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Les Algues Du Fleuve Niger Et Des Milieux Humides Connexes De L’Ouest Du Niger

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Les Algues Du Fleuve Niger Et Des Milieux Humides Connexes De L’Ouest Du Niger RÉPUBLIQUE DU NIGER N°………….. Fraternité-Travail-Progrès UNIVERSITÉ ABDOU MOUMOUNI Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Département de Biologie THÈSE UNIQUE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ ABDOU MOUMOUNI Présentée par Monsieur Djima Idrissou Tahirou Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ ABDOU MOUMOUNI DOMAINE Taxonomie, Morphologie et Biologie Végétales SPÉCIALITÉ Phycologie SUJET DE LA THÈSE LES ALGUES DU FLEUVE NIGER ET DES MILIEUX HUMIDES CONNEXES DE L’OUEST DU NIGER Thèse présentée et soutenue à Niamey le 28 Février 2013 devant le jury composé de : Monsieur AKÉ Assi Laurent, Professeur, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Président Monsieur SAADOU Mahamane, Professeur, Université Abdou Moumouni, Niamey, Directeur de thèse Monsieur COUTÉ Alain, Professeur, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Rapporteur Monsieur DA Kouhété Philippe, Maître de Conférences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Rapporteur Monsieur MAHAMANE Ali, Professeur, Université Abdou Moumouni, Niamey, Examinateur Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale GARBA Mounkaïla Faculté des Sciences/Université ABDOU Moumouni/ Niamey/NIGER BP 10 662 Niamey-Niger Tél : +227 96 53 16 33 / +227 94 85 56 38 Table des matières Liste de figures ................................................................................................................... viii Liste des tableaux ...................................................................................................................x Principales Abréviations ....................................................................................................... xi Dédicaces ........................................................................................................................... xiii Avant-propos .......................................................................................................................xiv Introduction générale ..............................................................................................................1 Chapitre I : Généralités sur le milieu .......................................................................................7 I.1. Situation géographique du milieu .....................................................................................8 I.1.1. Caractéristiques physiques du milieu .............................................................................8 I.1.1.1. Facteurs du climat .......................................................................................................8 1. Températures ......................................................................................................................9 2. Précipitations ......................................................................................................................9 3. Humidité relative .............................................................................................................. 11 4. Évapotranspiration ............................................................................................................ 11 5. Insolation .......................................................................................................................... 12 6. Vents ................................................................................................................................ 12 I.2. Géomorphologie ............................................................................................................. 13 I.3. Pédologie ....................................................................................................................... 14 I.4. Hydrographie ................................................................................................................. 15 I.4.1. Système du fleuve ....................................................................................................... 15 I.4.1.1. Généralités sur le fleuve Niger .................................................................................. 15 I.4.1.2. Généralités sur le Dallol Bosso ................................................................................. 16 I.5. Végétation ...................................................................................................................... 17 I.5.1. Végétation du fleuve Niger .......................................................................................... 18 I.5.2. Végétation du Dallol Bosso ......................................................................................... 19 I.6. Présentation du milieu d’étude ........................................................................................ 20 I.6.1. Lieux de prélèvement .................................................................................................. 21 I.6.2. Description des lieux de prélèvement ........................................................................... 22 A. Stations du fleuve Niger ................................................................................................... 22 A.1. Mares du système du fleuve .......................................................................................... 23 A.1.1. Mare de Kouassi ........................................................................................................ 23 A.1.2. Mare d’Albarkaïzé ..................................................................................................... 23 B. Stations du Dallol Bosso (Tableau 1) ............................................................................... 24 B.1. Tassigoussou ................................................................................................................. 25 B.2. Kaka-Farakoydjindé ...................................................................................................... 25 B.3. Mare de Falmey ............................................................................................................ 26 B.4. Mare de Koudjé ............................................................................................................ 27 B.5. Mare de Saboula ........................................................................................................... 27 B.6. Mare de Boumba ........................................................................................................... 28 B.6.1. Tamagorou ................................................................................................................. 28 B.6.2. Founounou ................................................................................................................. 28 C. Mares endoréiques ........................................................................................................... 29 C.1. Mare de Maïdounka ...................................................................................................... 29 Chapitre II : Matériel et méthodes ......................................................................................... 31 II.1. Matériel ........................................................................................................................ 32 II.1.1. Matériel technique ...................................................................................................... 32 1. Température de l’eau ..................................................................................................... 32 2. Oxygène dissous et demande biologique en oxygène (DBO5) ....................................... 33 3. pH ................................................................................................................................. 33 4. Turbidité ....................................................................................................................... 33 5. Conductivité et taux de substances dissoutes (tds).......................................................... 34 - - + 2+ 6. Mesure des ions (Cl , NO3 , NH4 et Ca ) ..................................................................... 34 7. Salinité .......................................................................................................................... 35 II.1.2. Matériel biologique .................................................................................................... 36 II.2. Méthodes ...................................................................................................................... 36 II.2.1. Mesures des paramètres physico-chimiques ................................................................ 37 1. Température de l’eau ..................................................................................................... 38 2. Oxygène dissous ............................................................................................................... 38 3. pH ................................................................................................................................. 39 4. Turbidité ....................................................................................................................... 39 5. Conductivité .................................................................................................................. 39 - - + 2+ 6. Mesure des ions (Cl , NO3 , NH4 et Ca ) ..................................................................... 40 7. Salinité .......................................................................................................................... 40 8. Taux de substances dissoutes (tds) ................................................................................
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