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Geomorphological Problems of Carpathians II Geomorphological Problems of the Carpathians, ir. Evolution of the Relief in Quarternary. This it the second volume devoted to the geomorphological problems of the Carpathians. The first one, pub- lished in 1965 by the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava dealt with the problems of the Tertiary evolut- ion of the relief. In the presented volume, the most prominent geomor- phologist of Carpathian countries, i.e. from Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Po- land, Rumania and U.S.S.R. present the results of their studies on the evolution of the Carpathian relief in Quarternary. Showing both, the regional diver- sification of geomorphological pro- cesses and their results as well as the methodological aspects of the studies presented, the volume „Geomorpho- logical Problems of Carpathians II", satisfies at the same time the prac- tical requirements and scientific inte- rests. It reflects also the present situ- ation and results obteined by geo- morphology in Central European coun- tries. http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl Geographia Polonica 10 Geomorphological Problems of Carpathians II http://rcin.org.pl Geographia Polonica « 10 http://rcin.org.pl INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Geomorphological Problems of Carpathians ii & PWN —POLISH SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS WARSZAU A 1966 http://rcin.org.pl Editorial Board Stanisław Leszczycki (Editor-in-Chief) Jerzy Kondracki, Leszek Kosiński, Jerzy Kostrowicki Andrzej Werwicki (Secretary) Editor of this volume Mieczysław Klimaszewski Assistent Editor: Jadwiga Włodek-Sanojcowa Adress of Editorial Board Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, Warszawa 64 Poland PAŃSTWOWE WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE PWN — POLISH SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS) WARSZAWA 1966 http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl CONTENS Preface 7 RUMANIAN CARPATHIANS L'état actuel de nos connaissances sur le relief des Carpates Roumaines pendant le Quaternaire (V. Michailescu, Bucureçti) 9 SOVIET CARPATIANS Обзор основных проблем морфогенезиса украинских Карпат (П. Н. Цысь, Львов) . 37 POLISH CARPATIANS Views of the Gecmoiphological Development of the Polish Western Carpathians during the Quaternary (M. Klimaszewski, Kraków) 51 Evolution of the relief of the Polish East Carpathians in the Quaternary (with the upper San basin as example) (L. Starkel, Kraków) 89 HUNGARIAN CARPATHIANS Problèmes quaternaires de la recherche géomorphologique des montagnes centrales intra- carpathiques (M. Pécsi, Budapest) 115 CZECHOSLOVAK CARPATHIANS Contribution to the problem of slope development of the Moravian Carpathians in the ple- istocene period (J. Demek, Brno) 149 http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl PREFACE The present book is Volume II of the collective work entitled "Geomorpholo- gical Problems of the Carpathians". Volume I concerning itself with the evolu- tion of the Carpathian relief during the Tertiary was initiated in 1961, and prepared for publication in the Institute of Geography of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences at Brno and the Institute of Geography of the Slovak Academy of Sciences at Bratislava. Volume I was published in 1965 by the Slovak Academy of Scien- ces, Prof. Ass. E. Mazur and Dr. O. Stehlik being its careful editors. Volume II dealing with the evolution of the Carpathian relief during the Qua- ternary is published by the Institute of Geography of the Polish Academy of Scien- ces. Volume II was initiated and prepared for publication in the Department of Geomorphology and Hydrography of Mountains and Uplands in Cracow. The work, as a whole, results from the effective co-operation of the Polish, Czech and Slovak geomorphologists (since 1956), and subsequently as interna- tional co-operation continued to increase also of Soviet, Hungarian, Roumanian and Bulgarian geomorphologists that are investigating the relief in different parts of the Carpathians and the Balkan. This co-operation and the understanding that there is need of a review of present-day work on the Carpathian relief led to the edition of Volume I already including papers by geomorphologists from Czecho- slovakia (E. Mazur, O. Stehlik), Poland (M. -Klimaszewski, L. Starkel), Hungary (B. Bulla, M. Pecsi), the Soviet Union (P. Cys), and Bulgaria (K. Mishev, V. Po- pov). In Volume II papers are contributed by Czechoslovak (J. Demek), Hun- garian (M. Pecsi), Soviet (P. Cys), Roumanian (V. Mihailescu), and Polish (M. Kli- maszewski, L. Starkel) geomorphologists. Owing to the mutual interest in geomorphological problems of different parts of the Carpathians, in new research methods and results obtained, and in methods of presenting these results on maps, as well as to the need of further collective relief studies in the Carpathian arch, an international symposium on geomorpho- logical problems of the Carpathians was held at Kraków and Bratislava from 16 to 26 September 1963. It has been organised by the Department of Geomorphology and Hydrography of Mountains and Uplands, Institute of Geography of the Po- lish Academy of Sciences, and by the Institute of Geography of the Slovak Aca- demy of Sciences. At this symposium there came into being the Carpathian and- Balkan Geomorphological Commission consisting of about 160 members-geo- morphologists that are actively working in the Carpathians and in the Balkan. http://rcin.org.pl 8 PREFACE The two volumes of "Geomorphological Problems of the Carpathians" summarizing work on the character and evolution of the Carpathian relief during the Tertiary and Quaternary, contain a lot of information for students of the Carpathian relief. They also provide the basis for more accurate further studies, and contribute heavily to problems of regional geomorphology. "Geomorpholo- gical Problems of the Carpathians" provide a good example of international scien- tific co-operation being concentrated in one interesting region — the Carpathian Orogene. M. Klimaszewski http://rcin.org.pl L'ÉTAT ACTUEL DE NOS CONNAISSANCES SUR LE RELIEF DES CARPATES ROUMAINES PENDANT LE QUATERNAIRE VLNTILA MLHAILESCU Nous considérons comme quaternaire, d'abord le relief modelé dans la dernière surface d'aplanissement (plate-forme Gornovita de E. de Martonne), présente dans toutes les Carpates Roumaines, les monts volcaniques néogènes inclus. Soumises à des mouvements néotectoniques après le finissage de cette plate- forme pendant le pliocène, les Carpates ont subi l'effet de l'action des agents cli- matiques directement ou indirectement (surtout des rivières et des glaciers); ceci se passa en lutte avec la structure et les roches, sous la commande des niveaux de base locaux variables dans l'espace et dans le temps en fonction de l'amplitude des mouvements néotectoniques, elle aussi différente dans les divers secteurs des Car- pates Roumaines. On devrait donc commencer l'étude du relief quaternaire en déterminant l'alti- tude absolue de la-plate-forme Gornovita et en analysant les mouvements néotec- toniques de ce temps-là. On constate la présence de la " plate-forme GornoviÇa " à la périphérie de la montagne, tant à son extérieur qu'à son contact avec la grande dépression Tran- sylvaine. Elle a, dans quelques endroits, une si parfaite netteté (par exemple au SW et W) qu'on l'a considérée d'origine marine ce qui fut récemment confirmé aussi par des analyses granulométriques [126]. C'est toujours à Emm. de Martonne [3] que nous devons les informations les plus amples et les dates les plus précises sur l'altitude absolue de cette surface d'aplanissement. En général, on la trouve entre 360—600 m vers la périphérie des Carpates Occidentales et autour du massif Godeanu (haut massif banatique d'après de Martonne); mais elle monte irrégulièrement à l'in- térieur de la montagne. Par exemple, d'après de Martonne, on la constate dans le défilé du Jiu à 750 m (en moyenne), tandis que dans le bassin de Petrosani des tra- ces en ont subsisté entre 800 et 1000 m. Dans les Carpates Méridionales, de larges surfaces légèrement ondulées montent de l'ouest, où elles peuvent tomber jusqu'à 400 m, vers l'est où elles dépassent 1200 et même 1300 m en se prolongeant dans les Carpates de la Courbure qui appartiennent aux Carpates Orientales. La Plate- forme de Predeal décrite et tracée par G. Vîlsan [40] s'est bien conservée; elle oc- cupe de vastes étendues, depuis le couloir de Bran jusqu'au bassin du Trotus, où elle atteint plus de 1400 m (19, 45). Vers le nord des Carpates Orientales, l'altitude de cette surface d'aplanissement décroît — mais irrégulièrement — en suivant les déformations axiales de la montagne. Par exemple à l'intérieur de la Dépression du Maramures, on la trouve vers 400—480 m [13]. http://rcin.org.pl 10 V. MIHAIL ESCU Nous avons donné seulement quelques indications sur le stade dans lequel se trouve le problème de l'altitude absolue et de la répartition spatiale de la " Plate- forme Gornovita", c'est-à-dire de la "plate-forme pliocène". Les résultats sont tout à fait approximatifs et provisoires. Dans notre récent travail [127], nous avons essayé de présenter une esquisse de la répartition spatiale et des limites moyennes des trois grands complexes géomorphologiques aux surfaces d'aplanissement; mais nous devons attirer l'attention sur une difficulté : ce qu'on comprend par " Plate-forme Gornovita" ce n'est pas une seule, mais plusieurs surfaces d'apla- nissement réalisées pendant le pliocène (par exemple, Nordon reconnaît trois ni- veaux d'érosion arrivés au moins au stade de maturité : le niveau pontien, le ni- veau dacien et le niveau levantin). C'est le niveau pontien qui monte dans le bas- sin de Trotus jusqu'à 1400 m, tandis que le niveau levantin commence au nord entre 480—500 m et ne monte à plus de 1000 m que dans la région du Predeal et du Bran. Dans notre carte citée nous avons donné l'altitude absolue du niveau levantin). Malheureusement, les auteurs qui se sont occupés de ce problème ne sont pas toujours d'accord sur les principes et les méthodes employés dans leurs investi- gations; en conséquence, les résultats, souvent, ne sont pas comparables. Voilà donc des cas où il y a encore beaucoup à faire à partir de principes et de mé- thodes uniformes.
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