JAPANESE NORMALIZATION TREATY of 1965. the American

MASTER’S THESIS M-1995 LEE, Ung Hwan THE BACKGROUND OF THE KOREAN- JAPANESE NORMALIZATION TREATY OF 1965. The American University, M.A., 1969 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE BACKGROHNP OF THE KOREAN-JAPANES F. NORMALIZATION TREATY OF 1965 by Ung Hwan Lee Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in International Relations Signature of Committee: Chairman: r> L D&a/n of the School Date: 2 / f / f AMERICAN UNlVERSiïr 7 LIBRARY AUG 4 1969 WASHINGTON. 0. C. The American University Washington, D. C. ¥ ù ^ â r TABLE OF OCWTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I. THE BACKGROUND OF OONTEMPORARY KOREAN-JAPANESE RELATIONS......... 1 Korean-Japanese Relations to 1945............................ 1 Korean-J^janese Relations from the Surrender to the Peace Treaty............................................ 4 Korea's Reaction to the Separate Peace Treaty...................7 II. THE KOREAN-JAPANESE NORMALIZATION TALKS (1951-1960)............... 9 Negotiation Talks during the Korean War (1951-1953)............. 9 Ihe fisheries dispute...................................... 10 Kubota's statement and first deadlock....................... 12 Ohe Broken Dialogue between Korea and Japan (1954-1956)....... 14 The dilenma of Japan's new foreign policy................... 15 Korea's reaction to new Japanese diplomacy................... 20 American mediation and the Shigemitsu-Kim agreement.......... 23 The priorities in JcÇ>anese foreign policy................... 28 y The Resurnption of Dialogue and Seme Initial Ccnprcmises (1957-1960)............................................ 34 Kishi's new task and his Korean policy....................... 34 The Fujiyama-Kim joint ocmnunique........................... 41 Disputes over repatriation.................................. 46 Dilemna of Syngnan Rhee's anti-J^ianese policy................ 54 III. AMERICA'S NEW FAR EASTERN POLICY AND ITS IMPACT ON KOREA AND JAPAN................................................ 62 The Nature of the U.S.-J^ianese Mutual Security Treaty of 1960. 63 The re-evaluation of U.S. foreign aid........................ 64 The strategy of flexible response........................... 66 The liipact. of the Anerican Policy Change on Korean-Japanese Relations.................................................. 68 The Korean military coup and the Five Year Economie Plan.......... 72 Ikeda's double inccme policy and the Hakone conference............. 79 IV. A NEW PHASE IN THE KOREAN-JAPANESE T A L K S ........................... 86 America's Positive Mediation........... * ........................ 86 The Kennet^-Park joint cotmunique...............................86 The foreign ministers' conference.............................. 88 j^ïan's July election and the recess of t a l k s ................... 92 Political Bargaining over the Property Cl a i m s ..................... 95 The Ohira formula for the property claims i s s u e ............... ' 99 The Kim-Chira Memorandum..................................... 102 Korea's Internal Political Instability and a New Stalemate......... 106 The power struggle in the Korean Junta.......................... 108 Japan's reaction to the Korean situation........................ 115 The resumption of talks on the fisheries........................ 118 Anti-Treaty Movement and a New Stalemate.......................... 123 The fall elections in Japan and K o r e a .......................... 123 The progress of the talks and the de-Americanization of aid . 126 The opposition movement in Korea............................... 129 V. A NEW STIMULUS AND THE FINAL SETTLEMENT............................ 134 The Tonkin Incident and its Inpact on Korean-Japanese Talks .... 134 The escalation of the Vietnamese War and the pcwer vacuum in the Far East.......................................... 134 Bundy's trip to Japan and Korea............................... 137 The Process of the Final Ccnpromise............................. 142 The resumption of the seventh round t a l k s ...................... 145 The dispatch of Korean troops to Vietnam........................ 150 The final round of talks.................................... 154 The Park-Johnson meeting.................................... 158 The Treaty.................................................. 159 Signing of treaty......................................... 159 Major contents of treaty.................................... 161 Ratification and its aftermath.............................. 163 SUMMARY............................................................165 CONCLUSION........................................................ 168 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................... 174 APPENDIX........................................................... 181 INTRODUCTION Relations between Korea and Japan since the end of the Second World War cannot be separated from their relations withethe United States since she occupied both countries until they regained their Independence and still maintains security forces within them. The present relations between Korea and Japan are founded not only on contemporary history, but also on thlrty-slx years of colonial rule and, more re cently, on the postwar International problems of the Far East. Among these crucial problems are the divided status of Korea, the emergence of Communist China and her threatening influ ence on her neighbors, and Japan's difficulty in adjusting to the vastly altered political map of Asia. Confronted with these complex problems, Korea and Japan were forced to find solutions to a number of Issues resulting from con flicting Interests, These included mutual property claims, fishery disputes, and Japan's treatment of her Korean mi nority. When analyzed In this broad context, the recent diplomatic negotiations, as well as the final agreement of 1965 between the two countries, provide an Insight Into what Is likely to be a continuing basis for International prob lems In this area. -1- The Far East has undergone a number of remarkable changes since 1945. The Initial Sovlet-Amerlcaun confron tation In the early phase of the cold war turned Into a totally different power configuration than the one that was originally conceived. The first great change was pre cipitated by China's fall to the Communists; the subsequent counter measures were reflected In American occupation policy In Japan. A second dhsinge was the Korean War and the sudden Increase in the strategic value of Japan ddr the defense of the free world. In September, 1951. the United States and her allies signed a separate peace treaty with Japan. During the Korean War, Communist China played the major role, overshadowing Russia; China thereby became the principal enemy of the United States. On the other hand, Japan, rapidly recovering her Industrial power, gradually assumed a greater share of America's responsibility for the security and economy tf the Far East. A third great change was the new United States-Japanese Mutued Security Treaty of i960 Along with Its Impact on Asia. Through the new treaty, Japan gained a substantially Improved status in re turn for her assumption of a more positive role In Asia. During this period of great change America's Far Eastern policy was re-eveCLuated and reformulated In an effort to ad just to the new International environment. Naturally, both Korea and Japan, being closely tied to the United States In economic matters and neourlty were profoundly affected by this altered American policy In Asia. Japan's economic -11- power now provided her with a greater margin of freedom In dealing with the United States than was enjoyed by a di vided and very dependent South Korea. Not surprlsingly, America's attitude toward Japan and Korea has been deter mined primarily by their respective roles In Washington's global strategy, and more specifically, by America's de pendence on her two Aslan allies for the Implementation of her ^containment policy" against China. The Korean-Japanese normalization talks were consider ably affected by the everchanging nature of American-Japanese economic and military co-operation. America's China policy, whether a policy of containment or of containment without Isolation, was to confine the expansion of Communism. For a successful Implementation of this policy, a partnership between the United States and Japan was essential. There fore, Japan became the focal point of America's Aslan policy. As a result, the original victor-vanquished relationship had become a full partnership by the late 1950*s. In the process, however, Americans Japem-centered policy frequently exacer bated frictions among her Aslan allies, psurtlcularly be tween South Korea and Japan. There has probably been no more bitter diplomatic conflict In recent times than that which divided Japan and Korea. A deep mutual distrust In herited from Japan's forty-year domination of Korea, various conflicts In vital national Interests, and strong, personal hatreds felt by aged leaders In both countries made settle ment tt the dispute difficult. -Ill- Although neither party to any dispute ever has a mo nopoly on right and justice, nevertheless there can be lit tle doubt that the South Korean president, Syngman Rhee, was the single most Important obstacle to any adjustment of Jppmnese-Korean differences. There Is no question but that he deliberately widened the gulf between

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