Plastics Strategy City of Aarhus 2020-2025 PROPOSAL Contents
Contents Introduction...... 3 Strategy...... 4 The focus of the strategy...... 5 Specific initiatives in the strategy...... 6
Catalogue of initiatives...... 8 List of players...... 30 Financial breakdown...... 31
Appendices Appendix 1: Reader guidance to the catalogue of initiatives...... 32 Appendix 2: Analysis...... 34 Appendix 3: References...... 40
Prepared by the Department of Technical Services and Environment, City of Aarhus. Version 1, June 2019. Introduction
IntroductionPROPOSAL In connection with the budget deal for 2019, the signatory Strategic focus on plastic is also a natural extension of parties to the agreement, consisting of the City Council the green transformation in Aarhus and social trends groups of the Social Democratic Party, the Liberal relating to plastic. Aarhus is a university city with many Party, the Socialist People’s Party, the Social Liberal young people, and in recent years there has been Party, the Danish People’s Party, the Alternative and the particular focus on climate change and sustainability. For Conservative Party, decided that the City of Aarhus must companies in the City of Aarhus, a local initiative relating prepare a plastics strategy. to plastic can be a catalyst for green growth. Among other things, the Plastics Strategy must include The Plastics Strategy for the City of Aarhus must support initiatives for reducing the use of plastic, using sustainable consumption and recycling of plastic that is beneficial for alternatives and creating new opportunities for green the world. We call this smart, sustainable use of plastic. growth for businesses in the City of Aarhus. We must support the courage and determination to change the course of development for the better. The need for a plastics strategy is due in part to the focus on plastic and the waste problems generated by plastic. Plastic is a valuable material that can be recycled. The Plastics Strategy supports an However, when plastic ends up as waste, the resources in the plastic are not utilised to the full and, in the worst attractive, sustainable framework case, they end up in the environment. for life in Aarhus and helps to make According to the European Commission1, Aarhus a good city for everyone. • every second, 700 kilos of plastic waste ends up in our oceans This will be implemented in practice via initiatives throughout • if we do not rethink the way we produce and use the City of Aarhus designed to minimise unnecessary plastic, there will be more plastic than fish in our use of plastic and ensure better recycling of plastic. Many oceans by 2050 players will be involved in the strategy, both locally – • every year, Europeans generate over 25 million through volunteers, businesses, educational institutions tonnes of plastic waste. and the local authority itself – and nationally, in the form of interest groups, knowledge institutions and companies. Prevention and reduction of plastic waste is consequently The strategy is a dynamic tool that will need to be regularly an important focus area – globally, in the EU, nationally adjusted in the period 2020-2025 in order to keep pace and in the City of Aarhus. with a focus on sustainability that is undergoing rapid development – in terms of both technology and attitudes.
3 Strategy
Strategy PROPOSAL With this Plastics Strategy, the City of Aarhus will work to support a move towards smarter plastic consumption towards smart, sustainable use of plastic by citizens, in large and small businesses – with associated companies and the local authority itself by minimising opportunities for green growth. unnecessary use of plastic and supporting better recycling of plastic. The future stringent requirements that will The Plastics Strategy must contribute to the be set by legislation at both EU and national level will implementation of the Danish National Plastics Action underpin this goal. Plan, the aim of which is that more plastic should be recycled, less should go to waste and less end up in the It can be seen from the analysis (see Appendix 2) that environment. So the initiatives in the Plastics Strategy of there is still great potential in collecting and recycling the City of Aarhus will underpin relevant initiatives in the more plastic. Most types of plastic can be recycled several National Plastics Action Plan, as well as being concrete times, thus reducing the need for new plastic. In this initiatives that will hopefully inspire other local authorities connection, it is important to focus on the kind of plastic and businesses. recycling that maintains or enhances the value of plastic as a raw material. The City of Aarhus will support smart, sustainable use of plastic by taking the lead and setting a good example. The City of Aarhus is already making good headway with This applies to the purchase and use of plastic as well the collection of plastic household waste. We must now as to sorting and recycling. Consequently, the Plastics focus on the collection and recycling of plastic from other Strategy requires us to enter into partnerships with places such as our own buildings and institutions and on community groups, the business community, knowledge preventing plastic waste from polluting the rural and urban institutions and interest groups. The strategy emphasises environment, for example, through teaching and through the fact that the initiatives will generally be carried out community engagement. We must also work proactively across a variety of target groups and players.
Effects of implementing a plastics strategy for the City of Aarhus
Direct effects Indirect effects • Minimising unnecessary use of plastic • Community engagement • Better recycling of plastic • Learning/knowledge of plastics • Commercial potential
4 Strategy
we will develop mobile water fountains for use at events. The focus of the strategy A concrete initiative concerning alternatives to disposable The initiatives in the strategy focus on the following: plastic coffee cups will also be presented. • Purchasing and supply in the City of Aarhus Community engagement and learning An important focus area of the strategy will be community • Single-use plastics engagement and learning. We will therefore also focus on • Community engagement and learning preventing and reducing plastic waste through voluntary initiatives, collaboration with citizens and Clean City. • Collaboration and potential in companies There will be a separate initiative targeting children and young people, which will concern teaching about The individual focus areas are briefly described below. plastic and how it can be used smartly and sustainably without ending up as plastic waste in the rural or urban environment. Purchasing and supply in the City of Aarhus An opportunity for different and innovative input The local authority’s own use and handling of plastics from university students will also be created through is one of the areas addressed by the Plastics Strategy. participation in Aarhus University’s case competition in This will be implemented through increased focus on our autumn 2019 with the Plastics Strategy as a real case. purchasing of plastics and the roll-out of waste sorting in our own buildings and institutions. Collaboration and potential in companies Single-use plastics Collaboration and potential in companies will be realised via the Plastics Strategy, with projects in which knowledge Single-use plastic packaging is one of the types of plastic institutions, companies and the City of Aarhus will work that most often ends up in the environment and therefore together on waste prevention and plastic as a driver for requires special focus. Some of the single-use plastic will growth. disappear as a matter of course as a result of legislation in this area. Other types of packaging will continue to Among other things, focus will centre on the Port of Aarhus, exist and these are among the objects of this focus – for sustainable plastic in the construction industry and example in connection with events in Aarhus. specific pilot projects in collaboration with players such as Aarhus School of Architecture, Per Aarsleff A/S, An important area of this focus is how we set the A. Enggaard A/S, the Danish Technological Institute, parameters for less use of single-use plastic and more Aage Vestergaard Larsen, Sekretariatet for Klima og Grøn waste sorting and recycling in connection with these Omstilling (Go Green with Aarhus), AVA-Green, Properties events. In addition, in collaboration with Aarhus Water, in the City of Aarhus and others.
5 Strategy
Specific initiatives Microplastics in the strategy Specific initiatives targeting microplastics have already The specific initiatives are: been rolled out in the City of Aarhus. Microplastics are tiny fragments of plastic below 5mm in size and • Smart procurement and more recycling usually not visible to the naked eye. A large amount of • Water without plastic microplastics result from the fragmentation of larger pieces of plastic waste, car tyres, detergents, personal • Events care products, paints, rubber coatings, etc. There are • Reusable coffee cups concerns about the effects of microplastics on the • Clean City and community engagement environment and human health. • Knowledge about plastics among children and The focus in Denmark is currently on developing and young people standardising methods of measuring microplastics, • AU Challenge carrying out research into health risks and mapping the • Focus on Port of Aarhus sources of microplastics. Aarhus Water is continuously • Green growth and plastics monitoring this development. There are indications that • Plastic in the construction industry the majority of microplastics are currently trapped in • From plastic waste to construction components the sewage sludge and are therefore not found in the immediate outflow from treatment plants. The individual initiatives are described in more detail in In connection with the laying of artificial turf pitches, the catalogue of initiatives. Here it is also possible to go there is a requirement in the City of Aarhus to establish into effects, duration, finances, target group and players measures that will help to reduce the spread of in greater detail. microplastics, cf. The Danish Environmental Protection At the very back is an overview of the players involved Agency Guidelines on Artificial Turf Pitches (2018). in the initiatives and an overall financial breakdown. Another aspect of microplastics is road runoff, and Aarhus Appendix 1 is a readers’ guide to the catalogue of Water is also monitoring developments in this area. initiatives.
CityShark There are plastic initiatives already in place in various parts of Aarhus. One example is CityShark – a drone for combating oil and plastic in the Port of Aarhus. The drone will be put into use in the course of summer 2019 and is an ITK City Lab project in collaboration with MTM.
6 Strategy
7 Catalogue of initiatives
Smart procurement and more recycling Focus on the buying and sorting of plastics will ensure plastic-conscious purchasing and environmentally-friendly recycling in institutions and buildings in the City of Aarhus.
Every year, the City of Aarhus spends a great deal of for Offentlige Grønne Indkøb (POGI) (Partnership on money on purchasing. This includes products made Green Public Procurement) and the Danish Plastic of or containing plastic. The City of Aarhus wishes to Recycling Network (the Danish Plastics Federation). encourage the trend towards smart, sustainable use of plastics through responsible purchasing of plastics and The first stage of this initiative will be an analysis of the more waste sorting. plastic waste generated by institutions and buildings in the City of Aarhus. This may also involve supplier screening Waste sorting in local authority institutions and buildings and an analysis of the effects of changing over to greener will be phased in during the period 2019-2022 and, at the purchasing practice. In addition, we will draw up general same time, purchasing and waste sorting will be linked rules of thumb for purchasing plastics and other products. to enable the sharing of knowledge concerning plastic products, including with respect to what products may be It is anticipated that a basis for decisions on the extent difficult to recycle after final use. and consequences (e.g. financial) of a change in purchasing practice will be drawn up on the basis of this Among other things, the City of Aarhus will collaborate analysis. However, the roll-out of a change in purchasing with Aarhus University Hospital, where they have been practice is not one of the initiatives in the first stage but working on reducing material flows, with particular focus will be decided later. on plastics. We will also seek inspiration from Partnerskab
8 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 450 - - - - 450
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 150 - - - - 150
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players City of Aarhus, The Mayor’s Department
City of Aarhus, Department of Technical Services and Environment
Companies City of Aarhus Aarhus University Hospital (AUH)
Partnership on Green Public Procurement (POGI)
Danish Plastic Recycling Network Citizens
* The funding required for this initiative includes approx. DKK 300,000 for a waste analysis under the tariff-financed area. The remaining funding relates to the manhour consumption of internal players in the City of Aarhus.
9 Catalogue of initiatives
Water without plastic The City of Aarhus takes the lead by saying no to plastic we do not need.
Varighed
The CO2 emissions resulting from the production of one The Plastics Strategy supports this pilot scheme and litre of tap water are about 750 times lower than for one recommends that in 2020 litre of spring water in a plastic bottle. In Denmark, our tap water is often purer than spring water in plastic bottles, so • the pilot scheme at the City Hall should be evaluated, tap water is the green and sustainable choice. • a brief memorandum should be drawn up, suggesting In the City of Aarhus our goal will be to provide good ideas on how tap water can be made available (without Aarhus tap water – without plastic or other packaging – plastic or other packaging) in other areas for which the wherever this is possible in terms of practicality, logistics City of Aarhus is responsible – in canteens and kitchens, and need. and at meetings and events. The memorandum should also include information on practicalities, environment A pilot scheme has been set up in the City Hall, using and financing relating to a potential tender for recyclable 10-litre containers for dispensing tap water, with glasses water bottles for employees and users and also provided. recommend a specific product.
10 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 0 - - - - 0
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 0 - - - - 0
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players Aarhus City Council, Department of Technical Services and Environment
Companies City of Aarhus
Citizens
* Initiative funded within the existing appropriation in the Department of Technical Services and Environment.
11 Catalogue of initiatives
Events The City of Aarhus will focus on preventing plastic waste at events.
Every year, Aarhus hosts a large number of events, all of • developing and adapting the digital application which leave rubbish in the city’s litter bins, market places platform ‘Brugaarhus.dk’ to give citizens and and squares. At present, the rubbish collected usually companies a simple system for planning and goes to energy production rather than recycling. implementing waste handling/sorting. (DKK 150,000) Sustainability is increasingly important if the city is to • offering event organisers an opportunity for waste attract major national and international events, and there guidance and brainstorming sessions early in the is a demand from organisers for solutions that can make planning phase. (DKK 450,000) events greener. • charting the opportunities for offering the loan of We wish to support this, so we will make it easier for sorting solutions, including charting existing sorting event organisers to address the problem of the rubbish solutions, primarily for smaller events, and the they produce, minimise the quantities and facilitate more possible development, purchase and operation waste sorting. of sorting bins for a trial period in 2020-2021. (DKK 250,000) Ways in which this can be done include: • drawing up tenders for access to five mobile • charting the organisers’ ‘journey’ through the licensing drinking water fountains and drawing attention to system ‘Use Aarhus’ and ‘Organiser in Aarhus’ and the permanent drinking water fountains in the local adjusting the system to make it easier to think in authority area in collaboration with Aarhus Water. terms of rubbish. (DKK 150,000) (DKK 250,000)
• testing out specific measures at a major international event in Aarhus. (DKK 250,000)
12 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 700 250 350 100 100 1.500
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players
City of Aarhus, Department of Technical Services and Environment
Aarhus Vand A/S Companies City of Aarhus City of Aarhus, Department of Culture and Citizens’ Services
Citizens
* A financial breakdown is provided in the description on page 12. All the subsidiary initiatives are planned for start-up in 2020.
13 Catalogue of initiatives
Reusable coffee cups The idea of sustainable reusable cups is to get the people of Aarhus to reject single-use cups when buying coffee.
The people of Aarhus use a great many disposable cups The companies behind the project are Europa Aarhus when they grab a quick coffee at their local cafés and petrol (Cafe Europa), Ken Storkøkken A/S and A. Enggaard A/S, stations. Single-use cups are usually made of plastic, rarely who together have created the non-profit association re-used, and take up a lot of space in public litter bins. “Aarhuskoppen”. These players were all involved in the establishment of the new City of Aarhus office building For this reason, a number of players in Aarhus have ”Blixens”. joined forces to develop “the Aarhus cup” – a reusable cup made of sustainable materials that will encourage the In 2019, the association is working on finding a people of Aarhus to use far fewer disposable cups. sustainable cup. The project is expected to start during 2020 and the aim is for as many as possible of the cafés The idea is that, instead of just buying coffee, the in Aarhus to adopt the Aarhus cup. AffaldVarme Aarhus is customer will also buy the reusable coffee cup. The next advising the association on the choice of cup with regard time the customer wants a coffee he/she will hand over to both production and waste. the Aarhus cup to have it refilled. Using the Aarhus cup will trigger a discount on the coffee and, if required, the offer of a clean cup.
14 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players Foreningen Aarhuskoppen represented by:
• Europa Aarhus (Cafe Europa) • Ken Storkøkken A/S • A. Enggaard A/S. Companies City of Aarhus City of Aarhus, Department of Technical Services and Environment
Citizens
* Finansieres indenfor eksisterende ramme i Teknik og Miljø.
15 Catalogue of initiatives
Clean City and community engagement The Alliance for the Cleanest City in Scandinavia.
Plastic makes up a large part of the discarded waste that Specific activities, including those relating to plastic, will currently ends up in the urban environment and the green be planned within the framework of the Alliance. areas in Aarhus. Through Clean City Aarhus, the City of Aarhus is collaborating with associations, companies and The first goal of the journey will be the ‘Explore the World private individuals in order to stamp out litter and have a with Aarhus’ event opening on 31 May 2019. Specific cleaner city. solutions will be presented at the Aarhus festival of culture and shopping, which has the UN Sustainable Develop- The Alliance for the Cleanest City in Scandinavia was ment Goals as its theme for 2019. These ambitious goals established in collaboration with the Aarhus City Associa- for a more sustainable world are the springboard for our tion. The purpose of the Alliance is for the City of Aarhus, presentation of and commitment to our proposed soluti- together with the business community and local citizens, ons. The solutions that we have jointly identified will have to come up with completely new solutions to the problem one thing in common – our intention that cooperation will of waste and create lasting changes in behaviour and make Aarhus the cleanest city in Scandinavia. attitudes. We must think in a radically different way, put an end to the traditional distribution of roles and set new standards for collaboration between the City of Aarhus, the business community and local citizens.
16 PROPOSAL Effects*
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing**
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) ------
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) ** ** ** ** ** **
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players
City of Aarhus, Department of Technical Services and Environment
Citizens, traders and organisations, including:
Companies City of Aarhus • The Alliance for the Cleanest City in Scandinavia • Waste Hunt • The Danish Society for Nature Conservation
Citizens
* Direct effects await specific activities being planned under the framework of the Alliance. ** This initiative is being financed under a separate proposal for Clean City.
17 Catalogue of initiatives Knowledge about plastics among children and young people The City of Aarhus wishes to ensure a long-term change in our understanding and use of plastics through an initiative aimed at children and young people.
Children and young people are the consumers of the • The production of materials for use in primary schools future, but they are also the present-day agents of and day care centres for teaching about waste change. Teaching them about plastic as a material, its sorting, including plastics; for example, producing a use and re-use, will give them an understanding of the small picture book and training litter agents. significance of plastic for the environment and guide their action patterns, and they will take new knowledge and a • The existing teaching initiative in AVA’s Visit Service desire for change with them into their families. Children and Nature Co-operation will be adapted to focus and young people are therefore key players in the long- more on plastic and made more visible to schools. term change in our consumption of plastic. • Development of training courses. AVA’s Visit Service The initiative builds on existing collaboration between is developing a new training course for pupils in their the AffaldVarme Aarhus (AVA) Visit Service, the Green last three years of compulsory education, in which Guides for Children and Young People and Nature Co- they will use innovative working processes to help operation, as well as the project ‘Fremtidens grønne them find solutions to the problems caused by plastic borgere’ (Green Citizens of the Future). In addition, we in the community. are introducing a new collaboration with Aarhus University on the project ‘Hovedet i havet’ (The Head in the Sea). • Collaboration with Aarhus University on the project ‘Hovedet i havet’, in which AU is creating a broader This initiative will create a link between the teaching initiative for pupils in their last three years of in schools on sustainability, climate change and the compulsory education in the City of Aarhus on the environment and the practical actions in the form of waste subject of plastic pollution in the sea. sorting both at school and at home, and it includes:
18 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 400 400 400 400 400 2.000
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 400 400 400 400 400 2.000
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players City of Aarhus, Department of Children and Young People
City of Aarhus, Department of Technical Services and Environment Companies City of Aarhus Aarhus University via ’Hovedet i havet’
Citizens
* The funding for this initiative includes approx. DKK 50-100,000 from the tax-financed area for teaching primary school pupils through ”Hovedet i havet”. The remaining funding relates to internal manhour consumption for teaching courses evenly distributed between the tariff-financed and the tax-financed areas during the period in question.
19 Catalogue of initiatives
AU Challenge University students provide creative input for the Plastics Strategy.
If we seriously intend to overcome the plastics problems be on young people as future agents of change, and they we have to find new and different ways of tackling the will have the opportunity to put forward suggestions aimed challenge. Involving university students creates an at young people as a target group. opportunity for different, innovative input into the Plastics Strategy. Participation will also draw young people’s attention to the Plastics Strategy and the City of Aarhus – as a One of the themes of the AU Challenge – a case competition sustainable and attractive workplace, local authority and at Aarhus University in November 2019 – will be Aarhus’ city. It is anticipated that there will be media coverage of new Plastics Strategy. the AU Challenge and consequently media focus on the Plastics Strategy. The students will be introduced to the challenges facing the City of Aarhus and asked either to suggest new ideas Representatives of the City of Aarhus will be among the for initiatives or to come up with creative proposals for judges for the Plastics Strategy case. If it is relevant, one of the initiatives already described. For example, this the team responsible for the winning idea will be able to could be initiatives relating to community engagement, continue the work at AffaldVarme Aarhus as a student job. Clean City or packaging. At the same time, the focus will
20 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 100 50 - - - 150
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 0 0 - - - 0
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players Aarhus University
City of Aarhus, Department of Technical Services and Environment Companies City of Aarhus
Citizens
* The funding for this initiative in the period 2020-2021 comprises further development of the winning idea via a student job with AffaldVarme Aarhus.
21 Catalogue of initiatives
Focus on Port of Aarhus New innovation platform for circular economy and partnerships at the Port of Aarhus supports sustainable use of plastic.
If we seriously intend to achieve the full potential of as the project will help the Port of Aarhus to become a using plastic in a smarter, more sustainable way, broad regulatory free zone. collaborations and innovative companies will be required. All participating companies will be offered a free course, in Together with a number of other players, the Port of which the potential for symbioses of energy and resources Aarhus, the City of Aarhus and Aarhus Water have – including plastic – will be identified. Where possible, the launched a collaborative partnership that will support the basis for a decision on implementation will also be drawn port companies in developing solutions in the fields of up. circular economy and improved energy efficiency. In parallel with this there are plans for identifying a The aim is to make the use of energy and resources number of industries and value chains that are relevant to more efficient by establishing industrial symbioses and the area and using company data and courses to develop new partnerships between companies. These could, green initiatives relating to plastics and energy. The for example, be projects for reducing microplastics to a results of the project will be widely disseminated, including minimum, assessing the effect of converting plastics into being made available to students, for example those on energy or oil, or something quite different. Aarhus University’s entrepreneurship course. Projects that cannot be realised at present because of There will be focus on 15 potential projects, but it has not legislation or framework conditions will be of interest, been determined how many of these will focus on plastic.
22 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 0 0 0 - - 0
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 150 100 50 - - 300
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players City of Aarhus, Department of Technical Services and Environment
Businesses in the Port of Aarhus Companies City of Aarhus
Citizens
* This initiative will be funded exclusively in the form of manhour consumption at AffaldVarme Aarhus. The project has also received funding from the Danish Business Authority (DKK 700,000) and is part-funded via Sekretariatet for Klima og Grøn Omstilling through Climate Plan 2016-2020.
23 Catalogue of initiatives
Green growth and plastics Company courses for SMEs, focusing on creating sustainable solutions – including on the use of plastics.
Company courses for SMEs, focusing on creating sustai- Plastic, in particular plastic packaging, will be included nable solutions – including on the use of plastics. in the screening – partly to see if it would make sense to change design, and partly to establish whether the use Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) may need of plastic can be reduced to a minimum or more can be help to develop their operations in a greener direction. At recycled. the same time it is essential that SMEs also convert to a smarter, more sustainable use of such things as plastics. Themed networks and further training will also be set up, where companies can meet to share knowledge and find The City of Aarhus is therefore engaged in a project offe- inspiration, for instance in the area of plastics, via portals ring SMEs courses on which they will be able to develop such as Cirkla (Academy of Plastic Recycling). green business plans. The companies will be screened for their potential for sustainable development, with focus on Some 30 companies in Aarhus are expected to complete energy and resource flows. the course, which will be facilitated by the City of Aarhus.
24 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 0 0 0 - - 0
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 250 200 150 - - 600
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players City of Aarhus, Department of Technical Services and Environment
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the City of Aarhus Companies City of Aarhus Cirkla (Academy of Plastic Recycling)
Citizens
* Funding relates to manhour consumption at AffaldVarme Aarhus and courses with Cirkla for relevant companies. The project is part- funded via Regional Fund allocations (DKK 700,000) and via Sekretariatet for Klima og Grøn Omstilling through Climate Plan 2016- 2020. The role of operator in relation to Regional Fund allocations is shared by Ringkøbing-Skjern, Skive and the City of Aarhus.
25 Catalogue of initiatives
Plastic in the construction industry Mapping the use of plastics in local construction projects will lead to smarter use and less plastic waste.
It is estimated that Danish businesses produce 245,000 specific construction projects. On the basis of the findings, tonnes of plastic waste each year. A considerable part we will analyse how the use of plastics can be phased of this is produced by the construction industry. With an out or reduced to a minimum and optimise the handling of estimated recycling rate of 35% in business, there is still plastic waste so that it can be recycled. great potential for recycling plastic from the construction industry and others. The economic aspect of reducing the use of plastic to a minimum and optimising waste management will be Consequently, in collaboration with a number of players an important focus area. The potential will be mapped from the private sector, knowledge institutions and the and publicised, as it can be a real driver for growth for local authority itself, the City of Aarhus intends to map the individual companies and inspire other companies to quantities and types of plastic used in connection with focus more on plastic.
26 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 0 0 0 - - 0
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 250 150 100 - - 500
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players City of Aarhus, Department of Technical Services and Environment
Per Aarsleff A/S
Companies City of Aarhus A. Enggaard A/S
Danish Technological Institute
Citizens
* The initiative will be funded exclusively in the form of the manhour consumption of players internally in the City of Aarhus.
27 Catalogue of initiatives From plastic waste to construction components Cross-company collaborations and innovation as a driving force for increased plastic recycling and growth.
The City of Aarhus has previously collaborated succes- line for a collaborative project between the Aarhus School sfully with both companies and knowledge institutions on of Architecture, Aage Vestergaard Larsen A/S (AVL), projects intended to support the green transformation. CLEAN and AVA-Green/City of Aarhus recycling centres. Experience has shown that collaborations of this kind create development while also creating growth through The purpose of the project is to test out the possibilities the knowledge and expertise shared across the collabora- of using plastic waste for components in the construction ting parties. industry as a substitute for virgin plastic or other materi- als. New digital manufacturing techniques for construction These collaborative projects also inspire other companies components are also expected to be tried out as part of to work together with different industries, areas of experti- the project. se and types of company – in both the private and public sectors. Recycled plastic will be supplied by AVA-Green/City of Aarhus recycling centres, processed for trial at AVL and This makes them an important tool for creating green tested for construction components via digital manufacture growth and laying the foundations for a more circular and design at the Aarhus School of Architecture. economy. CLEAN will be involved as facilitator and fundraiser for the ‘From plastic waste to construction components’ is an out- project. Fundraising will start during 2019.
28 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 0 0 0 - - 0
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 50 50 50 - - 150
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players Aarhus School of Architecture
Aage Vestergaard Larsen A/S
Companies City of Aarhus CLEAN City of Aarhus, Department of Technical Services and Environment
Citizens
* The initiative will be funded exclusively in the form of the manhour consumption of players internally in the City of Aarhus.
29 List of players PROPOSAL List of players
• A. Enggaard A/S • Aage Vestergaard Larsen A/S • City of Aarhus • Aarhus University • Aarhus University Hospital • Aarhus Vand A/S • The Alliance for the Cleanest City in Scandinavia • Aarhus School of Architecture • Cirkla • CLEAN • The Danish Society for Nature Conservation • Europa Aarhus (Cafe Europa) • Ken Storkøkken • Danish Plastic Recycling Network • Partnership on Green Public Procurement • Per Aarsleff A/S • The Danish Plastics Federation • Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Aarhus • The Danish Technological Institute • Businesses in the Port of Aarhus • Waste Hunt
30 Financial breakdown PROPOSAL Financial breakdown
Total Initiative/Year 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 financing Smart procurement and more recycling 450 - - - - 450
Water without plastic 0 - - - - 04
Events 0 0 0 0 0 0
Reusable coffee cups 0 0 0 0 0 04
Clean City and community engagement - - - - - 01 Tariff- Knowledge about plastics among children financed 400 400 400 400 400 2.000 and young people (DKK ‘000) AU Challenge 100 50 - - - 150
Focus on Port of Aarhus 0 0 0 - - 02
Green growth and plastics 0 0 0 - - 03
Plastic in the construction industry 0 0 0 - - 0 From plastic waste to construction 0 0 0 - - 0 components Total financing 950 450 400 400 400 2.600 Total Initiative/Year 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 financing Smart procurement and more recycling 150 - - - - 150
Water without plastic 0 - - - - 04
Events 700 250 350 100 100 1.500
Reusable coffee cups 0 0 0 0 0 04
Clean City and community engagement - - - - - 01 Tax- Knowledge about plastics among children financed 400 400 400 400 400 2.000 and young people (DKK ‘000) AU Challenge 0 0 - - - 0
Focus on Port of Aarhus 150 100 50 - - 3002
Green growth and plastics 250 200 100 - - 6003
Plastic in the construction industry 250 150 100 - - 500 From plastic waste to construction 50 50 50 - - 150 components Total financing 1.950 1.150 1.100 500 500 5.200 Total Total financing 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 financing (Tariff- and tax-financed) for Plastics Strategy 2.900 1.600 1.500 900 900 7.800
1) This initiative is being financed under the auspices of Clean City 2) The project is subsidised by the Danish Business Authority and part-funded through Sekretariatet for Klima og Grøn Omstilling 3) The project is part-funded through Regional Fund allocations and Sekretariatet for Klima og Grøn Omstilling 4) Funded within the existing appropriation in the Department of Technical Services and Environment
31 Appendix 1 Reader guidance to the catalogue of initiatives
The initiatives are structured in the form of cases describing what the initiative concerns, why it has been chosen and how it is to be implemented. The description is supplemented by five key indicators illustrated with graphics. These concern: the effect of the initiative, its duration, financing, target groups and players. Effects This indicator shows the expected direct and indirect effects of each initiative. The effect will be measured in relation to the status quo in the area in question. The indicator bar will be filled with dark blue according to the expected effect in each category. Effects are divided into five categories: two direct effects and three indirect effects. These are:
Direct Indirect • Minimising unnecessary use of plastic • Community engagement • Better recycling of plastic • Learning/knowledge of plastics • Commercial potential There are three levels of effect for each category: small, medium and large. It is not currently possible to make a quantitative assessment of effects due to the lack of base data for plastic. Assessment of the effect of each initiative will therefore be qualitative. When the individual initiatives are implemented, it will be possible to determine more precisely an actual quantitative effect for them.
Duration This indicator shows the expected duration of each initiative. There are three periods of duration: • 0-1 year • 1-3 years • 3-5 years The relevant option for each initiative will be clearly highlighted, while the other options will be greyed out. Financing Financing reflects only how each initiative is expected to affect the local authority’s finances with regard to an assessment of anticipated expenditure. The expenses incurred by the other players in the individual initiatives have thus not been taken into account. The expenditure can be financed in two ways and is given in Danish kroner (DKK ‘000): • Tariff-financed: expenditure will be financed from tariff payments to AffaldVarme Aarhus • Tax-financed: expenditure will be financed via the local authority’s tax revenue, funds allocated according to the Extended Total Balance Principle (DUT) or any sums raised via applications to foundations etc. The expenditure will be spread over the period 2020-2025, during the years in which the initiative in question is expected to be implemented. At the very back of the Plastics Strategy is a summary of the total financing for all initiatives, broken down by tariff-financed and tax-financed initiatives. A number of initiatives are expected to contribute income in the form of lower expenditure on waste handling and greater opportunities for selling waste for recycling. For companies, there is a possibility of profits through increased focus on sustainability as a catalyst for innovation, branding and new business opportunities – and consequent green growth. As it is not immediately possible to estimate income, income is not included in the Plastics Strategy.
Target groups Players
There will be three main target groups. This indicator covers which players are involved in each initiative. • Citizens The main player(s) will appear(s) at the top. • Companies • City of Aarhus (as a business) The target groups that are relevant to each initiative will be clearly highlighted, while the others will be greyed out.
32 PROPOSAL Effects
Minimising unnecessary use of plastic
Better recycling of plastic Direct
Community engagement
Learning/knowledge of plastics
Indirect Commercial potential
Duration
0 - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years
Financing*
Tariff-financed (DKK ‘000) 450 - - - - 450
Tax-financed (DKK ‘000) 150 50 - - - 200
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
Target groups Players Main player
Subsidiary players Companies City of Aarhus
Citizens
* Other comments
33 Appendix 2 PROPOSAL Analysis
Denmark is the country in Europe that produces the most waste per inhabitant – on average 781 kg per year2. Every year, AffaldVarme Aarhus collects Plastic makes up about 340,000 tonnes of the total annual about 1,100 tonnes of plastic for recycling amount of waste, which is about 11.5 million tonnes in Denmark. from citizens in the local authority. It is therefore not the biggest proportion of waste in terms 3 of quantity (approx. 3%) , but on the other hand, plastic The new EU packaging directive will come into force in plays a big part in the negative impact on the climate and 2021, introducing extended packaging and packaging the environment. In addition to the plastic that ends up in waste responsibilities for producers. Also in 2021, selec- our waste system, a large amount of the world’s plastic is ted single-use plastic products will be banned and pro- not collected and ends up in the environment instead. As ducer responsibilities will be introduced on other types of a result, plastic pollution is a problem that puts a strain on single-use plastic products. Tightened requirements will ecosystems and nature, both locally and globally. be introduced in several areas in subsequent years. The initiatives that will be supported in any event once the new regulations come into force from 2021 There is still great potential in being able have consequently been deselected in this Plastics to collect and recycle more plastic from Strategy for the City of Aarhus for the period 2020- 2025. Instead, the strategy focuses on initiatives both private individuals and companies. targeting the plastic fractions that can be either omitted or meaningfully reduced and initiatives aimed at increasing collection and recycling of plastic. There is great potential in increased re-use of plastics in The initiatives will take the form of collaborative, the EU, in Denmark and in Aarhus. Up to 95% of plastic demonstration and pilot projects across the local can be recycled – depending on the type and quality of authority, its businesses and citizens. Another key the plastic. focus area is initiatives that can support community engagement, learning and green growth opportunities for businesses in the City of Aarhus.
2018 Estimated volume of plastic waste (tonnes/year) Estimated recycling rate EU Households and Businesses 25,000,0004 40%I
Denmark Households 105,000II 31%III Businesses 245,000II 35%III Aarhus HouseholdsV 6,200IV 31%VI Businesses 14,400IV 35%VI
I. At EU level, 24-63% of plastic waste is being recycled, depending on country. II. ”The New Plastics Economy”, report from McKinsey & Innovation Fund Denmark. The report estimates the total volume of plastic waste at 350,000 tonnes. According to DAKOFA, households account for 30% of all plastic waste, and businesses for 70%. Denmark recovers energy from approx. 60% of plastic waste.12 III. Estimated recycling rate according to DAKOFA. IV. The volume of plastic waste in Aarhus has been estimated on the basis of the total volume of plastic waste in Denmark. It is assumed that the volume of plastic waste per capita in Aarhus is the same as for Danmark. V. In 2018, Aarhus collected 1,100 tonnes of plastic from households. The scheme for collection of waste such as plastic from households was being rolled out in 2018. The recycling rate for sorted fractions in the City of Aarhus ranges from 65-95%, depending on plastic type, and has been calculated at the second stage of the process, i.e. when any volumes of incorrectly sorted waste have been separated at the receiving station. VI. The recycling rate for the City of Aarhus is expected to be the same as for Denmark.
34 Appendix 2 Strategies and legislation require local authority action
We must make smarter use of plastics – both as waste and as a resource. In recent years, this topic has been EU strategies and directives featuring prominently on the agenda – internationally, in Plastics now feature as a prominent agenda item for the European countries and for the Danish authorities. EU with two packages on circular economy, the most A large number of new European and national measures recent of which also resulted in a definite plastics strategy. have been implemented in order to strengthen a more circular and sustainable approach to the use of plastics, EU circular economy strategy reduce plastic consumption and ensure that the plastic In 2015, the EU published a Circular Economy Package,5 waste produced is dealt with properly. At international which led to a number of changes to European waste level, the UN Global Goals have been the catalyst for how legislation in 2018. together we can support more sustainable development. On the following pages we will examine the most impor- tant strategies and legislative changes that are expected Denmark does not have producer to set the agenda for the coming years. responsibility for packaging and packaging waste. Implementation The UN Global Goals is therefore expected to have great and plastics importance for the future handling of waste. The implementation of the In 2015, the UN adopted the Global Goals with the backing of all 193 member states. In total, there are 17 directive has not been finally clarified. Global Goals and 169 sub-goals related to solving many of the world’s greatest challenges by 2030. This is the most important plan of our generation as, if we are willing, In 2018, there was a package containing a number of together we can influence global development to make it initiatives, in which the first European strategy for plastic more sustainable and thus reduce some of the most serio- was also introduced6. The 2018 package contains a us global challenges. Because we are all bound together, number of other initiatives, including better interaction this will require initiatives at both local and global level. between various areas of legislation, reduction of single- use plastic, requirements and guidelines for waste sorting Smarter, more sustainable use of plastics has a part to and a revision of the packaging directive. play in several of the UN Global Goals. This concerns such considerations as: EU Plastics Strategy The EU Plastics Strategy from 2018 focuses on four areas, in particular: 1. Improving the economics and quality of plastic recycling,
The UN Global Goals also support growth through sustai- 2. Curbing plastic waste and littering, nable development and collaboration for those who join in 3. Driving investment and innovation towards circular taking up the challenge. This can be seen specifically in: solutions, 4. Harnessing global action. Parts of the strategy have recently been embodied in a draft directive on single-use plastics and a requirement on extended producer responsibility in a new revision of the packaging directive. In addition, if we work proactively with them, the Global Goals can create opportunities for economic growth, a greener profile and gaining a branding advantage from taking responsibility for the planet we share.
35 Appendix 2
Ban on selected single-use plastic products and In January 2019, the plan was followed up by a extended producer responsibility cooperation agreement signed by all the parties in the Danish Parliament. The agreement adds 11 new initiatives. The directive7 bans selected types of single-use plastic These initiatives include the introduction of cross-sector products where alternatives are readily available and cooperation within the restaurant industry, focusing on affordable. One of the consequences is a ban on the reducing the use of single-use plastic packaging, and sale of single-use cutlery, plates and straws, as well as setting up a platform for dialogue with the players in the cups and food containers made of expanded polystyrene, plastics industry11. already from 2021. It also means that extended producer responsibility must be established from 2025 for products Denmark’s Strategy for Circular Economy such as cigarette filters and single-use cups, cutlery and plates – in some cases also litter. The directive also In 2018, the Danish Government launched its Strategy for stipulates that national initiatives must lead to a significant Circular Economy – a strategy developed jointly by the reduction in the consumption of selected forms of food Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs and containers, including for takeaways. the Ministry of Environment and Food, focusing on: 1. Enterprises as a driving force In 2021, a directive will come into force 2. Data and digitalisation that bans selected plastic products 3. Design and extends producer responsibility for 4. New consumption patterns 5. Waste and recycled raw materials other products. 6. Buildings and biomass. This is embodied in 15 initiatives, including: The revised packaging directive • Promoting circular procurement 8 The new requirements and targets in the directive concern • Increasing focus on total cost of ownership in public prevention, collection, reuse and recycling of packaging procurement waste. They include direct requirements concerning continued efforts to reduce both the weight and volume • Promoting more harmonised collection of household of packaging and to design packaging in such a way waste. that it is easier to reuse or recycle. The directive requires 50% of all plastic packaging to be recycled in 2025 and So the focus is on buyers, in particular, selecting more 55% in 2030. As already mentioned, the directive also circular solutions and businesses being urged to re-design introduces extended producer responsibility for packaging products with a view to minimising waste. and packaging waste. Accordingly, from 2025, producers of selected packaging products will be responsible for the correct collection and treatment of the packaging. Many businesses already collect packaging waste and manufacturing National strategies waste and return it to the recycling streams. Circular economy and plastics are also focus areas for the Danish government. In September 2018, Denmark thus launched a circular economy strategy9, which was followed by Denmark’s first plastics action plan10 in The future Danish waste plan December 2018. The plan was adopted as a cooperation Denmark’s coming waste plan is expected to be published agreement in January 2019. for consultation in early 2020. It has been delayed pending the new European waste directives. However, Denmark’s first plastics action plan the Government has made it clear that one of the key The overall vision in the plastics action plan from 2018, initiatives in the coming waste plan will be to standardise ’Plastic without waste’, is to create a more circular sorting and collection criteria for household waste. consumption of plastic. Plastic products should not contain harmful chemicals and should be designed so that The requirement concerning separate collection of paper, they can be reused and recycled. The action plan thus glass, plastic and metal remains unchanged, but the stresses the fact that plastic is a highly practical and, in exceptions have been restricted to reduce the impact on many cases, indispensable material, but that it must be the environment. The EU is currently negotiating the final used more sustainably. interpretation of the provisions. The Danish waste plan will form the basis for the next waste plan of the City of Among the 27 initiatives that make up the plan, one of the Aarhus, for 2020-2025. key elements is the establishment of a national plastics centre. Other initiatives include the launch of a national information campaign aimed at reducing waste in nature, a ban on thin plastic bags with a handle, and plans to standardise the collection and sorting of plastic waste by Danish local authorities.
36 Appendix 2
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37 Appendix 2 Production and recycling of plastic
We are surrounded by plastic everywhere, because plastic has countless uses and can be produced with exactly the properties we need. Plastic is therefore a completely natural part of our everyday lives, and it is hard to manage without it or replace it with other materials. On the following pages, we list the most important types of plastics and how we currently use and recycle them. Where does the plastic come from? Oil-based plastics Biodegradable plastics Around 99% of all plastic production is based on crude oil Biodegradable plastics are made from either oil-based from the subsoil. A variety of substances are added during or bio-based materials, often a mixture of the two. Today, the manufacturing process, depending on the properties biodegradable plastics cannot degrade in nature or the the plastic material must have, such as hardness, oceans, only in industrial composting plants under specific elasticity, colour etc. There are many different types of conditions. plastic with different material properties. Most oil-based plastics can be recycled. Biodegradable plastics are difficult to recycle. If they end up in the recycling stream, they may make the Bio-based plastics other plastics impossible to recycle. Denmark has only a single plant that can break down biodegradable plastics, Bio-based plastics are made from bio-based materials recycling them into compost and biogas. such as corn and sugar or agricultural or forestry residues such as straw and bark. It is important that products that Recycled plastics could have been used as food are not used to produce bio-based plastics. Recycled plastics may derive from both oil-based and bio-based plastics. They may have the same properties Plastics made from corn, sugar and similar are therefore as new plastic – depending on the quality of the plastics referred to as 1st generation biological materials, and that are recycled. The number of times different plastic straw, bark and similar as 2nd generation biological types can be recycled varies depending on the type of materials. 2nd generation bio-based plastics are better plastic, as the building blocks of the plastic are subjected for the environment as they are derived from residual to “wear and tear” during the recycling process. Plastic products rather than products that could have been used can generally be recycled 5-15 times. It will often be as food. Bio-based plastics can be recycled with oil-based necessary to add large or small quantities of virgin plastic plastics – provided the types of plastic are the same. during production.
E ERGY UTI I ATIO OI -BASED BY I CI ERATIO
BIO-BASED PLASTICS BIO-DEGRADAB E
RECYC ED
38 Appendix 2
In the City of Aarhus, rigid plastic from households is How do we recycle as much collected from the individual household. Approx. 65%13 of this plastic is processed at sorting facilities in Denmark. plastic as possible? The plastic is subsequently sold as a raw material, mainly in the European market. Both rigid and non-rigid plastic Packaging accounts for roughly 60% of all plastic waste. can be disposed of for recycling at the City of Aarhus’ Plastic collected from households consequently usually recycling stations or bulky waste scheme. The remaining consists of packaging from food and other household plastic is mixed in with the residual waste, and energy is products and is typically of high quality. The quality recovered to produce heat and power. of plastic from the City of Aarhus’ own institutions is very similar to the plastic from households and can be managed in the same way. The challenge presented by recycling plastic from households is that it is often The cleaner the plastic, both in terms contaminated – both by residue from the original of impurities and type of plastic, the packaging contents and other types of plastic. This makes the plastic difficult to recycle as it needs to be treated easier it is to recycle. before it can be used in new products.
Similarly, separating non-rigid plastic for recycling can be Besides packaging, plastic from businesses may consist difficult, partly because of the many different types and of manufacturing residues and similar. A large proportion potential contamination of the plastic. In order to make the of this plastic is already being re-used, but there are plastic sellable, it needs to be relatively clean. still areas in which more plastic could be separated for recycling. Businesses in the local authority, including our own institutions, must separate recyclable waste, Depending on plastic type and quality, including plastic. up to 95% of the collected plastic can The processing of the collected plastic is currently be recycled. undergoing major development. Sorting facilities are becoming better and more flexible, and producers are becoming better at using recycled plastic in production.
on-recyclable plastics E.g. composite materials and composite products that cannot be separated.
Biodegradable plastics Rec clable under specific conditions. Must not be mixed ith other t pes of plastic as the can contaminate the rec cled plastic.
Oil-based recyclable plastics igh qualit plastics such as E , E and .
Bio-based recyclable plastics lastics based on nd generation biological material that can be rec cled ith oil based plastics. Use more from the bottom and less from the top
Plastic pyramid. If plastic has to be used, the plastic pyramid can be used as a guide to identify the most recyclable and least environmentally harmful plastics.
39 Appendix 3 References
1 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT%2BCRE%2B20180117%2BITE M018%2BDOC%2BXML%2BV0%2F%2FEN&language=EN&query=INTERV&detail=3-377-000 (viewed 11 April 2019)
2 https://www.altinget.dk/miljoe/artikel/for-tiende-aar-i-traek-danskerne-er-europas-affaldskonger (viewed 10 April 2019)
3 https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2018/06/978-87-93710-39-9.pdf s.10 (viewed 10 April 2019)
4 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/pan-european-factsheet.pdf s. 1 (viewed 17 April 2019)
5 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:8a8ef5e8-99a0-11e5-b3b7-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/ DOC_1&format=PDF (set d. 10. april 2019)
6 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:2df5d1d2-fac7-11e7-b8f501aa75ed71a1.0021.02/ DOC_1&format=PDF (viewed 10 April 2019)
7 https://mfvm.dk/nyheder/nyhed/nyhed/overfloedig-engangsplastik-bliver-forbudt-i-hele-eu/ (viewed 25April 2019)
8 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DA/TXT/?qid=1530703198046&uri=CELEX:32018L0852 (viewed 10 April 2019)
9 https://mfvm.dk/miljoe/strategi-for-cirkulaer-oekonomi/ (viewed 10 April 2019)
10 https://mfvm.dk/miljoe/plastikhandlingsplan/ (viewed 10 April 2019)
11 https://mfvm.dk/nyheder/nyhed/nyhed/bred-enighed-om-samarbejde-paa-plastik-omraadet-1/ (viewed 10 April 2019)
12 https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/5715/1717/4180/ Plastics_the_facts_2017_FINAL_for_website_one_page.pdf (viewed 11 April 2019)
13 The figure comes from AffaldVarme Aarhus. See table on page 32.
14 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/pan-european-factsheet.pdf (viewed 25 April 2019)
40 41