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5. Flora Algal Del Delta Del Llobregat

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5. Flora Algal Del Delta Del Llobregat 5. FLORA ALGAL DEL DELTA DEL LLOBREGAT Núria Flor Arnau1 i Jaume Cambra Sánchez1 1. Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals. Secció de Botànica i Micologia. Fa- cultat de Biologia. Universitat de Barcelona. delta-llobregat.indb 115 12/12/2018 16:50:01 116 ELS SISTEMES NATURALS DEL DELTA DEL LLOBREGAT 5.1. CONSIDERACIONS GENERALS municipis de la comarca del Baix Llobregat. Aquests sistemes presenten una elevada i in- 5.1.1. Els hàbitats aquàtics teressant diversitat biològica, tot i estar sot- del delta del Llobregat mesos a distintes pressions antròpiques. Hi podem trobar masses d’aigua de diferent ti- Les zones humides han resultat sempre d’un pologia i característiques ecològiques, com especial interès per al desenvolupament de ara la salinitat i el contingut en nutrients de moltes activitats humanes, tant les referents a l’aigua, extraordinàriament variables en l’explotació directa dels recursos com a la seva aquest tipus d’ambients. En general, es po- modificació per tal d’adaptar-les a les necessi- den distingir tres grans grups d’hàbitats tats del moment. El delta del Llobregat no n’és aquàtics: riu i canals, basses temporals i lla- una excepció i amb el temps ha patit impor- cunes o estanys (figura 1). tants transformacions dels usos del sòl, tals El tram del riu que forma part del Delta com el pas d’una agricultura de secà a regadiu comprèn un sector entre les carreteres C-245 a la segona meitat del segle xix o, més recent- i C-31 i manté un règim hidrològic típica- ment, industrialització, urbanització, augment ment fluvial que es troba sotmès a les crescu- d’infraestructures viàries i inclús el desvia- des estacionals del riu. La part del riu entre el ment de la desembocadura del riu Llobregat. pont de Mercabarna i el mar és el tram des- A més, el fet d’estar situat al costat d’una gran viat l’any 2005 i, a causa de les característi- ciutat com és Barcelona posa en perill la seva ques de l’obra hidràulica efectuada, es pot integritat com a zona humida, ja que les ne- considerar més aviat una entrada de mar. cessitats infraestructurals de la ciutat han fet Les llacunes litorals es van formar a partir que el Delta esdevingui una zona en equilibri d’antics braços del riu actualment no funcio- precari entre la natura i l’ésser humà. nals i totalment desconnectats del curs flu- El delta del Llobregat és el segon delta en vial actual. El règim hidrològic d’aquestes extensió de Catalunya i conserva un dels ai- llacunes és complex, ja que s’estableix un guamolls més importants del país. Els espais equilibri dinàmic entre les aigües continen- naturals aquàtics es troben al marge dret del tals i les marines, fet que origina gradients de curs actual del riu i pertanyen a diferents salinitat variables en l’espai i en el temps se- Figura 1. Principals masses d’aigua al delta del Llobregat: 1. Riu Llobregat; 2. Calaixos de depuració; 3. Estany de Ca l’Arana; 4. Es- tany de Cal Tet; 5. Llacuna de la platja de Ca l’Arana; 6. Llacuna de la Magarola; 7. Estany de la Ricarda; 8. Estany de la Roberta; 9. Es- tany del Remolar; 10. Ma- resma de les Filipines; 11. Braç de la Vidala; 12. Rie- ra de Sant Climent; 13. Es- tany de la Murtra; 14. Re- guerons; 15. Basses de Can Dimoni. Font: Imatge de Google Maps modificada pels autors. delta-llobregat.indb 116 12/12/2018 16:50:01 FLORA ALGAL DEL DELTA DEL LLOBREGAT 117 gons quin sigui el balanç entre l’evaporació, seva proximitat a Barcelona fa del delta del la recàrrega de l’aqüífer i les aportacions Llobregat una de les àrees més prospectades d’aigua dolça o salada. Així, mentre que a a nivell botànic terrestre, ha restat sovint ne- l’extrem més allunyat del mar l’aigua és oli- gligit durant molt temps pel que fa a estudis gohalina, les llacunes litorals poden presen- algològics. tar uns valors de conductivitat entre 3.000 i Els primers treballs relatius a les algues es 40.000 μS/cm, i per això es consideren hàbi- van realitzar a mitjan segle xx, quan Ramon tats aquàtics mesohalins o polihalins. Això Margalef inicià les seves exhaustives investi- no obstant, algunes llacunes de mida més pe- gacions de caire florístic que incloïen cita- tita amb aportacions freqüents directes d’ai- cions del delta del Llobregat. Aquests treballs gua marina poden superar els 40.000 μS/cm i van aportar dades molt interessants i inèdites es consideren hàbitats aquàtics hiperhalins al coneixement de la flora algal catalana en (Magarola i la llacuna de la platja de Ca l’Ara- general (Margalef, 1944 i 1958), destacant al- na). Si es té en compte el seu origen, trobem guns grups en concret com ara zignematals llacunes naturals que s’han conservat fins (Margalef, 1946), crisòfits, dinòfits i euglenò- avui dia (Ricarda, Remolar i Murtra), llacu- fits (Margalef, 1948), cloròfits (Margalef, nes d’origen natural de contorn profunda- 1949), cianoprocariotes (Margalef, 1952), ment modificat (Magarola), llacunes artifi- diatomees (Margalef, 1954), desmidiàcies i cials amb sistema hídric proper a la naturalitat rodòfits (Margalef, 1955). (Cal Tet, desembocadura de la riera de Sant El gran esforç investigador del professor Climent i llacuna de la platja de Ca l’Arana) Margalef no va tenir gaire continuïtat en i, en darrer terme, llacunes artificials que te- l’àmbit deltaic fins als anys vuitanta, quan els nen el seu origen en l’extracció d’àrids (Cal treballs de diversos autors van permetre com- Dimoni i Ca l’Arana). pletar i actualitzar aquest coneixement en Finalment, les corredores i els canals d’ús aportar noves perspectives en l’anàlisi lim- agrícola transporten aigües de corrent feble o nològica del medi i la relació entre les algues estagnant. Constitueixen un sistema de rega- i les condicions ambientals. Alguns d’aquests diu que es basa en un canal principal que investigadors van centrar-se en els agregats pren l’aigua directament del riu i en una xar- superficials d’algues de canals i llacunes (Ca- xa de canals secundaris que distribueixen talán, 1984), el fitoplàncton de llacunes cos- l’aigua a la major part del Delta. Aquests ca- taneres (Aranda, 1984), les diatomees d’ai- nals estan sotmesos al manteniment cons- gües continentals salobres (Tomás, 1982 i tant dels marges i a la neteja de la vegetació 1988; Tomàs i Sabater, 1985), les algues epifí- per mitjans físics i químics. tiques de llacunes litorals (Cambra, 1993) o basses temporals (Cambra i Perera, 1986; Pe- rera i Cambra, 1986), les presents en llacunes 5.1.2. Antecedents dels estudis artificials (Salvat, 1996 i 1997) com el Canal algològics al delta del Llobregat Olímpic (Garcia et al., 1997), o bé les plantes aquàtiques, incloent les algues caràcies (Se- L’estudi de les comunitats vegetals aquàti- guí, 1996 i 1997). ques, especialment de les algues, mai no ha Un punt d’inflexió notable, tant pel que ocupat un lloc prioritari en els treballs de re- fa referència als estudis algològics duts a ter- cerca a Catalunya. Les causes d’aquest fet me al Delta com a escala europea, va ser deriven tant de la falta de tradició en estudis l’entrada en vigor de la Directiva marc de d’algologia continental com de la dificultat l’aigua (DMA) l’any 2000 (Comissió Euro- del mostreig dels sistemes aquàtics, que in- pea, 2000). Aquesta normativa reconeix el clouen una extraordinària diversitat d’am- paper clau dels organismes com a bioindica- bients i de grups taxonòmics. Tot i que la dors de la salut dels ecosistemes que ocupen; delta-llobregat.indb 117 12/12/2018 16:50:01 118 ELS SISTEMES NATURALS DEL DELTA DEL LLOBREGAT entre ells les algues microscòpiques (diato- tud la flora algològica. Per tant, considerem mees i fitoplàncton) i les macroscòpiques que les dades actuals segueixen essent escas- (caràcies i filamentoses, entre d’altres). Per ses. En aquest treball s’ha preferit presentar tal de conèixer l’afectació de l’activitat hu- un catàleg el més complet possible, confor- mana, la DMA incorpora el concepte d’estat mat a partir de dades florístiques pròpies i de ecològic com a eina fonamental en la gestió les provinents d’estudis sistemàtics prou fia- integral de l’aigua (Munné i Prat, 2006). bles. En aquestes aportacions destaquen les Aquest estat es valora amb l’anàlisi de l’es- dades obtingudes a partir de l’aplicació de la tructura i el funcionament dels ecosistemes Directiva marc de l’aigua (Ballesteros et al., mitjançant l’aplicació de mètriques i índexs 2001; Llorente, 2005; Urrea, 2003; Farrés- biològics. És en aquest moment quan, tant Corell, 2006; Seguí i Flor Arnau, 2009, 2010, fruit del requeriment d’acomplir els exigents 2011, 2012, 2013 i 2014; Seguí, 2001; Seguí et objectius mediambientals de l’abans esmen- al., 2006). D’altra banda, el nombre i els tipus tada directiva com del creixent interès per la de citacions d’algues disponibles en línia al biodiversitat aquàtica deltaica, al delta del Banc de Dades de Biodiversitat de Catalunya Llobregat es van portar a terme estudis en per les UTM en les quals es troba el delta del zones concretes de la colonització de la ve- Llobregat han fet impossible la seva inclusió getació aquàtica (Ballesteros et al., 2001) o en el present catàleg; fa pensar sobre la ne- de com influenciaven els paràmetres fisico- cessitat d’actualització i deixa per davant un químics certs grups algals (Jiménez et al., camp obert a seguir estudiant els molt inte- 2001) i es van dur a terme seguiments de pa- ressants, i sovint poc valorats, ambients ràmetres biològics, entre els quals les algues, aquàtics del Delta.
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