McGill University, Macdonald College P.O., Que. AND J. NOWOSIELSKI Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald College of McGill University, Macdonald College P.O., Que. Received March 12, 1970 MADSEN, C, V. R. VICKERY, and J. NOWOSIELSKI. 1970. Variation in song patterns of Antipodean Teleo­ gryllus species (Orthoptera; Gryllidae) and a proposed phenetic classification. Can, J. Zool. 48: 797-801. The stridulations of eight sample populations of Teleogryllus commodus servillei (Saussure) and T. oceanicus (Le Guillou) were recorded and analyzed. Sokal's "distance coefficient" formula was used to derive a phenetic classification of the populations. The analysis indicates the same relationships as were previously indicated, by Chen et al. (1967) on morphological evidence, and by Lim et al. (1969) on cyto- logical study. Introduction mania (Qt); South Australia, Adelaide, (Qa and Qd)i North Island, New Zealand (Qz); and South Island, New Chen et al. (1967), Lim et al. (1969), and Lim Zealand (Qk). Unfortunately the population of T. c. com­ (1970) have all stated that the common "black" modus (Qw) from Perth, Western Australia, was not avail­ field crickets of the Antipodean area belong to able for comparison. Two populations of T. oceanicus were included: Queensland, Australia (Qn); and Tahiti two species, Teleogryllus oceanicus (Le Guillou, (Qh). In all cases, the symbols used to designate the pop­ 1841) and T. commodus (F. Walker, 1869). The ulations are the same as those used by previous authors former species occurs in Australia in Queensland, (Bigelow 1962; Bigelow and Cochaux 1962; Cochaux Northern Territory, and in the Kimberly district 1965; Chen et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Chordotonal Organs of Insects
    L.H. Field & T. Matheson Advances in Insect Physiology 27 (1998) Page 1 Chordotonal Organs of Insects Laurence H. Fielda and Thomas Mathesonb a Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, PB 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand b Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK Please note that this PDF may differ very slightly from the published version as it was created from the original text and figures at a later date. All the page numbering is identical, except for the Plates (p 229, 230), which did not have page numbers and were inserted between pages 56 and 57 in the published version. 1. Introduction 2 2. Histological methods for chordotonal organs in insects 7 2.1 Histochemical staining of fixed tissue 7 2.2 Intravital perfusion techniques 8 2.3 Uptake of dye by cut axons and nerves; intracellular dye injection 8 2.4 Immunochemical techniques 9 3. Diversity in distribution, structure and function 11 3.1 Overview of diversity 11 3.2 Head 12 3.3 Thorax 14 3.4 Abdomen 22 3.5 Legs 25 4. Ultrastructure 40 4.1 General scolopidial structure 40 4.2 Method of fixation affects ultrastructure 41 4.3 The bipolar sensory neuron 42 4.4 The scolopale cell 61 4.5 The attachment cell 67 5. Mechanics of the scolopidium 69 5.1 Compliance of the scolopidium 70 5.2 Hypotheses for role of cilia in mechanical coupling 75 6. Transduction mechanisms 80 6.1 Mechanically activated channels (MACs) 80 6.2 Receptor currents and potentials 81 6.3 Transducer coupling to spike generator 83 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Cricket Paralysis Virus
    วารสารสถาบันสุขภาพสัตวแหงชาติ (ThaiNIAH eJournal): ISSN 19055048, http://niah.dld.go.th, Volume 9 Number 2 (Sep – Dec 2014) : 5872 58 : ก กก * ก ก ก กก ก ก. 10900 * 0-2579-8908-14, e-mail: [email protected] (Cricket Paralysis Virus ; CrPV) RNA positive- sense ก ก ก กกก ก กก RNA กก RT-PCR ก noncoDing region (NCR), intergenic region (IGR) RNA DepenDent RNA polymerase (RDRp) 705 bp 207 bp 1.2 kb กก ก CrPV [NC003924] 83% 88% 90% กก RDRp (Non-structural protein) ก CrPV [NP_64748.1] 94% กก RNA ก CrPV ก กกกก ก : กก ก วารสารสถาบันสุขภาพสัตวแหงชาติ (ThaiNIAH eJournal): ISSN 19055048, http://niah.dld.go.th, Volume 9 Number 2 (Sep – Dec 2014) : 5872 59 Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) single stranD positive-sense RNA (Eaton anD Steacie, 1980; Moore et al ., 1981; Reavy anD Moore., 1983; King et al ., 1984) ก .. 1970 Carl Reinganum กก (Teleogryllus oceanicus T. commodus ) ก กก กก กก กก (Reinganum et al ., 1970) กก CrPV ก ก CrPV ก ก (Reinganum et al ., 1981) ก Diptera, LepiDoptera, Orthoptera Heteroptera (Reinganum et al ., 1970; Christian anD Scotti 1998) ก SL2 (Scotti 1976; Moore et al ., 1980) CrPV ก insect picorna-like viruses กก กก picornaviruses ก (Moore et al ., 1980; Scotti et al ., 1981; Tate et al ., 1999; Wilson et al ., 2000) ก กก insect picorna-like viruses CrPV กก picornaviruses ก (Koonin anD Gorbalenya, 1992; Christian anD Scotti, 1998) CrPV 2 open reaDing frame (ORFs) ORF1 ORF2 ก nonstructural protein structural protein ก กก กกกก CrPV internal ribosome entry site (IRES) intergenic region (IGR) ก intergenic region IRES (IGR IRES) ก ORF กก (Tate et al ., 1999; Wilson et al ., 2000; Pfingsten et al ., 2007; Bonning, 2009; Pfingsten et al ., 2010) กกกก RNA- DepenDent RNA polymerase (RDRp) กก กกก RNA polymerase กกก กก กก RNA (Koonin anD Dolja, 1993; Tentcheva et al ., 2004; Chen et al ., 2005; Shen et al ., 2005; BlancharD et al ., 2007; Baker anD SchroeDer, 2008) CrPV OrDer: Picornavirales Family: Dicistroviridae Genus: Cripavirus กก International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) .
    [Show full text]