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UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “FEDERICO II” FACOLTÀ DI LETTERE E FILOSOFIA Dipartimento Di Studi Umanistici DOTTORATO UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “FEDERICO II” FACOLTÀ DI LETTERE E FILOSOFIA Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici DOTTORATO IN FILOLOGIA CLASSICA, CRISTIANA E MEDIOE- VALE-UMANISTICA, GRECA E LATINA XXV CICLO (Settore scientifico-disciplinare: L-FIL-LET/04) Sidonio Apollinare. Carmi 1 e 2. Praefatio e Panegirico per Antemio. Introd., trad., comm. ed Appendici. Tesi dottorale di Tutor FRANCESCO MONTONE Prof. CRESCENZO FORMICOLA Coordinatore Prof. GIUSEPPE GERMANO Anno Accademico 2011/2012 Università di Napoli “Federico II” Tesi di Dottorato INTRODUZIONE SIDONIO APOLLINARE: VITA E OPERE Gaio Sollio Sidonio Apollinare nacque il 5 novembre di un anno com- preso tra il 429 e il 432 da una famiglia illustre dell’aristocrazia gallo- romana. Il giorno della nascita ce lo fornisce il carme 20, 11. Per quanto ri- guarda l’anno di nascita un’informazione utile si ricava dall’epist. 8, 6, 5, adulescens adhuc nuper ex puero; in sostanza nel 449 Sidonio doveva avere un’età compresa tra i 17 e il 20 anni. Del padre2 non conosciamo il nome; fu prefetto del pretorio delle Gallie nel 448/449, come il nonno Apollinare, il primo della sua famiglia a convertirsi al Cristianesimo (cf. l’epitaffio in- serito da Sidonio nell’epist. 3, 12, in cui l’autore racconta un episodio di profanazione della tomba dell’avo). Sua madre proveniva dalla famiglia degli Aviti. Sidonio fu educato nell’arte grammatica a Lione, in quella reto- rica ad Arles, dove risiedeva suo padre. Suo compagno di studi fu Claudia- no Mamerto; lì Sidonio venne a contatto con importanti famiglie aristocra- tiche e conobbe l’amico Magno Felice (cui sono dedicati i carmi 9 e 24). Tornato a Lione sposò Papianilla, figlia di Eparchio Avito. Proprietà della moglie di Sidonio era la villa di Avitaco, il possedimento preferito da Sido- nio, dettagliatamente descritta in epist. 2, 2. Nel carme 18 lo scrittore invita un imprecisato destinatario a fargli visita nella sua Avitaco, che può gareg- giare in bellezza con Baia e i luoghi ameni della Campania felix. La villa si trovava sul lago di Aydat. Di Sidonio si conoscono quattro figli: un figlio Apollinare, le figlie Severiana, Alcima e Roscia3. Il suocero Eparchio Avi- to, dopo aver ottenuto nel 439 la carica di praefectus praetorio Galliarum e 1 MESTURINI 1981 ritiene, invece, che la data di nascita di Sidonio vada collocata verso la fine di ottobre e i primi giorni di novembre; il 5 novembre farebbe riferimento, invece, o all’anniversario di matrimonio di Ecdicio (MESTURINI 1982, p. 275 riporta, a proposito dell’usanza di celebrare gli anniversari di matrimonio, Greg. Naz. or. XL 1) o al compleanno dello stesso Ecdicio. Concordano sulla data del 5 novembre, tra gli altri, MOMMSEN (LUETJO- HANN 1887, p. XLVII); STEVENS 1933, p. 1; LOYEN 1960, p. VII n. 2. 2 Sulla famiglia di Sidonio si veda ora MASCOLI 2010. 3 Come spiega MASCOLI 2010, pp. 42-43, oltre al figlio maschio, Apollinare, cui Sidonio si rivolge nell’epistola 3, 13, abbiamo la certezza dei nomi di altre due figlie, Roscia (citata in epist. 5, 16, 5) e Severiana (citata in epist. 2, 12, 2); Gregorio di Tours, invece, cita Alcima (hist. Franc. 3, 2, 12). Per la discussione critica al riguardo e per le testimonianze sulle figlie di Sidonio cf. MASCOLI 2010, pp. 42-45. Cf. anche STEVENS 1933, p. 84 n. 8; ANDERSON 1936, p. 254 n. 1. 1 Università di Napoli “Federico II” Tesi di Dottorato dopo aver negoziato la pace con i Visigoti nella Gallia centro-meridionale, ricoprì su impulso dell’imperatore Petronio Massimo il ruolo di magister militum. Egli aveva il compito di sedare le sommosse dei barbari che afflig- gevano la Gallia. La situazione, tuttavia, precipitò. Al sacco di Roma ad opera del vandalo Genserico (455) seguì la lapidazione da parte della folla di Petronio Massimo, ritenuto responsabile degli eventi. L’aristocrazia gal- lo-romana, con l’appoggio dei Visigoti, proclamò Avito imperatore (9 lu- glio 455). Sidonio recitò a Roma il panegirico commissionatogli da Avito. La recitatio gli valse una statua di bronzo nel foro traiano (carmen 8). Avi- to, inviso all’aristocrazia italica, non fu riconosciuto dall’imperatore d’Oriente e dovette scontrarsi con l’atteggiamenteo ostile del comes dome- sticorum Maioriano e del magister utriusque militiae Ricimero. Avito fu sconfitto da Maioriano il 17 ottobre del 456 vicino Piacenza, di cui per un certo tempo fu vescovo. Fu poi sepolto nella tomba di famiglia. La deposizione di Avito comportò la ribellione della Gallia centro- meridionale contro i vincitori; l’aristocrazia gallo-romana a quanto pare si ribellò e con l’aiuto di Burgundi e Visigoti offrì la corona ad un certo Mar- cellino4. L’imperatore d’Oriente Leone I nominò Ricimero patricius (28 feb- braio 457) e Maioriano magister utriusque militiae. Il 28 dicembre del 457 Maioriano divenne imperatore e, nel 458, intraprese un viaggio verso la Gallia per ristabilire la pace. Nel 458 inoltrato a Lione Sidonio, su richiesta di Petrus, magister epistularum di Maioriano, recitò il panegirico per il nuovo princeps, giunto lì con le sue truppe. Sidonio probabilmente aveva preso le distanze dalla congiura e nel 461 fu nominato comes; il titolo gli valse l’ingresso nello stato maggiore del sovrano; il Nostro sembra aver ac- compagnato l’imperatore in una spedizione in Spagna, preludio allo sbarco in Africa. Sotto Maioriano Sidonio fu nominato rector militiae e prefetto del pretorio (fori iudex) di Gallia; come ricorda lo stesso Sidonio nell’epist. 1, 9, 8, le cariche che ottenne furono dovute al peso della sua famiglia nelle vicende della Gallia ed ai suoi meriti letterari. Ricimero, tuttavia, fu artefi- 4 Su questa congiura, la cosiddetta coniuratio Marcelliana, ci dà qualche reticente infor- mazione lo stesso Sidonio nell’epistola 1, 11. Rimando in particolare a MATHISEN 1979b ed a ZECCHINI 1983, pp. 295-99. Entrambi ritengono che il capo della sollevazione non poteva esse- re Marcellinus, comes Dalmatiae; fu probabilmente un aristocratico gallo-romano, Marcellus, prefetto delle Gallie sotto Ezio nel 444/445. Per l’epistola 1, 11 rimando a KÖHLER 1995, pp. 288-333. 2 Università di Napoli “Federico II” Tesi di Dottorato ce, nel 461, dell’uccisione di Maioriano. Sidonio si ritirò a vita privata, de- dicandosi all’attività letteraria con i collegia di amici a Bordeaux ed a Nar- bonna; rafforzò il suo credo religioso con l’aiuto di Fausto vescovo di Riez e di Claudiano Mamerto: fu battezzato da Fausto. Tra il 461 ed il 467 Sido- nio coltivò rapporti di amicizia con gli scambi epistolari; in questo periodo compose i carmi 9-24 e scrisse un buon numero di lettere (che confluirono per lo più nei primi 5 libri). Nel 467 l’imperatore d’Oriente acconsentì ad una richiesta del senato romano e nominò come suo collega per l’Occidente Antemio, aristocratico orientale. Costui cercò di ristabilire la situazione in Gallia. Nell’autunno del 467 Sidonio, convocato con una lettera ufficiale, si recò a Ravenna, a capo della delegazione arverna, per incontrare il nuovo imperatore Antemio. Qui si fece portavoce delle istanze dei suoi compatrio- ti; gravi, infatti, erano le difficoltà della regione francese a causa della poli- tica espansionistica del re visigoto Eurico. Sidonio, quindi, si spostò a Ro- ma, dove partecipò al matrimonio di Ricimero con la figlia di Antemio. Il 1° gennaio del 468 recitò a Roma il Panegirico per il consolato dell’imperatore Antemio. Fu nominato dal sovrano patricius e praefectus urbi. Tornato in Gallia, tra il 469 e il 471 divenne vescovo di Clermont- Ferrand. Sidonio è reticente sulla sua consacrazione, dopo la quale tra l’altro ebbe seri problemi di salute (epist. 5, 3, 3-4). Con l’ingresso nei ran- ghi ufficiali della Chiesa e con l’elezione alla cattedra episcopale di Cler- mont-Ferrand (470) Sidonio rappresentò la figura del vescovo-senatore; la Chiesa, infatti, aveva finito per rappresentare l’unico mezzo di contrasto al- la barbarie. Vari personaggi dell’aristocrazia erano spinti da ragioni politi- che a rivestire cariche religiose, le uniche che consentivano una difesa della Romanitas contro i nuovi domini5. Tra il 471 e il 475 con il cognato Ecdicio fu a capo della resistenza arverna contro Eurico, il re visigoto che stava conquistando le province della Gallia meridionale annettendole al suo re- gno. Sidonio nella sua lotta ricevette l’aiuto dal vescovo di Lione. Ecdicio si battè valorosamente, ricevendo dall’imperatore Giulio Nepote le nomine di magister militum e patricius (474). Verso la metà del 475 Clermont- Ferrand, dopo alcuni negoziati con i Visigoti, cadde nelle mani di Eurico, in seguito ad un trattato iniziato dal nuovo imperatore Giulio Nepote. L’Arvernia fu scambiata con la Provenza, che l’anno dopo fu conquistata nuovamente dai barbari. Tra il 475 e il 476 Sidonio visse esiliato a Livia, 5 Sul ruolo che viene ad assumere il vescovo nella Gallia tardoantica cf. CONSOLINO 1979. 3 Università di Napoli “Federico II” Tesi di Dottorato vicino Carcassonne. Grazie all’amico Leo di Narbonna il Nostro ricevette il perdono di Eurico e potè tornare al suo dicastero. Nell’epist. 8, 3 egli mo- stra deferenza verso il sovrano visigoto. Gregorio di Tours6 racconta che Sidonio morì cum iam terror Francorum resonaret in his partibus: il rife- rimento è alla battaglia di Soissons, svoltasi tra il 486 ed il 487. Fu ben pre- sto canonizzato. Il suo successore Apruncolo morì nel 490. La tomba di Si- donio è stata scoperta nel 1991. L’epitaffio di Sidonio Apollinare, noto fino a pochi anni fa solo attra- verso una trascrizione del codex Cluniacensis (X-XI sec.), menziona la car- riera politica, l’attività letteraria, l’investitura a vescovo; celebra, più che l’uomo di Chiesa, il vir Romanus per eccellenza: Sanctis contiguus sacroque patri vivit sic meritis Apollinaris, illustris titulis, potens honore, rector militia forique iudex, mundi inter tumidas quietus undas, causarum moderans subinde motus leges barbarico dedit furori; discordantibus inter arma regnis pacem consilio reduxit amplo.
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