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WHEATON COLLEGE Norton, Massachusetts This Is to Certify That Kristy Sullivan Has Fulfilled the Requirements for Graduation With

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WHEATON COLLEGE Norton, Massachusetts This Is to Certify That Kristy Sullivan Has Fulfilled the Requirements for Graduation With WHEATON COLLEGE Norton, Massachusetts This is to certify that Kristy Sullivan has fulfilled the requirements for graduation with Departmental Honors in Biology. The degree of Bachelor of Arts was awarded on May 19, 2018 Registrar Credit: 2 Director: Professor Scott Shumway Small Pond Water Chemistry and Algal Ecology A Study of Two Eutrophic Bodies BY Kristy Lee Sullivan A Study Presented to the Faculty of Wheaton College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation with Departmental Honors in Biology Norton, Massachusetts May 19, 2018 Table of Contents: Abstract ...............................................................................................................................1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................2 Chemistry ........................................................................................................................2 Phosphorus....................................................................................................................3 Nitrogen ........................................................................................................................6 Carbon and Pond Browning .........................................................................................7 Road Salts .....................................................................................................................8 Biology .............................................................................................................................9 Planktonic Algae.........................................................................................................10 Aquatic Plants and Benthic Algae ..............................................................................14 Pond Management........................................................................................................15 Introduction to Study ...................................................................................................16 History ........................................................................................................................16 Past Research ..............................................................................................................17 Methods .............................................................................................................................18 Results ...............................................................................................................................28 Discussion..........................................................................................................................57 Chemistry ......................................................................................................................59 Dissolved Oxygen.......................................................................................................59 Phosphorus..................................................................................................................59 Nitrogen ......................................................................................................................64 Carbon and Pond Browning .......................................................................................65 Road Salts ...................................................................................................................69 Biology ...........................................................................................................................72 Phytoplankton Community .........................................................................................73 Ceratium hirundinella morphology (Peacock Pond) ..................................................78 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................81 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................84 Literature Cited ...............................................................................................................85 List of Figures 1. Phosphorus Cycle ...........................................................................................................4 2. Map of Gilmore Pond ..................................................................................................19 3. Map of Peacock Pond ..................................................................................................19 4. Dissolved Oxygen .........................................................................................................30 ii 5. Phosphorus ...................................................................................................................31 6. Sediment Total Phosphorus ........................................................................................32 7. Ammonium ...................................................................................................................33 8. Nitrate ...........................................................................................................................33 9. UV-254 ..........................................................................................................................34 10. Conductivity and Precipitation .................................................................................35 11. Sodium and Chloride .................................................................................................36 12. Calcium and Magnesium ...........................................................................................37 13. Chlorophyll-a..............................................................................................................42 14. Benthic Algae ..............................................................................................................43 15. Phytoplankton Concentrations .................................................................................44 16. Phytoplankton Phyla Composition ...........................................................................45 17. Dominant Phytoplankton Genera ............................................................................46 18. Phytoplankton Tow Dominant Genera ....................................................................47 19. NMDS Plot ..................................................................................................................49 20. Gilmore Pond CCA Plot ............................................................................................51 21. Peacock Pond North Basin CCA Plot ......................................................................51 22. Peacock Pond South Basin CCA Plot.......................................................................52 23. Ceratium hirundinella Length ..................................................................................53 24. C. hirundinella Morphology ......................................................................................54 25. C. hirundinella Morphology Distribution ................................................................54 26. Phosphorus and C. hirundinella Morphology .........................................................55 27. Microcosm Phosphorus .............................................................................................56 28. Microcosm Sediment Total Phosphorus ..................................................................57 29. Wheaton College Campus Drainage Map (1994) ....................................................61 30. Changes in Ion Concentrations (2013-2017) ...........................................................69 31. Road Salt Usage on Wheaton College Campus .......................................................72 iii List of Tables 1. Particulate Organic Carbon and Nitrogen ................................................................34 2. Alkalinity and Hardness ..............................................................................................38 3. Pond Organism Classification ....................................................................................39 4. Diversity Indexes ..........................................................................................................48 5. Comparison of Parameters (2013 vs 2017) ................................................................58 6. Phytoplankton Bioindicators ......................................................................................76 iv Abstract: Anthropogenic contamination of water bodies with excess nutrients and road salts has resulted in cultural eutrophication and freshwater salinization throughout the Midwestern and Eastern United States. This study focuses on the algal populations and chemical properties of two small, manmade water bodies; Gilmore Pond in Westborough, MA, and Peacock Pond in Norton, MA. Over the course of six months (late May-early November), environmental parameters including nutrients, ions, as well as temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and pH were measured to determine effects on pond trophic status and algal populations. Gilmore Pond was determined to be a eutrophic system, dominated by phytoplankton, with brown waters, likely resulting from terrestrial dissolved organic carbon inputs. Peacock Pond was determined to be a eutrophic system, dominated by benthic
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