11. Le Rovine Di Roma: Le Prospettive Della Soprintendenza Archeologica Angelo Bottini

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11. Le Rovine Di Roma: Le Prospettive Della Soprintendenza Archeologica Angelo Bottini 11. Le rovine di Roma: le prospettive della Soprintendenza Archeologica Angelo Bottini Da direttore della Soprintendenza Archeologica credo sia opportuno prendere le mosse proprio ricordando quel concetto di tutela che rappresenta una sorta di parola d’ordine in cui si riconosce la generalità di quanti prestano la propria opera nell’Amministrazione dei beni culturali e che – nel rispetto sia della norma come degli stessi principi fondamentali di un’archeologia vista quale disciplina storica – implica un’attenzione estesa a tutti i beni che sono affidati alla nostra custodia, dovunque collocati e di qualsiasi natura e cronologia. Un principio ineccepibile ma che, nel caso di Roma, deve essere messo in pra- tica tenendo presente l’assoluta eccezionalità della città, che ci impone di riserva- re una cura particolare a quanto non solo appartiene da moltissimo tempo, talora da sempre, alla mano pubblica, ma rappresenta agli occhi di tutti il cuore stesso delle testimonianze della civiltà romana, secondo una valutazione che non è smen- tita neppure dalla più rigorosa valutazione scientifica; del resto, è proprio la stes- sa estensione a larghissimo raggio della salvaguardia, in termini concettuali e nor- mativi e a fronte di risorse tutt’altro che illimitate, a imporre necessariamente la necessità delle priorità, almeno sotto il profilo operativo. Nel concreto, questo principio si è tradotto nella rinnovata e prioritaria atten- zione per quella che è definita per convenzione area demaniale centrale, estesa dal- le pendici del Campidoglio ai declivi del Celio e dell’Oppio e che dunque include il Foro, il Palatino, il Colosseo, la Domus Aurea e la parte dei Fori imperiali non affidati in gestione al Comune. Per quanto riguarda il Palatino, i punti fondamentali sono stati affrontati e illu- 99 strati il 23 gennaio 2006 in una giornata di studio intitolata appunto Area ar- cheologica Palatino – Foro romano – Il Palatino, voluta dall’allora Ministro Fran- cesco Rutelli. Nel corso di quella giornata sono stati presentati i risultati di un ampio lavoro di monitoraggio esteso a tutto il colle, curato da uno specialista di strutture antiche di fama mondiale come Giorgio Croci, sulla base dei dati raccolti 251 dagli architetti della Soprintendenza nel corso degli ultimi anni. Lo sforzo di Cro- ci era diretto soprattutto a definire un programma di interventi che, partendo dal- l’eliminazione (o almeno dalla riduzione) dei picchi di rischio, vorrebbe arrivare a ripristinare (ovvero a creare ex novo) la possibilità di visita di molti dei monu- menti del Palatino. Come ho avuto modo di ripetere anche in altre occasioni, sono infatti convin- to che la conservazione debba rappresentare un punto di partenza, certo estrema- mente impegnativo se si tiene conto delle difficoltà crescenti in termini economi- ci e di risorse umane, in direzione di un obiettivo assai ambizioso ma a mio avviso determinante: quello di un almeno parziale reinserimento di questo multiforme e variegato insieme di beni nella vita della società cui tutti apparteniamo. Per tale 99. Pianta del Palatino con le percorrenze. In rosso sono evidenziate le aree ad alto rischio interdette al pubbli- 252 co (Foto Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma). ragione, accanto alle priorità dettate dalle esigenze della sopravvivenza fisica, 000 abbiamo posto la progressiva riappropriazione da parte dei cittadini dei monu- menti di maggior rilievo e interesse, misurandoci questa volta con problemi che non attengono al campo tecnico ma a quello non meno complesso dell’organizza- zione della fruizione. D’altra parte, non credo esistano strade diverse per ottenere e conservare quel consenso sociale che non solo si colloca alla base di ogni norma ma che garantisce nel concreto il suo rispetto e, insieme, corrispondere all’esigenza scientifica per cui la conoscenza del passato deve essere elemento costitutivo in senso critico della cultura contemporanea. Tutto questo non significa voler trasformare la città in un gigantesco cantiere archeologico in perenne attività, né rendere ogni area contenente dei monumenti come la sezione di un museo didattico all’aperto, disseminata di cartelli esplicati- vi e indicazioni di percorsi; significa invece garantire (avvalendosi di quanto la tec- nica moderna ci mette a disposizione, in una varietà di strumenti fino a qualche anno fa quasi impensabile) la possibilità di comprendere ad esempio di quali edi- fici del passato facessero parte gli innumerevoli resti di murature, talora impo- nenti, talora ridotti a tracce esigue, che occupano tanta parte della città, per qua- li motivi furono eretti e quindi distrutti, quale fosse soprattutto il loro aspetto, dando conto dello scarto abissale tra l’attuale condizione di rovine e la realtà degli edifici nella loro condizione originaria, che solo molto di rado ci è dato di percepi- re. Ricordo in questo senso il buon successo di pubblico della mostra I colori del fasto – la domus del Gianicolo e i suoi marmi, allestita nel dicembre del 2005 nella sede del Museo Nazionale Romano di Palazzo Altemps, che presentava per la prima volta i cospicui resti della decorazione di quella sfortunata dimora di età imperiale. Allargando lo sguardo al resto del territorio urbano e in corso di progressiva (e inarrestabile, a quanto sembra, urbanizzazione), è per altro agevole osservare come un’esigenza assai simile di fornire interpretazioni, di garantire la leggibilità dei resti appare altrettanto (se non più) importante laddove essi non ricadano in par- ti della città da moltissimi anni sottratti alla vita quotidiana e dunque da tutti per- cepiti quali spazi pubblici, ma si trovino a essere ridotti a relitti più o meno isola- ti, incastonati in quartieri fittamente popolati ovvero tornati da poco alla luce grazie agli scavi di controllo. In questi casi, l’equilibrio fra conservazione e pres- sione della quotidianità appare infatti estremamente precario e bisognoso di un continuo sostegno: la presenza materiale dei resti deve essere in qualche modo legittimata dalla percezione della loro significatività sociale.1 1iImportanti in questo senso le osservazioni di Ricci A., Attorno alla nuda pietra. Archeologia e città tra iden- tità e progetto, Donzelli, Roma 2006. 253 In questa prospettiva, un caso molto interessante e per più versi emblematico su cui la Soprintendenza è da alcuni anni impegnata, è rappresentato da un’area 100 del Testaccio vasta circa un ettaro, posta immediatamente a Nord del monte, fino a pochi mesi fa in gran parte occupata da strutture di nessuna qualità e ormai fati- scenti, ma contraddistinta da presenze archeologiche ampie e stratificate, che vanno dagli horrea imperiali agli impianti produttivi legati alla viticultura di età moderna. Qui, il Comune di Roma ha deciso di trasferire lo storico mercato all’aperto, nel quadro di un intervento di riqualificazione complessiva del quartiere che ha al suo centro il ricupero dell’ex mattatoio, destinato tra l’altro a sede universitaria. 100. L’area archeologica di Testaccio. Sulla sinistra il casale moderno sovrapposto alle strutture dell’horreum di 254 età imperiale (Foto Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma). La scelta operata dalla Soprintendenza, rappresentata da Renato Sebastiani (cui 000 da poco si è aggiunta Mirella Serlorenzi per le fasi post-antiche) è stata quella di acconsentire alla realizzazione del complesso a condizione di potervi lasciare a vi- sta all’interno un campione assai ampio delle strutture antiche conservate nella loro successione storica, appunto dagli impianti commerciali e produttivi romani a quelli agricoli tipici della Roma cinque-seicentesca, ormai quasi integralmente scom- parsi dall’attuale panorama urbano, con l’intendimento di fare di questo spazio il fulcro di un sistema più complesso, che restituisca significato e valore ai non pochi resti archeologici disseminati nel quartiere, ma a esso praticamente sconosciuti.2 2iSul progetto, si veda per adesso Mellace V. S. e Verde G., Rapporto preliminare sulle indagini condotte nel- l’area del «Nuovo Mercato Testaccio», «Analecta Romana Istituti Danici», vol. 32, pp. 43-50 (2006); Contino A. e D’Alessandro L., «Nuovo Mercato Testaccio»: prospettive di valorizzazione delle recenti indagini archeologiche, «Analecta Romana Istituti Danici», vol. 32, pp. 51-65 (2006). 255 100 12. Le rovine romane e i loro osservatori Paul Zanker All’epoca in cui Roma si stava preparando per l’Anno Santo del 2000, le fac- ciate degli edifici furono sottoposte a un programma generale pulitura e rinnova- mento. Dall’epoca della loro costruzione, numerosi palazzi storici e chiese non avevano più offerto un’immagine di tale lustro e magnificenza, quale quella che si offre oggi ai visitatori. Alcune facciate di chiese in travertino, come quella di Sant’Andrea della Valle, restaurate già alcuni anni fa, sono però di nuovo notevol- mente scurite. Nel corso degli anni, la polvere e l’inquinamento cittadino attenue- ranno la luminosità delle facciate e le faranno sembrare nuovamente più antiche e dignitose. Anche i monumenti antichi rientrano nel programma di abbellimen- to cittadino. La facciata del teatro di Marcello viene ripulita ora in modo ancora più approfondito rispetto alla volta precedente. Si resta quasi abbagliati guardan- dola, e il contrasto con le arcate aggiunte negli anni trenta, significativamente risparmiate dalla pulitura, è forte. Nuovi sono anche i grandiosi sistemi di illumi- nazione notturna delle rovine sulla via dei Fori Imperiali, sul Palatino, sul Cam- pidoglio.
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