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PRIRUČNIK ZA PLOVIDBU NA SLIVU RIJEKE SAVE MANUAL ON THE SAVA RIVER NAVIGATION Publisher: The International Sava River Basin Commission Kneza Branimira 29 Zagreb, Croatia Phone: +385 1 488 69 60 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.savacommission.org Publishing Committee: Dragan Zeljko, Želјko Milković, Duško Isaković and Goran Šukalo Editorial Committee: Želјko Milković, Želјko Radić, Vladimir Seničić and Goran Šukalo Translation from Serbian: Ljiljana Stević Circulation: 100 copies Graphic design: Tijana Dinić Printed by: Zagreb, 2018. FOREWORD As a conclusion to years of documents gathering and systematisation, it is our pleasure to present to you the Manual on the Sava River Navigation. Given the fact that no adequate and comprehensive navigation manual for the Sava River had existed before, we have made an attempt to cover as many issues related to inland navigation as possible, hence one part of the Manual deals with general topics in the field of inland navigation, while second part covers features of the waterway and navigation on the Sava River. The Secretariat of the International Sava River Basin Commission (ISRBC) de- veloped this Manual with an aim of improving the knowledge and level of information, primarily on the Sava River navigation, but also on the universal principles of the inland navigation in general. While developing this Manual, we used the material from all available publi- cations, and particular attention was paid to the experience and opinions of numerous experts, to whom we are profoundly thankful. We are fully aware of the fact that, perhaps, we have not entirely managed in our attempt to present all information on inland navigation adequately, and that, in foresee- able future, development of an amended edition will be required. Therefore, we would like to invite all our readers who notice any omissions or errors, to put forward their comments, remarks and suggestions that will enable us to have higher quality of future editions encompassing the latest trends in inland navigation. We hope that this manual will provide practical assistance, both to the current participants in navigation, as well as to those who attend schools or are about to obtain crew certificates in inland navigation. 6 CONTENT FOREWORD 5 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAVA RIVER 11 1.1 GENERAL AND HYDROGRAPHIC FACTS ON THE 11 SAVA RIVER BASIN 1.2 HISTORY OF THE SAVA RIVER NAVIGATION 14 THE SAVA RIVER WATERWAY 21 2.1 THE WATERWAY CHARACTERISTCS 21 2.2 THE WATERWAY CLASSIFICATION 22 INFRASTRUCTURE 33 3.1 PORTS AND HARBOURS 33 3.1.1 HARBOUR AND WAREHOUSES SISAK 36 3.1.2 THE PASSENGER TERMINAL SISAK 36 3.1.3 GALDOVO BASIN 37 3.1.4 CRNAC OIL PORT 37 3.1.5 HARBOUR OF THE BROD REFINERY 38 3.1.6 PORT OF SLAVONSKI BROD 38 3.1.7 RUŠČICA OIL PORT 39 3.1.8 RTC ŠAMAC PORT 39 3.1.9 PORT OF BRČKO 40 3.1.10 PORT OF LEGET 41 3.1.11 FREE ZONE ŠABAC 42 3.1.12 PASSENGER RIVER TERMINAL BEOGRAD 42 3.2 INLAND WATERWAYS 43 3.2.1 WINTER PORTS AND WINTER SHELTERS 43 3.2.2 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 46 BASICS OF SHIPBUILDING AND PROPULSION 59 4.1 SHIPBUILDING BASICS 59 4.1.1 SHIP CONSTRUCTIONS 60 4.1.2 VESSEL HYDRODYNAMICS 65 4.1.3 SHIPS AND CONVOYS IN INLAND NAVIGATION 69 CONTENT 7 4.2 SHIPBOARD EQUIPMENT 72 4.3 ENGINES 78 4.4 PROPULSION 80 4.4.1 PROPULSOR & RUDDER COMBINATION 81 4.4.2 STEERING PROPULSION UNIT 81 4.4.3 HYBRID PROPULSION SYSTEM 85 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF PROPULSION 4.4.4 SYSTEMS 85 4.4.5 CAVITATION 86 4.4.6 SUMMARY 87 4.5 RUDDER 87 THE STABILITY AND LOADING OF THE SHIP 91 5.1 THE BASICS OF SHIP STABILITY 91 5.2 STATICAL STABILITY 92 5.2.1 TRANSVERSE STABILITY 93 5.2.2 LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 95 5.2.3 FORM STABILITY AND WEIGHT STABILITY 96 5.3 DINAMICAL STABILITY 96 5.4 FREE SURFACES AND THEIR EFFECTS 97 ON STABILITY 5.5 CARGO LOADING 99 5.5.1 CARGO DISTRIBUTION ON THE SHIP 99 5.5.2 HEAVY AND LIGHT CARGOES 100 5.5.3 LONGITUDINAL CARGO DISTRIBUTION 102 5.5.4 PREPARATIONS FOR CARGO LOADING 102 5.5.5 MONITORING OF CARGO DURING THE NAVIGATION 103 5.5.6 LOADING, STOWING AND TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS 104 TYPES OF CARGO 5.5.7 THE MOST COMMON PACKAGING SYSTEMS IN MODERN 106 WATERWAY TRANSPORT 8 CONTENT NAVIGATION, SHIP'S MANOEUVRING AND SAILING 109 6.1 TERM AND CLASSIFICATION 109 6.2 NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT 111 6.2.1 SOUNDER 112 6.2.2 RADAR 114 6.2.3 GYROCOMPASS – GYROSCOPE 118 6.2.4 SPEED LOG 120 6.2.5 SHIP BAROMETER 120 6.2.6 BINOCULARS 121 6.2.7 RADIO TELEPHONE EQUIPMENT 122 6.3 NAVIGATIONAL MANUALS 123 6.3.1 NAVIGATIONAL CHARTS 124 6.3.2 INDICATOR OF RIVER KILOMETRES 128 6.3.3 ALBUM OF BRIDGES 129 6.3.4 NOTICES TO SKIPPERS 129 6.4 RIVER INFORMATION SERVICES – RIS 130 6.5 SHIP'S DOCUMENTS AND PAPERS 133 6.5.1 SHIP’S LOG 133 6.6 ASSEMBLING OF CONVOYS 135 6.6.1 ASSEMBLING OF TOWED CONVOYS 135 6.6.2 ASSEMBLING OF PUSHED CONVOYS 142 6.7 MOORING 146 6.8 MANOEUVRING 147 6.8.1 MANOEUVRABILITY 150 6.8.2 METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS 151 6.9 VESSEL NAVIGATION 155 6.10 ACCIDENTS AND AVERAGES 159 6.11 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION CAUSED BY NAVIGATION 161 CONTENT 9 HYDROMETEOROLOGY 165 7.1 ON HYDROMETEOROLOGY IN GENERAL 165 7.2 WATER LEVELS 168 7.2.1 HIGH WATER LEVEL 169 7.2.2 LOW WATER LEVEL 170 7.2.3 WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT 170 7.2.4 GAUGING STATIONS 172 7.2.5 CALCULATING DEPTH USING WATER LEVEL 174 DETERMINATION OF THE VERTICAL CLEARANCE 7.2.6 UNDER THE BRIDGE 174 7.3 METEOROLOGY AND GENERAL METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA 177 7.4 METEOROLOGICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL 184 OCCURENCES RELEVANT FOR INLAND NAVIGATION THE SAVA RIVER FAIRWAY GUIDE 189 8.1 SECTORS AND SUB-SECTORS 189 8.1.1 SECTOR “UPPER SAVA” 189 8.1.2 SECTOR “MIDDLE SAVA 193 8.1.3 SECTOR “LOWER SAVA” 203 8.2 DIFFICULTIES IN NAVIGATION ON THE SAVA RIVER 207 DUE TO HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS LITERATURE 210 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAVA RIVER 11 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAVA RIVER 1.1 GENERAL AND HYDROGRAPHIC FACTS ON THE SAVA RIVER BASIN No river ends at its banks. Each river with its basin has its own diverse habitats and species that enrich life in basin – life of people of different cultures, nations and countries. The same applies to the Sava River, which flows through four states: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Furthermore, the Sava River also connects three capitals of these four countries: Ljubljana in Slovenia, Zagreb in Croatia, and Belgrade in Serbia. The fourth state capital – Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also belongs to the Sava River Basin. The Sava River is the Danube’s third longest tributary, but the one with the highest average discharge of all. The Sava River is formed by two smaller riv- ers in Slovenia, the Sava Dolinka and Sava Bohinjka, joining near the town of Radovljica and continuing to flow through Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, until its confluence with the Danube in Serbia (Belgrade). Until Ljublјana, the Sava is a mountainous river, but downstream towards Za- greb its channel gradient significantly flattens and it takes on the characteristics of a lowland river. From Radovlјica, the Sava River flows through Kranjska and Ljublјanska gorges, and then continues its course through 90 km of Litija karst valley. It enters the Pannonian Plain near the town of Brežice and flows along its southern flank all the way to its confluence with the Danube. The average channel gradient from the confluence with the Kupa River to its confluence with the Danube is 42 mm/km, which results in a pronounced meandering flow that is characteristic of lowland rivers. As a consequence of such a low gradient, the Sava River cannot carry the sedi- ment brought in by its tributaries, but the sediment is deposited on its river bed 12 Manual on the Sava River Navigation downstream from the confluences with its tributaries, thus creating numerous sand bars and shallows that during the periods of low water level complicate or sometimes even completely prevent the navigation. The Sava River water regime is typically rainy and snowy, with an average flow velocity of 3.2 m/s. The length of the Sava River from its main source in western Slovenian mountains to its confluence with the Danube in Belgrade (Serbia) is approximately 944 km. The total basin area of 97,713 km2 covers major parts of territories of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and minor territory of Al- bania (Table 1). With its average discharge at the confluence being about 1.700 m3/s, the Sava River represents the greatest tributary of the Danube by volume of water, contributing with almost 25% to the Danube's total discharge. This means that the sustainable development of the Sava River Basin has a significant influ- ence on the Danube River Basin. Country Country’s share (km2) Country’s share (%) Slovenia 11.734,8 12,0 Croatia 25.373,5 26,0 Bosnia and Herzegovina 38.349,1 39,2 Serbia 15.147,0 15,5 Montenegro 6.929,8 7,1 Albania 179,0 0,2 Total 97.713,2 100,0 Table 1 Main figures on the Sava River Basin The Sava River is very important for the Danube River Basin due to its out- standing biological and landscape diversity.

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