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Diversidad De Algas (Excepto Bacillariophyceae) Asociadas a Macrófitas En La Laguna El Oconal, Villa Rica, Oxapampa, Pasco, Durante La

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Diversidad De Algas (Excepto Bacillariophyceae) Asociadas a Macrófitas En La Laguna El Oconal, Villa Rica, Oxapampa, Pasco, Durante La UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS E.A.P. DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DIVERSIDAD DE ALGAS (EXCEPTO BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) ASOCIADAS A MACRÓFITAS EN LA LAGUNA EL OCONAL, VILLA RICA, OXAPAMPA, PASCO, DURANTE LA ÉPOCA DE TRANSICIÓN VACIANTE - CRECIENTE TESIS Para optar el Título Profesional de Biólogo con mención en Botánica AUTOR Leonardo Humberto Mendoza Carbajal Lima – Perú 2015 A Raquel, mi abuela paterna que está en el cielo A Jorge y Lyliam, mis padres AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar quiero agradecer a Dios por permitirme haber llegado hasta hoy y darme fortaleza para seguir adelante. Agradezco enormemente a mi familia: a mis padres, Lyliam y Jorge, por su invalorable apoyo durante estos años, esta tesis es gracias a ustedes; a mi hermana Lyli, por su paciencia, amistad y agradable compañerismo. A mi asesora, Mg. Iris Samanez Valer, jefa del Departamento de Limnología, Museo de Historia Natural – UNMSM, por las acertadas observaciones e importantes sugerencias que permitieron enriquecer la presente tesis, además de su constante apoyo y oportunidades brindadas durante estos años en mi formación como investigador. A Vania Rimarachín Ching, por haber permitido iniciarme en el maravilloso mundo de la taxonomía de las algas continentales, por el préstamo de varias publicaciones y libros que me facilitaron el trabajo de identificación de macrófitas y microalgas, además de poder precisar las localidades de distribución de los taxa algales ya reportados para Perú. Al Dr. Augusto Comas Gonzáles (Cuba), por tan importantes y valiosos comentarios acerca de la identificación y taxonomía de especies de la familia Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta), además del envío de varias de sus publicaciones. A la Dra. Sandra Maria Alves da Silva (Brasil), por sus valiosos comentarios en la identificación de algunas euglenofíceas, además del envío de sus trabajos que permitieron enriquecer los comentarios taxonómicos en varios taxa. Al. Dr. Jiří Komárek (República Checa), por importantes opiniones sobre la identificación de algunas cianofíceas, además de su amabilidad en el envío de importantes publicaciones y por la gentileza mostrada en su visita al Perú. Al. Dr. Eberhard Hegewald (Alemania), por el envío de publicaciones importantes referidas a la familia Scenedesmaceae, además de comentarios sobre la distribución de Desmodesmus communis (Hegewald) Hegewald en Perú. A los profesores Blga. Maribel Baylon y Blgo. Roger Quiroz por las facilidades brindadas para el uso del microscopio binocular Leica® del laboratorio de Hidrobiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, UNMSM. A la Dra. Haydée Montoya Terreros, jefa del Herbario San Marcos (USM), por el permiso otorgado para revisar muestras herborizadas como parte de la identificación de las macrófitas. También mi agradecimiento a la Mg. Maria Isabel La Torre, por la valiosa orientación brindada en las instalaciones del Herbario San Marcos y al Blgo. José Roque por la identificación de algunas macrófitas. Al Dr. Cesar Acleto Osorio por el préstamo de importantes referencias bibliográficas que sirvieron para ubicar localidades de reportes algales en Perú. Por el envío de sus publicaciones quiero agradecer muy sinceramente al Dr. Ciro Zanini Branco (Brasil), Dr. Alain Couté (Francia), Lic. Analia Tolivia (Argentina), Dr. Gustavo Montejano (México), Dr. Lucien Hoffman (Luxemburgo) y Stefania Biolo (Brasil). Además, agradecer tamién al Lic. Alejandro Tablado, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, por el envío de la publicación del Dr. Enrique Balech acerca de las Trachelomonas de Argentina. Al Sr. Charles de Weck Pendavis, Jefe de Programa Selva Central de DESCO, y Magali Centeno Avendaño, por el envío de los estudios preliminares sobre diversidad elaborados por DESCO en la laguna El Oconal. A mis compañeros Areli Benito, Steve Reyes y Bryan Espinoza, por su grata compañía durante las dos salidas de campo a la laguna El Oconal. Por último, pero no menos importante, agradecer a los miembros del jurado por las oportunas sugerencias al borrador de tesis. ÍNDICE GENERAL 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 2. MARCO TEÓRICO 4 2.1. Definición de “Alga” 4 2.2. Revisión del estado actual del conocimiento de las algas continentales en la Amazonía Peruana 5 2.3. Diversidad Biológica y Abundancia Relativa 10 3. OBJETIVOS 11 4. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS 12 4.1. Área de Estudio 12 4.1.1. Laguna El Oconal 12 4.2. Materiales 17 4.2.1. De Campo 17 4.2.2. De Laboratorio 17 4.2.3. Procesamiento de la información 17 4.3. Métodos 18 4.3.1. Colecta y fijación 18 4.3.2. Descripción de las zonas de muestreo y muestras obtenidas 19 4.3.3. Parámetros físico-químicos 32 4.3.4. Procesamiento de las muestras en laboratorio 32 4.3.5. Identificación taxonómica 32 4.3.6. Elaboración de datos sobre abundancia de algas 34 4.3.7. Descripción de taxa 34 5. RESULTADOS 35 5.1. Parámetros ambientales 35 5.2. Composición y diversidad de algas asociadas a macrófitas 37 5.2.1. Abundancia relativa de algas asociadas a macrófitas 37 5.3. Macrófitas y algas asociadas 39 5.4. Descripción sistemática de las algas 40 5.3.1. Phylum Cyanobacteria 40 5.3.2. Phylum Chlorophyta 81 5.3.3. Phylum Cryptophyta 134 5.3.4. Phylum Dinoflagellata 138 5.3.5. Phylum Euglenophyta 140 5.3.6. Phylum Glaucophyta 165 5.3.7. Phylum Ochrophyta 166 5.3.8. Phylum Streptophyta 177 6. DISCUSIÓN 190 7. CONCLUSIONES 196 8. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 197 9. ANEXOS 231 9.1. Anexo I: Microfotografías de las algas identificadas 231 9.2. Anexo II: Lista de taxa identificados 304 9.3. Anexo III: Lista de taxa algales vs. Macrófitas 310 RESUMEN La región amazónica peruana alberga un gran número de ecosistemas acuáticos los cuales permiten la presencia de diversos organismos de flora y fauna, entre ellos, las algas son componentes muy importantes en las cadenas alimenticias acuáticas, pudiendo estar asociadas (epifiton, metafiton) a las raíces, tallos u hojas de macrófitas. Estudios realizados sobre la diversidad algal en la Amazonía peruana están referidos mayormente a la llanura amazónica más no a la “ceja de selva”. La laguna El Oconal, ubicada en el distrito de Villa Rica, Oxapampa, es un ecosistema importante a nivel local, el cual se encuentra afectado por actividades humanas, lugar que fue elegido para realizar el presente trabajo, cuyo objetivo fue determinar la diversidad y abundancia relativa de las algas (excepto Bacillariophyceae) asociadas a macrófitas; para lo cual se realizaron dos salidas de campo en época de vaciante (31 de agosto del 2013) y de creciente (23 de diciembre del 2013). Se obtuvieron 24 muestras de 4 zonas de colecta (nor-oeste, nor- este, centro y centro-sur de la laguna). Las muestras fueron obtenidas raspando o cortando parte de las macrófitas en contacto directo con el agua. Se realizó la identificación utilizando bibliografía especializada y artículos científicos. Como resultado se obtuvo un total de 74 géneros, 160 especies y 16 variedades descritas, siendo 18 géneros, 60, especies y 11 variedades nuevos reportes para el Perú. Los géneros más abundantes fueron Desmodesmus, Leptolyngbya, Trachelomonas, Lepocinclis y Phacus. Los phylum más abundantes fueron Chlorophyta con 28.3%, Cyanobacteria con 27.7% y Euglenophyta con 19.3%. Miriophyllum aquaticum fue la macrófita con mayor diversidad algal asociada con 100 taxa. La gran diversidad y abundancia de algas encontradas puede deberse a factores físico-químicos, ambientales o por efecto de las macrófitas. Se concluye, que existe una alta diversidad algal asociada a macrófitas presentes en la laguna El Oconal, con una clara dominancia de los phylum Chlorophyta y Cyanobacteria. Palabras clave: Algas, macrófitas, diversidad, Amazonía peruana, El Oconal ABSTRACT The Peruvian Amazon region is a place with many aquatic ecosystems, which allow the presence of species of flora and fauna, including algae, which are very important components of food chains in water, and being associated (epiphyton, metaphyton) with the roots, stems, or leaves of macrophytes. Studies on algal diversity in the Peruvian Amazon are mostly referred to the lownland Amazon region but not to the high jungle. The Oconal lagoon, located in the District of Villa Rica, Oxapampa, is an important ecosystem at the local level and is affected by human activities. This place was chosen to carry out this work, with the objective to determine the diversity and relative abundance of algae (except Bacillariophyceae) associated with Macrophytes; for which were conducted two field work during the dry season (August 31th, 2013) and growing season (December 23th, 2013). 24 samples were collected from four areas of collection (North-West, North - East, Central and Central-South of the lagoon). The samples were obtained by scraping or cutting part of the macrophytes in direct contact with the water. The identification was using specialized bibliography and recent scientific articles. In the results, were obtained 74 genera, 160 species and 16 varieties, being 18 genera, 60 species and 11 varieties new records for Peru. The most abundant genera were Desmodesmus, Leptolyngbya, Trachelomonas, Lepocinclis and Phacus. The most abundant phylum were Chlorophyta 28.3%, Cyanobacteria with 27.7% and Euglenophyta with 19.3%. Miriophyllum aquaticum was the most algal-rich host plant with 100 taxa of algae. The diversity and abundance of algae found may be due to physical-chemical, environmental factors or by the effects of the macrophytes. In conclusion, there is an high diversity of algae associated with macrophytes in the Oconal lagoon, with a clear dominance of the phylum Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria. Keywords: Algae, Macrophytes, Diversity, Peruvian Amazon, El Oconal. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN La Amazonía peruana alberga una extensión considerable de ecosistemas acuáticos, los cuales son hábitats de diversas especies de flora y fauna que mantienen el equilibrio ecológico. Entre los constituyentes biológicos de los hábitats acuáticos se encuentran las algas, grupo de organismos principalmente fotosintéticos que pertenecen ecológicamente a la base de las cadenas tróficas, sirviendo como alimento para los consumidores primarios (rotíferos, protozoarios y estadios juveniles de peces e insectos) (Poulíčková et al., 2008).
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