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The Effect of Plant Hormones on Phenolic Production in Kauri Trees

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The Effect of Plant Hormones on Phenolic Production in Kauri Trees The effect of plant hormones on phenolic production in Kauri trees Blair Shilton School of Science Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Science February 2017 Table of Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ vi Attestation of authorship ...................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. ix Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Agathis australis ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Phytophthora ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 Phytophthora agathidicida .................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Phytophthora cinnamomi ....................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Types of defence ......................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.1 Structural defences ............................................................................................................... 12 1.3.2 Chemical defences ............................................................................................................... 13 1.3.3 Jasmonic acid ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.4 Salicylic acid ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.4 Phenolic compounds ................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 Tannins ................................................................................................................................. 17 1.4.2 Lignin ................................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................................... 23 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Leaf treatment ............................................................................................................................. 23 2.2 Phenolic assays ........................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Soluble phenolics assay ....................................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Insoluble phenolics assay ..................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3 Tannin assay ......................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.4 Lignin assay ......................................................................................................................... 29 2.3 Culture experiments .................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1 Detached leaf assay .............................................................................................................. 30 2.3.2 Phytophthora Culture experiments ...................................................................................... 31 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 34 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Phenolics ..................................................................................................................................... 34 3.1.1 Methyl jasmonate ................................................................................................................. 34 3.1.2 Salicylic acid ........................................................................................................................ 45 3.2 Culture Results ............................................................................................................................ 55 3.2.1 Detached Leaf Assays .......................................................................................................... 55 3.2.2 Culture plate assays .............................................................................................................. 58 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 62 4.1 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 62 4.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 70 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 72 References ............................................................................................................................................. 87 List of Tables Table 1 information obtained from a datasheet produced by The Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. It shows the areas in Oceania in which Phytophthora cinnamomi is established...................................................................................................................................... ......... 7 Table 2 the p-values between days for soluble phenolics content for leaves treated with 4.1mM jasmonic acid...................................................................................................................................... ... 35 Table 3 the p-values between days for soluble phenolics content for leaves treated with 21.9mM jasmonic acid...................................................................................................................................... ... 36 Table 4 the p-values between days for esterified phenolics content for leaves treated with 4.1mM jasmonic acid................................................................................................................................. ........ 37 Table 5 the p-values between days for esterified phenolics content for leaves treated with 20.5 mM jasmonic acid.................................................................................................................................. ....... 38 Table 6 the p-values between days for the total phenolic content shows the p-values between days for the total phenolic content for leaves treated with 4.1mM jasmonic acid..................................... ......... 39 Table 7 the p-values between days for the total phenolic content for leaves treated with 20.5 mM jasmonic acid..................................................................................................................................... .... 40 Table 8 the p-values between days for the tannin content for leaves treated with 4.1mM jasmonic acid......................................................................................................................................... ............... 41 Table 9 the p-values between days for the tannin content for leaves treated with 21.9mM jasmonic acid......................................................................................................................................... ............... 42 Table 10 the p-values between days for the lignin content (absorbance units) for leaves treated with 4.1mM jasmonic acid......................................................................................................................... ... 43 Table 11 the p-values between days for the lignin content (absorbance units) for leaves treated with 20.5mM jasmonic acid......................................................................................................................... 44 Table 12 the p-values between days for the soluble phenolics for leaves treated with 4.4mM salicylic acid...................................................................................................................................................
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