DOCSLIB.ORG

Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism in Plants: Production, Detoxification and Signaling in the Stress Response

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism in Plants: Production, Detoxification and Signaling in the Stress Response ® Plant Stress ©2008 Global Science Books Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism in Plants: Production, Detoxification and Signaling in the Stress Response Priscilla P. Bettini1 • Elena Cosi1,2 • Daniela Bindi1 • Marcello Buiatti1* 1 Department of Evolutionary Biology “Leo Pardi”, University of Florence, Italy 2 Present address, Center for Research in Agrobiology and Pedology, Council for Research and Experimentation in Agriculture (CRA), Cascine del Riccio (FI), Italy Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT •- • The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radical (O2 ), hydroxyl radical (OH ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in plants is a common event in metabolic and physiological processes. ROS are normally formed in photosynthesis and respiration by the chloroplast and mitochondrial electron transfer chains, respectively, and in metabolic reactions taking place in the peroxisomes. As these active oxygen species are destructive to cellular components such as lipids, nucleic acid and proteins, plant cells are equipped with non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems comprising ascorbate, glutathione, phenols, catalases, super- oxide dismutases and peroxidases. Biotic and abiotic stress, such as salinity stress, excess of heavy metals, mechanical shock, UV light, exposure to ozone, water deficiency and pathogen attack, also increase ROS production. In the latter case the release of ROS, referred to as the “oxidative burst”, is one of the earliest responses activated following pathogen recognition and has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the integration and the coordination of the plant defense responses. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about ROS production and oxidative defense in plants. The role of ROS will be discussed in the frame of stress responses, with emphasis on the plant-pathogen interaction. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: abiotic stress, oxidative burst, oxygen radicals, plant-pathogen interaction, ROS, ROS signaling Abbreviations: AsA, ascorbic acid; CAT, catalase; ET, ethylene; GSH, glutathione; JA, jasmonic acid; HR, hypersensitive response; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NO, nitric oxide; PCD, programmed cell death; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SA, salicylic acid; SAR, systemic acquired resistance; SOD, superoxide dismutase CONTENTS INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................................................ 28 ROS GENERATION AND SCAVENGING ................................................................................................................................................ 28 ROS IN THE PLANT STRESS RESPONSE............................................................................................................................................... 31 ROS in plant-pathogen interactions......................................................................................................................................................... 31 Functions of ROS in the plant defense response...................................................................................................................................... 33 ROS signal transduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 34 ROS and abiotic stress: the response to ozone......................................................................................................................................... 35 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 36 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................. 36 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION temperature extremes, excess of light, air pollutants, anoxia, heavy metals, water deficit and pathogen attack (Smirnoff The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), also 1993; Lamb and Dixon 1997; Dat et al. 2000; Blokhina et known as reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) or active al. 2003; Sgherri et al. 2003; Kangasjärvi et al. 2005), the oxygen species (AOS), as byproducts of metabolic pro- equilibrium between ROS generation and removal is often cesses such as respiration and photosynthesis is the price to shifted towards the former, leading to an increased produc- pay for the advantages of aerobic life. The derivatives of tion and accumulation of oxidative species. It is now clear •- molecular oxygen, including superoxide anion O2 , singlet that a common theme in the response to both biotic and abi- 1 • oxygen O2, hydroxyl radical OH and hydrogen peroxide otic stress is the generation of ROS that can be by them- H2O2 (Table 1), are in fact toxic and can damage cellular selves the primary cause of adverse effects and/or be in- constituents leading to cell death. The ability to survive volved in signal transduction pathways and changes in gene these cellular toxins depends on enzymatic and non-enzy- expression. matic detoxification mechanisms coordinately acting to re- duce cellular damage under oxidative conditions. In this ROS GENERATION AND SCAVENGING frame, Foyer and Noctor (2005) aptly described the plant cell as a network of compartments whose varying antioxi- In plant cells ROS are continuously produced as a conse- dative buffering capacities are determined by differences in quence of normal metabolism in virtually all the intracel- synthesis, transport and/or degradation of antioxidants. lular organelles, in particular in the chloroplasts, mitochon- Upon exposure to various stress conditions, such as dria and peroxisomes (Elstner 1982; Smirnoff 1993; Apel Received: 18 February, 2008. Accepted: 4 May, 2008. Invited Review Plant Stress 2 (1), 28-39 ©2008 Global Science Books Table 1 Mechanisms for the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in must not be underestimated (Rhoads et al. 2006) and mito- 3 plant cells. Chl*, chlorophyll triplet state; Fdred, reduced ferrexoxin; chondrial ROS evolution can increase as a consequence of Fdox, oxidized ferredoxin; Fe-Sred, reduced Rieske FeS center; Fe-Sox, oxidative stress conditions that lead to ROS accumulation 2+ + oxidized Rieske FeS center; M, trace metals (Fe , Cu ); QA red, reduced in other cellular compartments thereby altering the normal quinone A; QA ox, oxidized quinone A; RH, lipid. mitochondrial function (Overmyer et al. 2003). Another •- Oxidative species Production mechanisms possible source of O2 in plants is the electron leakage to •- •- Superoxide radical (O2 ) Fdred + O2 Fdox + O2 oxygen during the monooxygenase reaction catalyzed by •- Fe-Sred + O2 Fe-Sox + O2 the cytochromes, in particular cytochrome P450, in the cyto- •- QA red + O2 QA ox + O2 plasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (Urban et al. 1997). + 2+ •- Cu + O2 Cu + O2 Finally, as will be discussed in more detail later, the •- •- + Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) O2 + O2 + 2H H2O2 + O2 NADPH-dependent oxidase complex of plant plasma mem- Hydroxyl Radical (OH•) Haber-Weiss cycle: branes, pH-dependent cell wall peroxidases, germin-like •- n+ (n-1)+ O2 + M O2 + M oxalate oxidases, and amine oxidases have also been identi- (n-1)+ - • (n+1) M + H2O2 OH + OH + M fied as sources of ROS during biotic stress (Lamb and overall: Dixon 1997; Grant and Loake 2000; Mittler et al. 2004). •- • H2O2 + O2 OH + OH + O2 In order to control the accumulation of these toxic oxy- Fenton reaction: gen derivatives, in particular hydroxyl radicals and singlet 2+ 3+ • Fe +H2O2 Fe + OH + OH oxygen, plant cells are equipped with a battery of enzymatic 1 3 1 Singlet oxygen ( O2) Chl* + O2 O2 and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems to preserve the in- • •- + • Hydroperoxyl radical (HO2 ) O2 + H HO2 tegrity of proteins and other cellular components (Dat et al. • • • Lipid radical (R ) RH + OH R + H2O 2000; Apel and Hirt 2004). The main ROS-scavenging en- • • • Lipid peroxyl radical (ROO ) R + O2 ROO zymes and the reactions they catalyze are reported in Table • • ROO + RH ROOH + R 2. Plant cells possess several classes of superoxide dismu- 1 Lipid hydroperoxide (ROOH) RH + O2 ROOH tase (SOD) enzymes, considered the first line of defence against ROS (De Gara et al. 2003; Apel and Hirt 2004; Asada 2006). SODs are characterized by the presence of and Hirt 2004) (Fig. 1). In the chloroplast ROS are gene- diverse metal ions in their active site i.e. Cu-Zn, Mn and Fe rated in the photoreduction of oxygen to H2O2 by photo- and are located mainly in chloroplasts, mitochondria and system I electron transport (Mehler reaction), whose pri- peroxisomes as well as in the cytosol (del Río et al. 2002). mary product is superoxide anion, and in photodynamic re- The presence of SOD and of other enzymatic and non-enzy- actions occurring under conditions that limit electron trans- matic antioxidants
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phytoalexins: Current and Possible Future Applications in Human Health and Diseases Control
    International Journal of Molecular Biology: Open Access Review Article Open Access Phytoalexins: Current and possible future applications in human health and diseases control Abstract Volume 3 Issue 3 - 2018 Plants are prone to diseases and infections following their obvious exposure to microbes Anthony Cemaluk C Egbuonu,1 Juliet C and attendant microbial attacks. Plants control diseases and infections by using their 2 secondary metabolites known collectively as phytoalexins. These phytoalexins, usually Eneogwe 1 synthesized in plants in response to diseases and infections, have enormous chemical Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Nigeria diversity and biologic roles but are essentially non biodegradable owing to their stable 2Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of structures hence could bio-accumulate with sustained effect once synthesized. Thus, Agriculture, Nigeria this reviewed current and possible future applications of phytoalexins in human health and diseases control using relevant search words and search engines. The review noted Correspondence: Anthony Cemaluk C Egbuonu, Department that resveratrol, a representative of, and an extensively studied, phytoalexins was of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, variously implicated in the management of human health, including in the prevention Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria, Tel +23480.3636-6565, of cardiovascular disease and cancers. Resveratrol acts via mechanisms essentially Email [email protected] related to its capacity to ameliorate oxidative stress perhaps by significantly enhancing the synthesis of nitric oxide, NO, which could act as an antioxidant. Received: October 30, 2017 | Published: May 10, 2018 Increased oxidative stress has been implicated in human diseases and efforts aimed at mitigating (or preventing the onset of) oxidative stress have been the underlying approach to human disease management and control.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Rice Diterpenoid Phytoalexin Biosynthesis Benjamin C
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 Investigation of rice diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis Benjamin C. Brown Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biochemistry Commons Recommended Citation Brown, Benjamin C., "Investigation of rice diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 16322. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16322 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Investigation of rice diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis by Benjamin C. Brown A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Biochemistry Program of Study Committee: Reuben J. Peters, Major Professor Gustavo MacIntosh Bing Yang The student author and the program of study committee are solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The graduate college will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations once a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, IA 2018 Copyright © Benjamin C. Brown, 2018. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 References 7 Figures 8 CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 9 Materials 9 CRISPR/Cas9 Vectors 9 Plant Growth 10 Induction and Extraction of Diterpenoids 11 LC-MS/MS Analysis of Diterpenoids 12 References 15 Figures 15 Tables 30 CHAPTER 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Biology of Disease Resistance in Rice
    Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2001) 59, 1±11 doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0353, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on MINI-REVIEW Molecular biology of disease resistance in rice FENGMING SONG1,2 and ROBERT M. GOODMAN1* 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A. and 2Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310029, P.R. China (Accepted for publication 13 August 2001) Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the understanding the molecular biology of disease resistance increasing world population, especially in Asia. Diseases in rice is a prerequisite. are among the most important limiting factors that aect In recent years, rice has been recognized as a genetic rice production, causing annual yield loss conservatively model for molecular biology research aimed toward estimated at 5 %. More than 70 diseases caused by fungi, understanding mechanisms for growth, development and bacteria, viruses or nematodes have been recorded on rice stress tolerance as well as disease resistance [34]. Rice as a [68], among which rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea), model crop is a fortuitous situation since it is also a crop of bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) and world signi®cance. Rice is an attractive model for plant sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) are the most serious genetics and genomics because it has a relatively small constraints on high productivity [68]. Resistant cultivars genome. Considerable progress has been made in rice and application of pesticides have been used for disease towards cloning and identi®cation of disease resistance control.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Disease Control: Understanding the Roles of Toxins and Phytoalexins in Host-Pathogen Interaction
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews (PJSRR - Universiti Putra Malaysia,... PJSRR (2018) 4(1): 54-66 eISSN: 2462-2028 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews http://www.pjsrr.upm.edu.my/ Plant Disease Control: Understanding the Roles of Toxins and Phytoalexins in Host-Pathogen Interaction Magaji G USMANa,b, Tijjani AHMADUb, ADAMU Jibrin Nayayab, AISHA M Dodoc aLaboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia bDepartment of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU). PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria cCardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom *[email protected] Abstract – Naturally, plant habitats are exposed to several potential effects of biotic and different abiotic environmental challenges. Several types of micro-organisms namely; bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, mammals and other herbivorous animals are found in large amounts in all ecosystems, which lead to considerable reduction in crop productivity. These organisms are agents carrying different diseases that can damage the plants through the secretion of toxic-microbial poisons that can penetrate in the plant tissues. Toxins are injurious substances that act on plant protoplast to influence disease development. In response to the stress effect, plants defend themselves by bearing some substances such as phytoalexins. Production of phytoalexins is one of the complex mechanisms through which plants exhibit disease resistance. Several findings specifically on phytoalexins have widen the understanding in the fields of plant biochemistry and molecular biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenolic Compounds in Trees and Shrubs of Central Europe
    applied sciences Review Phenolic Compounds in Trees and Shrubs of Central Europe Lidia Szwajkowska-Michałek 1,*, Anna Przybylska-Balcerek 1 , Tomasz Rogozi ´nski 2 and Kinga Stuper-Szablewska 1 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Pozna´nUniversity of Life Sciences ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] (A.P.-B.); [email protected] (K.S.-S.) 2 Department of Furniture Design, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Pozna´nUniversity of Life Sciences ul. Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-627 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-61-848-78-43 Received: 1 September 2020; Accepted: 30 September 2020; Published: 2 October 2020 Abstract: Plants produce specific structures constituting barriers, hindering the penetration of pathogens, while they also produce substances inhibiting pathogen growth. These compounds are secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, resins, tannins and alkaloids. Bioactive compounds are secondary metabolites from trees and shrubs and are used in medicine, herbal medicine and cosmetology. To date, fruits and flowers of exotic trees and shrubs have been primarily used as sources of bioactive compounds. In turn, the search for new sources of bioactive compounds is currently focused on native plant species due to their availability. The application of such raw materials needs to be based on knowledge of their chemical composition, particularly health-promoting or therapeutic compounds. Research conducted to date on European trees and shrubs has been scarce. This paper presents the results of literature studies conducted to systematise the knowledge on phenolic compounds found in trees and shrubs native to central Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • An Approach on Phytoalexins: Function, Characterization and Biosynthesis in Plants of the Family Poaceae
    Ciência Rural, SantaAn Maria,approach v.46, on n.7,phytoalexins: p.1206-1216, function, jul, 2016 characterization and biosynthesis in http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20151164 plants of the family Poaceae. 1206 ISSN 1678-4596 BIOLOGY An approach on phytoalexins: function, characterization and biosynthesis in plants of the family Poaceae Uma abordagem sobre fitoalexinas: função, caracterização e biossíntese em plantas da família Poaceae Rejanne Lima ArrudaI* Andressa Tuane Santana PazI Maria Teresa Freitas BaraI Márcio Vinicius de Carvalho Barros CôrtesII Marta Cristina Corsi de FilippiII Edemilson Cardoso da ConceiçãoI ABSTRACT Palavras-chave: metabólitos, proteção de plantas, sinalização, Oryza sativa. Phytoalexins are compounds that have been studied a few years ago, which present mainly antimicrobial activity. The plants of the family Poaceae are the most geographically INTRODUCTION widespread and stand out for their economic importance, once they are cereals used as staple food. This family stands out for having a variety of phytoalexins, which can be synthesized via the shikimic Phytoalexins are natural products acid (the phenylpropanoids), or mevalonic acid, being considered secreted and accumulated temporarily by plants in terpenoid phytoalexins. The characterization of these compounds response to pathogen attack. They have inhibitory with antimicrobial activity is carried out using chromatographic techniques, and the high-performance liquid chromatography activity against bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry are the most efficient and toxic effects for the animals and for the plant methods in this process. This research aimed to present an itself (BRAGA, 1991). They are mostly lipophilic approach of the function, characterization and biosynthesis of compounds that have the ability to cross the plasma phytoalexins in plants of the family Poaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • T E Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in The
    TEROLE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN THE RESISTANCE OF TOMATO TO PENETRATION BY COLLETOTRICHUM COCCODES inge Viia Foulds A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Deparment of Botany University of Toronto O Copyright by Inge Vüa Foulds 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale I*u of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON K1AON4 OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence ailowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in rnicroform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/filrn, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels rnay be printed or otheMrise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canada THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN PEROXDE IN THE EESISTANCE OF TOMATO TO PENETRATION BY COLLETOTRICHUM COCCODES Degree of Master of Science. 2000 Inge Viia Foulds Department of Botany University of Toronto AB STRACT The accumulation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent effects were investigated in the interaction between Colletorriclinm coccodes. causai agent of anthracnose.
    [Show full text]
  • Oligosaccharide Signalling for Defence Responses in Plant
    Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2001) 59, 223±233 doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0364, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on MINI-REVIEW Oligosaccharide signalling for defence responses in plant N. SHIBUYA and E. MINAMI Biochemistry Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan (Accepted for publication October 2001) Keywords: elicitor; receptor; OGA; chitin; chitosan; beta-glucan; signal transduction; ion ¯ux; protein phosphorylation; defence response. INTRODUCTION transduction cascades and elicitor-responsive genes. Several reviews [5, 25, 34, 40] have already been Higher plants have the ability to initiate various defence published on these subjects and in this review the authors reactions such as the production of phytoalexins, try to focus mostly on recent progress. antimicrobial proteins, reactive oxygen species, and reinforcement of cell walls when they are infected by pathogens such as fungi, bacteria and viruses. If these reactions occur in a timely manner, the infection will not CHARACTERISTICS OF OLIGOSACCHARIDE proceed further. However, if the defence reactions occur ELICITORS too late or are suppressed, the infection process will proceed successfully [89]. Thus, it is critically important b-glucan oligosaccharides for plants to detect infecting pathogens eectively and Oligosaccharide elicitors derived from the b-glucans of deliver such information intracellularly/intercellularly to pathogenic Oomycetes, such as Phytophthora sojae,have activate their defence machinery. been very well characterized. A doubly-branched hepta- It is believed that the detection of pathogens is b-glucoside that was generated from P. sojae glucan by mediated by chemical substances secreted/generated by partial acid hydrolysis was shown to be a very active the pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytoalexin-Enriched Functional Foods
    2614 J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 2614–2622 Phytoalexin-Enriched Functional Foods ,† † † STEPHEN M. BOUE,* THOMAS E. CLEVELAND, CAROL CARTER-WIENTJES, † † § BETTY Y. SHIH, DEEPAK BHATNAGAR, JOHN M. MCLACHLAN, AND # MATTHEW E. BUROW Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70179; and Tulane Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane Center for Bioenvironmental Research, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112 Functional foods have been a developing area of food science research for the past decade. Many foods are derived from plants that naturally contain compounds beneficial to human health and can often prevent certain diseases. Plants containing phytochemicals with potent anticancer and antioxidant activities have spurred development of many new functional foods. This has led to the creation of functional foods to target health problems such as obesity and inflammation. More recent research into the use of plant phytoalexins as nutritional components has opened up a new area of food science. Phytoalexins are produced by plants in response to stress, fungal attack, or elicitor treatment and are often antifungal or antibacterial compounds. Although phytoalexins have been investigated for their possible role in plant defense, until recently they have gone unexplored as nutritional components in human foods. These underutilized plant compounds may possess key beneficial properties including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammation activity, cholesterol-lowering ability, and even anticancer activity. For these reasons, phytoalexin-enriched foods would be classified as functional foods. These phytoalexin-enriched functional foods would benefit the consumer by providing “health-enhanced” food choices and would also benefit many underutilized crops that may produce phytoalexins that may not have been considered to be beneficial health-promoting foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Elicitor-Stimulated Ion Fluxes and O2 from the Oxidative Burst Are Essential Components in Triggering Defense Gene Activation An
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 4800–4805, April 1997 Plant Biology 2 Elicitor-stimulated ion fluxes and O2 from the oxidative burst are essential components in triggering defense gene activation and phytoalexin synthesis in parsley (furanocoumarinsyion channelsypeptide elicitoryreactive oxygen speciesysignal transduction) THORSTEN JABS*†,MARKUS TSCHO¨PE‡,CHRISTIANE COLLING*§,KLAUS HAHLBROCK*, AND DIERK SCHEEL‡¶ *Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Zu¨chtungsforschung, Abteilung Biochemie, Carl-von-Linne´-Weg10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany; and ‡Institut fu¨r Pflanzenbiochemie, Abteilung Stress- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany Contributed by Klaus Hahlbrock, February 26, 1997 ABSTRACT Fungal elicitor stimulates a multicomponent phytoalexins, and production of ethylene (11–13). Binding of defense response in cultured parsley cells (Petroselinum radiolabeled Pep-13 to parsley microsomes or protoplasts was crispum). Early elements of this receptor-mediated response found to be specific, reversible, and saturable (11). A 91-kDa are ion fluxes across the plasma membrane and the produc- plasma membrane protein was specifically labeled by covalent tion of reactive oxygen species (ROS), sequentially followed by crosslinking of Pep-13 to parsley membranes (14). Because defense gene activation and phytoalexin accumulation. Omis- identical structural elements of Pep-13 were required for sion of Ca21 from the culture medium or inhibition of specific binding, crosslinking and activation of defense reac- elicitor-stimulated ion fluxes by ion channel blockers pre- tions (11, 14), this membrane protein appears to represent the vented the latter three reactions, all of which were triggered elicitor receptor through which the entire defense response is in the absence of elicitor by amphotericin B-induced ion initiated.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Phytoalexins
    STUDIES ON PHYTOALEXINS 1. THE FORMATION AND THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PHYTOALEXIN PRODUCED BY PHASEOLUS VULGARIS IN RESPONSE TO INFECTIONS WITH SCLEROTINIA FRUCTICOLA AND PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS By K. O. MULLER* LManu8cript received March 24, 1958] Summary In using the inner epidermis of Phaseolu8 vulgaris pods as host .tissue and Sclerotinia jructicola and Phytophthora infestans as pathogens which interact in a hypersensitive fashion, a principle (or principles?) was separated from the former which exerts a strongly inhibitory effect on the growth of the latter. It is shown that this principle (phytoalexin): (i) Is the result of an interaction between host and pathogen and is absent from non-infected host tissue at concentrations which could exert an inhibitory effect on the pathogen. (ii) Is formed at a rate and at concentrations which are sufficient to prevent further growth of the pathogen in the diseased tissue. (iii) Is not specific, and (iv) Possesses properties from which its nature as an individual chemical factor(s) becomes obvious. Concerning the action of the phytoalexin(s) under consideration, results as follows were obtained: (i) The antibiotic activity is not influenced by chemical factors in the host tis· sue which may serve as nutrients to the pathogen. (ii) Within a pH range of 4·0--7·5, the hydrogen ion concentration exerts neither an antagonistic nor a synergistic effect on the activity of the inhibitory principle. (iii) There is strong adsorption of the active principle to non·parasitized cells. (iv) The output per unit volum~ of parasitized tissue is dependent on the age of the host tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Environmental Factors on Stilbene Biosynthesis
    plants Review Impact of Environmental Factors on Stilbene Biosynthesis Alessio Valletta 1,*,† , Lorenzo Maria Iozia 1,† and Francesca Leonelli 2 1 Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-064-991-2455 † These authors contributed equally to the present work. Abstract: Stilbenes are a small family of polyphenolic secondary metabolites that can be found in several distantly related plant species. These compounds act as phytoalexins, playing a crucial role in plant defense against phytopathogens, as well as being involved in the adaptation of plants to abiotic environmental factors. Among stilbenes, trans-resveratrol is certainly the most popular and extensively studied for its health properties. In recent years, an increasing number of stilbene compounds were subjected to investigations concerning their bioactivity. This review presents the most updated knowledge of the stilbene biosynthetic pathway, also focusing on the role of several environmental factors in eliciting stilbenes biosynthesis. The effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, ultrasonication, mechanical stress, salt stress, drought, temperature, ozone, and biotic stress are reviewed in the context of enhancing stilbene biosynthesis, both in planta and in plant cell and organ cultures. This knowledge may shed some light on stilbene biological roles and represents a useful tool to increase the accumulation of these valuable compounds. Keywords: secondary metabolites; polyphenols; stilbenes; phytoalexins; biosynthetic pathway; phenylpropanoid pathway; stilbene biosynthesis; stilbene synthase; resveratrol synthase; pinosylvin synthase; environmental factors Citation: Valletta, A.; Iozia, L.M.; Leonelli, F.
    [Show full text]