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FOREIGN in a DOMESTIC SENSE Puerto Rican Transnational Community Social Movement Collaboration After Disaster

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FOREIGN in a DOMESTIC SENSE Puerto Rican Transnational Community Social Movement Collaboration After Disaster FOREIGN IN A DOMESTIC SENSE Puerto Rican Transnational community social movement Collaboration after disaster Abstract Duaney's concept of a Puerto Rican nation on the move and the US Supreme Court ruling declaring Puerto Rico "Foreign in a Domestic Sense" has been instrumental in defining and articulating the relationship among peoples of Puerto Rican heritage across the world. In this paper I reflect on my field work and research in Puerto Rico working with local social movement participants and the collaboration among social movements participants across time and space. Through my analysis I suggest various strategies that can be used to strengthen the collaborative efforts in hopes that this can lead to a peoples’ driven direction for Puerto Ricans and Puerto Rico during the current debt crisis and Hurricane Maria recovery process. Cosme, Jesse Committee Chair: Dr. Nicholas Vargas, Committee Members: Dr. Susan Paulson & Dr. Carlos Suárez Carrasquillo Table of Contents: • Glossary of Terms & Abbreviations Page 2 • Biographical Note Page 5 • Introduction Page 6 • Host Organization Page 7 • Context Page 8 o Geographical Context Page 8 o Background Information Page 11 § The Colonial-Imperial Status: Sowing the Seeds of Government Mistrust § The Creation of the National Identity Through the Jíbaro, Economic Transitions, and Migration as an Economic Strategy § Summary o Contextual Conceptual Framework Page 20 • Preliminary Discussion: Anticipated Facilitators and Hindrances Page 21 o Potential Facilitators to Collaboration Page 21 o Potential Challenges to Collaboration Page 22 • Objectives Page 25 • Methods Page 26 o Autoethnography Page 26 o Literature Review Page 27 o Social Network Analysis/Social Media Analysis Page 27 o Ethnographic Observation/Participant Observation Page 28 o Participatory Action Research (PAR) Page 29 o Interviews (Semi-Structured/Informal Interviews) Page 29 o Surveys Page 30 o Who Did I Choose to Include? Page 30 • Analysis Page 31 • Results o Objective 1: Importance of Collaboration Page 35 o Objective 2: (Mis)Understandings of movements Page 41 o Objective 3: Ideal State of Collaboration Page 55 • Discussion Page 63 o Framework Page 63 o Cross Scale/Cross Discipline Considerations Page 66 o Summary Page 68 • Conclusions Page 68 • Acknowledgments Page 69 • Bibliography Page 70 • Appendix o Appendix 1: Figures & Tables Page 74 o Appendix 2: Interview Questions Page 85 o Appendix 3: Survey Questions Page 87 o Appendix 4: PAR – Lesson Plans Created Page 107 o Appendix 5: PAR – Historical Timeline Created Page 108 1 Glossary of Terms & Abbreviations: Terms • Puerto Rico – a colonial term used by the Spanish colonizers to identify the archipelago of Borikén; it translates to Rich Port. Using that term diminishes the land to a capitalistic term that views colonies in terms of what capital they can offer colonial powers. • Puerto Rican – The corresponding name associated to those colonial subjects that come from the land now named Puerto Rico. What constitutes a Puerto Rican is up for constant debate and that debate will be explored in this paper. • Boricua - A person or people descending from the archipelago of Borikén and diasporic Puerto Ricans who have been displaced. This term is used by some people of Borikén to push back on the colonial history tied to the term Puerto Ricans. This is not a term used to denote nativity as the native people of Borikén are the Taino people. • Boriken – The name the pre-Columbus natives (Taínos) called the archipelago that now is called Puerto Rico. • The island or La Isla – A colloquial term used by Puerto Rican and Boricua identifying people to refer to the archipelago known as Borikén and now known as Puerto Rico. It excludes the other islands that make up the archipelago. • 100x35 – A colloquial term used by Puerto Rican and Boricua identifying people to refer to the archipelago known as Borikén and now known as Puerto Rico. It describes the dimensions of the main island that makes up the archipelago which is 100 miles east to west by 35 miles north and south. It also excludes the other islands that make up the archipelago. • The Archipelago - when the phrase "the archipelago" is used it will be referring to the island of Puerto Rico. • Diaspora/Diasporic – The dispersion of a group of people with a shared identity from their perceived homeland. When used in this paper it refers exclusively to Puerto Rican people who have been dispersed through displacement or otherwise from Puerto Rico to the United States. • Diaspora Rican – A person of Puerto Rican ancestry primarily born and raised outside of Puerto Rico. Certain diaspora enclaves will have special name and sub Puerto Rican identities by which they associate with. Some examples are listed below. o Florida-Ricans o Nuyoricans o Chicago-Ricans o Philly-Ricans o Cali-Rican o Etc. • Migration – movement from one place to another. Politically, it is usually seen as moving from one nation state to another. Some would say migrating within a country is simply “moving.” • Nationality – An ethnic group identity forming part or all of one or more political nations. • Transnational – To extend or operate across national borders. • Colonial Transnationalism - the unique Puerto Rico transnationalism as a cultural transnationalism even if political boundaries are never crossed due to Puerto Rico's 2 unique relationship with the United States, Duany calls it "colonial transnationalism" (Duany 2002; Meléndez 2015). • Race - The categorization (often by a dominant group) of othered people based on ideas or myths of distinct physical and social differences. There is no biological or genetic basis for categorizing humans into discrete populations or sub-species, but social processes of racialization serve to group individuals into defined categories. Racialization is socially constructed (can vary by context) and can reproduce defined powers. • Gender - A sociocultural system that works to organize and give meaning to practices and relations through which human groups produce and reproduce people and communities, distribute and use resources, and develop institutions and environments, all with symbolic reference to sex and sexuality (Paulson 2014, 18). • Class – The position in accordance to someone’s relationship to capital and the means of production. • Working Class – The class of wage workers involved in producing the material goods and resources our society depends on for survival. • Labor Class – The class of wage workers who are not involved in producing the material goods and resources that our society depends on for survival. • Status Issue – The main political cleavage in Puerto Rico that juxtaposes the three options of independence, statehood, and commonwealth status in relationship to the United States against one another. • Political Ideology – a set of guiding ideals and principles of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. • Radical - Advocating or based on thorough or complete political or social change; representing or supporting an extreme or progressive section of a political party. • Pro-Independence - For the purpose of this paper, the people in Puerto Rico who advocate for Puerto Rico to have its own political status as a nation state outside of relationship to any other nation states. • Pro-Autonomy or Pro-Commonwealth - For the purpose of this paper, the people in Puerto Rico who advocate for Puerto Rico to maintain any variation of the current relationship they have with the United States where they are neither fully independent or fully a part of the United States but have a blend of “free association” with the United States. • Pro-Statehood – For the purpose of this paper, the people in Puerto Rico who advocate for Puerto Rico to be annexed as a state within the United States of America. • Sovereignty – The ability to self-sustain or self-govern. • Autonomy – Freedom from external control; the ability to act in accordance with the desired direction of a person, people, or groups of people. • Colonialism - the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country and using it to extract the needed resources for the colonizing nation- state. The colonial relationship is usually codified through legal doctrine. • Capitalism - an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners (the capitalist class) for profit using the state mechanism to enforce their dictatorship over the other classes. Capitalism is defined by the antagonism between the capitalist class and the working class, in which the capitalist class extracts the surplus value from the working class in order to build their wealth. 3 • Imperialism - a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy, military force, or economic means. This can result in varying levels of political control over one country by another. (see Lenin, Imperialism, highest state of Capitalism for more) • Neoliberalism - Neoliberalism itself is a political ideology and practices that proposes that human well-being can be best advanced through liberal individualism within an institutional framework characterized by private property, markets, and free trade (Harvey 2007) • Governance – The way of governing. In Latin America it has often been used as a tool to • Invisible Asterisk – a term originally created by originally created by Povinelli (2002) and used by Engle (2010: 7) and Anthias (2018), stating “in achieving land or development rights based on the protection of their traditional practices, indigenous peoples are often restricted in their ability to make autonomous decisions.” This concept is applied to Puerto Ricans understanding that they are not the native people to Boriken but the distance of groups of their population from whiteness and proximity to indigeneity and African-ness has caused this concept to be applicable to their relationship to the United States. • The state - the organization of a class, or a bloc of classes, as a dominant class..
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