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Technical Editors M.E. Jensen is a regional soil scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, P.O. Box 7669, Missoula, MT 59807; and P.S. Bourgeron is a western regional ecologist, The Nature Con- servancy, 2060 Broadway, Suite 230, Boulder, CO 80302. Volume II: Ecosystem Management: Principles and Applications M.E. Jensen and P.S. Bourgeron Technical Editors Eastside Forest Ecosystem Health Assessment Richard L. Everett, Assessment Team Leader Published by: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report PNW-GTR-318 February 1994 In cooperation with: US. Department of Agriculture, Northern Region The Nature Conservancy ABSTRACT Jensen, M.E.; Bourgeron, P.S., tech. eds. 1994. Volume II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Ser- vice, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 376 p. (Everett, Richard L., assessment team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment). This document provides land managers with practical suggestions for implementing ecosystem manage- ment. It contains 28 papers organized into five sections: historical perspectives, ecological principles, sampling design, case studies, and implementation strategies. Keywords: Ecosystem management, landscape ecology, conservation biology, land use planning. Ecosystem Management: Principles and Applications CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 SECTION 1 - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Summary of Historical Perspectives Papers 3 An Overview of Ecosystem Management Principles 6 M.E. Jensen and R. Everett Evolution of Forest Service Organizational Culture and Adaptation 16 Issues in Embracing Ecosystem Management J.J. Kennedy and T.M. Quigley Ecosystem Management in the Forest Service: Political Implica- tions, Impediments, and Imperatives 27 W.B. Shepard Development of Landscape Ecology and Its Relation to Environ- mental Management 34 F.B. Golley SECTION 2 - ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES Summary of Ecological Principles Papers 42 An Overview of Ecological Principles for Ecosystem Management 45 P.S. Bourgeron and M.E. Jensen Ecological Theory in Relation to Landscape Evaluation and Ecosystem Characterization 58 P.S. Bourgeron, H.C. Humphries, R.L. DeVelice, and M.E. Jensen Multiscale Organization of Landscape Heterogeneity 73 M.G. Turner, R.H. Gardner, R.V. O’Neill, and S.M. Pearson Natural Variability--Implications for Ecosystem Management 80 F.J. Swanson, J.A. Jones, D.O. Wallin, and J.H. Cissel Design and Use of Ecological Mapping Units 95 R.G. Bailey, M.E. Jensen, D.T. Cleland, and P.S. Bourgeron CONTENTS SECTION 3 - SAMPLING DESIGN AND DATA ANALYSIS Summary of Sampling Design and Data Analysis Papers 107 General Sampling Design Considerations for Landscape Evalua- tion 109 P.S. Bourgeron, H.C. Humphries, and M.E. Jensen Pattern Analysis for Landscape Evaluation and Characterization 121 B.T. Milne Species Richness and Scale: The Application of Distribution and 135 Abundance Models S.M. Glenn and S.L. Collins Stream-Riparian Ecosystems: Rationale and Methods for Basin- 143 Level Assessments of Management Effects G.W. Minshall Risk Assessment Methodologies in the Interior West 168 M. Jurgensen, P. Hessburg, J. Lehmkuhl, W. Megahan, J. Nesser, R. Ottmar, and E. Reinhardt ECODATA--A Multiresource Database and Analysis System for Ecosystem Description and Evaluation 192 M.E. Jensen, W. Hann, R.E. Keane, J. Caratti, and P.S. Bourgeron SECTION 4 - CASE STUDIES Summary of Case Study Papers 206 Regional Conservation Strategies: Assessing the Value of Conservation Areas at Regional Scales 208 L.D. Engelking, H.C. Humphries, M.S. Reid, R.L. DeVelice, E.H. Muldavin and P.S. Bourgeron Applying Landscape Ecology Theory to Integrated Resource Planning: Two Case Studies 225 K.L. O’Hara, M.E. Jensen, L.J. Olsen and J.W. Joy Assessment Techniques for Evaluating Ecosystem Processes, and Community and Landscape Conditions 237 W. Hann, R.E. Keane, C. McNicoll and J. Menakis Multiscale Ecosystem Analysis and Design in the Pacific Northwest Region: The Umatilla National Forest Restoration Project 254 A.J. Shlisky CONTENTS SECTION 5 - IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES Summary of Implementation Strategy Papers 263 Integrating Ecosystem Management and the Forest Planning Process 266 J. Morrison Implementing Ecosystem Management Through the Forest Planning Process 276 O. Grossarth and T. Nygren Land Management Assessment Using Hierarchical Principles of Landscape Ecology 285 W. Hann, M.E. Jensen, P.S. Bourgeron, and M. Prather Critical Economic Issues in Ecosystem Management of a National Forest 298 D. E. Ervin and R.P. Berrens Socioeconomic Risk Assessment and Its Relation to Ecosystem Management 307 C.A. Montgomery An Economic Tradeoff System for Ecosystem Management 318 B. Lippke and C. Oliver Managing Ecosystems and Social Conflict 327 S.E. Daniels, G.B. Walker, J.R. Boeder, and J.E. Means Adaptive Ecosystem Management 340 R. Everett, C. Oliver, J. Saveland, P. Hessburg, N. Diaz, and L. Irwin A System for Implementing Ecosystem Management 355 C.D. Oliver, W.H. Knapp and R. Everett ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 367 APPENDIX A - GLOSSARY 368 APPENDIX B - AUTHORS 372 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION This document provides land managers with practical suggestions concerning the implementation of ecosystem management. It was developed in response to congressional direction for an independent, scientific evaluation of forest health in eastern Washington and Oregon (i.e., Eastside Ecosystem Health Assessment). Three science teams were formed in September 1992 to address this task: the Implementation Framework Team, the Eastside Assessment Team, and the Broad, Strategic Framework Team. The papers contained in this document represent the efforts of the Implementation Team. They were developed to: (1) document existing science principles appro- priate to ecosystem management that would provide a foundation for the efforts of the Eastside Assessment Team, and (2) provide generic guidelines for ecosystem management that would apply to most land management needs. The primary audience for this document are land managers who are increasingly being challenged to produce goods and services to society while managing for ecosystem sustainability (e.g., USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management, and Champion International). Accordingly, we have provided general summaries of appropriate science principles as well as recommendations for implementing those principles in management. Most of the papers in this document emphasize Forest Service examples because of the congressional direction for this document (i.e., provide a framework the Forest Service can use in sustainable ecosystem management). The topics covered, however, are also applicable to other public and private land management organizations. The papers presented also vary in technical detail. Some of the topics covered are of value to a general nontechnical audience; while others (e.g., ecological theory) are appropriate to natural resource specialists and scientists. All papers are self-contained to facilitate review of this document by a varied audience (i.e., papers may be read independent of each other). They are cross-referenced, however, to display relations among the topics covered. This document consists of five sections that address major ecosystem management issues. The first section (Historical Perspectives) presents some basic principles of ecosystem management and the historical context of their development. This section also provides general information that will be of interest to most land managers. The discussions by Jensen and Everett (ecosystem management overview), Kennedy and Quigley (social perspectives), and Shepard (political perspectives) are of particular importance because they review events that have influenced the Forest Service transition to an ecosystem management philosophy. The second section of this document (Ecological Principles) provides a summary of important theoretical con- cepts for ecosystem management. This section provides information for a more technical audience and empha- sizes the use of landscape ecology principles in land management. The topics addressed in this section (e.g., hierarchy theory, conservation biology, and ecosystem dynamics) are appropriate to ecosystem management implementation. Most of the concepts presented are not new; however, they have not commonly been explicitly addressed in previous land management efforts. We believe that if the theoretical concepts presented in this section were implemented, sustainable ecosystem management could be achieved. We do not believe that the development of new science theory is a prerequisite to ecosystem management. Instead, we emphasize the importance of using existing science principles (in more creative ways) to meet our evolving land management needs. The third section of this document (Sampling Design and Data Analysis) presents various concepts useful to the characterization and evaluation of ecosystems. Some of the papers in this section are technical and may be appropriate only to specific resource disciplines. The topics covered, however, are important to the development of cost-effective survey designs for ecosystem characterization. The reviews of data analysis methods emphasize current techniques useful in describing ecosystem process and pattern relations. The ideas presented in this section facilitate improved ecosystem description and evaluation,
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