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Home , Assiniboia, Red River Valley

History

1670-1870 the first known man-made dam in the Red Hudson’s Bay Company was incorporated in River Basin, near present day , England on May 2, 1670. The Hudson’s Bay . Company engaged in the fur trade during its 1816 first two centuries, establishing a number of The Seven Oaks Massacre destroyed the posts on the shores of Hudson Bay. After the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Red River British conquest of (1759-60), the Settlement. The Red River Settlement colony company began to build fur-trading posts was restored the following year. inland. 1818 1730’s The Red River Valley below the 49 degree of The first European explorer to reach the Red North Latitude became a part of the United River Valley was the French voyageur, Pierre States by treaty with Great Britain. The Red Gaultier de Varennes. He reached the Red River Valley portion of and River in 1732 and established a series of did not become a part of the posts in the area, including Fort Rouge on the United States by way of the Louisiana present site of Winnipeg. He called it the Red Purchase of 1803. River because of the reddish brown silt it carries. The French trade cut severely into 1820’s Hudson’s Bay Company profits at its post by Pembina became an important hunting and the bay and forced the company to expand trading center and a major link in the inland. transportation network which developed 1811-36 between St. Paul and the “lower” Red River Basin. There were trails along both sides of The first permanent settlement by Europeans the river to carry products to the Selkirk in the Red River Basin was founded on the Settlement or to St. Paul. banks of the Red River near the mouth of the River (in present-day Manitoba). 1820-1850’s - Red River Ox Carts The Red River Settlement colony, who’s The flat plains and uniquely designed ox carts official name was , was founded in made it much easier and cheaper to supply 1811-12 by the Earl of Selkirk, who the Red River Valley settlements from purchased a land grant from the Hudson’s Minnesota than from eastern Canada. In the Bay Company of 116,000 square miles in the early 1800’s, supplies were shipped on trails Red and valleys. from St. Paul, via St. Anthony to 1812 and other Red River Valley settlements. The earliest trail led south along the Red River Several Scottish families emigrated to the from Pembina to Lake Traverse and followed area. They became the first permanent settlers the southeastward. By to farm in the Red River Valley. They built

1850, hundreds of carts were making the trip 1867 each year. The Red River Ox Carts were built Great Britain enacted the British North entirely of wood. Though crudely made and America Act of 1867, forming the Dominion noisy because of the wheels’ screeching on the of Canada and giving Canada self-governing wooden axles, the carts provided effective authority. transportation. The boxlike body of the cart, 1870 resting on the wooden axle, rode high, making the fording of streams easier. A single ox Canada established the province of Manitoba. could pull a cart with a load of eight or nine 1871 hundred pounds. Railroads reached the Red River from St. 1836 Paul and Duluth, Minn., providing a vital The Hudson’s Bay Company purchased the trade link between the Valley and St. Paul, Red River Settlement from the Selkirk estate and further opening the basin to settlement. and created the District of Assiniboia. The The railroads influenced development of the region became part of the province of Red River Valley by selling vast acres of Manitoba in 1870. railroad lands, and by much promotion and advertising of the area. 1858 1871-1886 Minnesota became a state. Its western boundaries were cut back from the Missouri The era of Red River Valley “bonanza River to the Red River. farms.” Many bonanza farms had thousands of acres under the plow. This was also the era 1859-1871—Steamboat Era of a boom in settlement which saw the The Anson Northup was the first steamboat on population increase almost sixfold. the Red River in 1859. Four additional boats 1889 were built between 1871 and l874. Steamboating on the Red River lasted 53 years, was divided, and both North with steamboats carrying a variety of trade and South Dakota were admitted to the Union goods on the Red River between the Selkirk on Nov. 2, 1889. Colony and Georgetown. The last steamboat sank at Grand Forks in 1912. 1860’s For More Information Contact: Decline of the fur trade in the Red River River Keepers 1120 28th Ave. N., Ste. B Valley begins. Fargo, ND 58102 (701) 235-2895 1862 [email protected] The Homestead Act was passed by the U.S. www.riverkeepers.org Congress, giving title to 160 acres of www.facebook.com/RiverKeepersFM unoccupied public land to each homesteader on Clay County Historical Society payment of a nominal fee and required five 202 1st Ave N. years of residence. This legislation opened up Moorhead, MN 56560 the Valley to a flood of pioneers who turned to 218-299-5511 wheat farming. Cass County Historical Society 1351 Main Ave W. West Fargo, ND 58078 701-282-2822 January 2015