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Volume IV Ministério Das Relações Exteriores Relações coleção coleção Internacionais O Resgate das Ciências Humanas e das Humanidades através de Perspectivas Africanas Volume IV MINISTÉRIO DAS RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES Ministro de Estado José Serra Secretário ‑Geral Embaixador Marcos Bezerra Abbott Galvão FUNDAÇÃO ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO Presidente Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Instituto de Pesquisa de Relações Internacionais Diretor Ministro Paulo Roberto de Almeida Centro de História e Documentação Diplomática Diretora, substituta Maria do Carmo Strozzi Coutinho Conselho Editorial da Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Presidente Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Membros Embaixador Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg Embaixador Jorio Dauster Magalhães Embaixador Gonçalo de Barros Carvalho e Mello Mourão Embaixador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Embaixador Julio Glinternick Bitelli Ministro Luís Felipe Silvério Fortuna Professor Francisco Fernando Monteoliva Doratioto Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva Professor Eiiti Sato A Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, instituída em 1971, é uma fundação pública vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores e tem a finalidade de levar à sociedade civil informações sobre a realidade internacional e sobre aspectos da pauta diplomática brasileira. Sua missão é promover a sensibilização da opinião pública a para os temas de relações internacionais e para a política externa brasileira. (Organizadores) Helen Lauer e Kofi Anyidoho O Resgate das Ciências Humanas e das Humanidades através de Perspectivas Africanas Volume IV Brasília – 2016 Direitos de publicação reservados à Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170 ‑900 Brasília–DF Telefones: (61) 2030‑6033/6034 Fax: (61) 2030 ‑9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br E ‑mail: [email protected] Equipe Técnica: Eliane Miranda Paiva Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Gabriela Del Rio de Rezende Luiz Antônio Gusmão André Luiz Ventura Ferreira Acauã Lucas Leotta Márcia Costa Ferreira Lívia Milanez Renata Nunes Duarte Projeto Gráfico: Daniela Barbosa Tradução: Rodrigo Sardenberg Programação Visual e Diagramação: Gráfica e Editora Ideal Impresso no Brasil 2016 R433 O Resgate das ciências humanas e das humanidades através de perspectivas africanas / Helen Lauer, Kofi Anyidoho (organizadores). – Brasília : FUNAG, 2016. 4 v. – (Coleção relações internacionais) Título original: Reclaiming the human sciences and humanities through African perspectives Descrição principal baseada no volume 4. ISBN (v. 4) 978-85-7631-621-3 1. Literatura - África. 2. Poesia - África. 3. Cultura - África. 4. História - África. 5. Cultura - África. 6. Teatro - África. 7. Música - África. 8. Línguas africanas. I. Lauer, Helen. II. Anyidoho, Kofi. III. Série. CDU 301.19(6) Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei n° 10.994, de 14/12/2004. ÍNDICE GERAL DA OBRA VOLUME 1 Seção 1: Examinando a produção do conhecimento como instituição social Seção 2: Explicando ações e crenças VOLUME 2 Seção 3: Reavaliando o “desenvolvimento” Seção 4: Medindo a condição humana VOLUME 3 Seção 5: Lembrando a História Seção 6: “África” como sujeito do discurso acadêmico Seção 7: Debatendo democracia, comunidade e direito VOLUME 4 Seção 8: Revisitando a Expressão Artística Seção 9: Recuperando a Voz da Autoridade Referências bibliográficas SUMÁRIO DO VOLUME 4 SEÇÃO 8 REVISITANDO A EXPRESSÃO ARTÍSTICA Capítulo 69 O tambor nostálgico: literatura oral e as possibilidades da poesia moderna ......................................................................... 2201 Femi Osofisan Capítulo 70 Poesia Akan ..................................................................................... 2231 J. H. Kwabena Nketia Apêndice: A poesia dos tambores ................................................ 2248 J. H. Kwabena Nketia Capítulo 71 Pan ‑africanismo literário: o lugar da diáspora africana na educação e na consciência de intelectuais africanos ............... 2257 Anne V. Adams Capítulo 72 A metafísica e a política da representação de gênero nas artes da África ............................................................................................ 2281 Esi Sutherland ‑Addy Capítulo 73 Teatro de quem? África de quem? The Road, de Wole Soyinka, na estrada ............................................................................................... 2311 Biodun T. Jeyifo Capítulo 74 História do teatro em Gana ........................................................... 2339 James Gibbs Capítulo 75 Bobokyikyi’s Lament: teatro e a experiência africana ............... 2365 Mohammed Ben Abdallah Capítulo 76 A oportunidade do dramaturgo: nossas crianças como fonte na produção do teatro infantil .......................................... 2401 Efua T. Sutherland Capítulo 77 “A melhor tradição continua”: consumo do público e a transformação do teatro popular na Gana neoliberal.............. 2421 Jesse Weaver Shipley Capítulo 78 Algumas razões para ensinar música popular africana na universidade ................................................................................ 2467 E. John Collins Capítulo 79 Onde está o compasso? Em busca da métrica na música africana ............................................................................... 2491 William Anku Capítulo 80 Como não analisar a música africana ......................................... 2535 Kofi Agawu SEÇÃO 9 RECUPERANDO A VOZ DA AUTORIDADE Capítulo 81 Metáforas de finitude social e epistemológica em provérbios Ga .................................................................................. 2579 Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu Capítulo 82 A situação sociolinguística de línguas francas não nativas em Gana: inglês, hausa e pidgin ................................................... 2597 Kari Dako Capítulo 83 Ensino de línguas, voz crítica e a construção do conhecimento .................................................................................. 2617 Gordon S. K. Adika Capítulo 84 Revisitando a primeira língua na educação infantil em Gana multilíngue ...................................................................... 2635 Akosua Anyidoho Capítulo 85 Lembrando da África: memória, restauração e renascimento africano ............................................................................................. 2665 Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o Referências bibliográficas .............................................................. 2695 SEÇÃO VIII REVISITANDO A EXPRESSÃO ARTÍSTICA CAPÍTULO 69 O TAMBOR NOSTÁLGICO: LITERATURA ORAL E AS POSSIBILIDADES DA POESIA MODERNA1 Femi Osofisan Chorus ‑singers Beat the gong with your hand Do the dance with your feet… I, Uturu, am singing I, with voice better than musical boom My voice is gong’s voice Let my chorus ‑singers respond. – Egudu and Nwoga (1971a, p.70)2 Dundun. Kalangu. Atumpan. Tabala. Aran: quem esculpiu o primeiro tambor no continente e em qual estação? E que miríade 1 N.E.: Este capítulo apareceu originalmente na edição de 1988 da Review of English and Literary Studies vol. 5, n. 1 (Ibadan, Nigéria). Ele foi reproduzido com a autorização do editor da Review sob o mesmo título, como último capítulo de The Nostalgic Tambor: Essays on Literature, Drama and Culture, do autor, publicado pela Africa World Press (Trenton, Nova Jersey), em 2001, p. 311 ‑335. Nós o incluímos aqui sob a orientação do autor que possui os direitos autorais e com gratidão pela generosidade do editor da Africa World Press. 2 Como bem o sabem os iniciados, o gongo sempre funciona como invocação para os tambores no momento do ritual: assim, o trecho aqui justifica seu papel como introdução a este artigo. 2201 Femi Osofisan de nomes, que miríade de ecos: sua batida atravessa os longos séculos, inspirando poetas, cantadores e dançarinos, criando êxtase, tecendo uma nostalgia forte que não ficará em silêncio. Pois o tambor foi o primeiro alfabeto do pensamento. Na verdade, trata ‑se de um truísmo tão grande que contestar isso é anunciar o dom da idiotice. Pois que homem inteligente ousará ficar em pé em público e declarar que desconhece este importante agente de cultura? O tambor foi o alfabeto primitivo e no seu estado de cognição desenvolvida, tornou ‑se o “tambor falante”, um correspondente, em termos de eloquência e eufonia potenciais, das terracotas de Nok e Ife, o ekpu de Oron. Produto de ciência e arte, fusão de tensão com onda sonora, o tambor proporcionou o primeiro paradigma para a forma de articulação artística, presidindo, como de fato presidiu, em ocasiões rituais e ceri‑ moniais, voz de padre, de contador de histórias, cantor e coro, útero mnemônico de contato comunitário e de mediação estética. Isto é o que raramente se reconhece: que a relevância do tambor como canal de comunicação se amplia além da sua aproximação fácil da voz humana – além das suas propriedades auditivas, ou seja – do seu simbolismo social e espacial inerente. Pois sabemos que se nossas sociedades não desenvolveram a capacidade de escrever como em outras sociedades, não foi porque não tínhamos os meios, mas sim porque essa mão de obra estava necessariamente deslocada dentro da lógica dos nossos setores manuais e sociais. O tambor era adequado para o trabalho de articulação intelectual numa época animista porque, pela sua forma e seu gênio singulares, representava uma síntese afetiva singular dos ideomotores da fonese e da iconografia, além das demandas funcionais da socialização. Qualquer tambor africano também foi e continua sendo, essencialmente, um ícone; uma reunião sensorial de espaço e 2202 O tambor nostálgico: literatura oral e as possibilidades
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