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The Vietnam War, a Communist Takeover

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The Vietnam War, a Communist Takeover Times pasT 1964 VıetnamThe FiftyWAR years ago, the United States stepped up its involvement in a war that tore the nation apart By Veronica majerol n the morning of Nov. 9, no one is now forced to serve. But during pro-Western South after France lost its 1965, 22-year-old Roger Allen Vietnam, when able-bodied men ages 18 century-old colonies in Southeast Asia LaPorte sat cross-legged out- to 26 were called up, they had no choice, (see Timeline, p. 20). But Ho Chi Minh, side the United Nations in mid- and many ended up fighting, and dying, the Communist and nationalist leader town Manhattan, poured gaso- in Vietnam. Exemptions for people like whose forces had defeated the French, Oline over his body, and set himself on fire. college students made the draft even more wanted all of Vietnam to be a single “I’m against wars, all wars,” the devout controversial since the system seemed to Communist state. Communist guerillas in Catholic said before dying in the hospital favor privileged Americans. South Vietnam, the “Vietcong,” had the the next day. “I did this as a religious act.” U.S. combat troops first landed in same goal. LaPorte’s was one of the more tragic South Vietnam in 1965 to help prevent That alarmed President Dwight D. acts of protest against the Vietnam War, a Communist takeover. By the time the Eisenhower, who feared that a Communist a decade-long conflict that tore the U.S. last U.S. soldiers withdrew in 1975, victory in Vietnam would lead to the fall apart, spawned a near-revolution by more than 2.7 million Americans— of other Asian countries. The “domi- young people, and left many Americans’ many of them teenagers—had served no theory” became the foundation for faith in their nation and its political lead- in the war and 58,000 had been killed. U.S. foreign policy in Southeast Asia ers shaken. for the next two decades. “The Vietnam War was one of those The Domino Theory ‘The Vietnam To prevent a Communist events that touched practically everybody U.S. involvement in War . touched takeover, Eisenhower in America,” says David L. Anderson, a Vietnam was part of practically sent military advisers to historian and co-editor of The War That America’s Cold War bat- train and arm the South Never Ends: New Perspectives on the tle against the spread of everybody in Vietnamese Army. Vietnam War. “It led people to question Communism, which had America.’ President John F. is their country always right? Does already begun gaining a Kennedy (1960-63) con- America always win?—concepts that foothold in Asia. In China, Mao Zedong tinued sending American advisers to Americans had never thought about.” had successfully led a Communist revolu- Vietnam. After Kennedy’s assassination, One reason the Vietnam War was so tion in 1949, and a year later, the Korean his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, grew divisive is that many Americans came to War began when Communist North increasingly concerned about the sit- see it as a civil war in a faraway country Korea, with Soviet and Chinese support, uation there. “I am not going to be the that didn’t concern the U.S. Another rea- invaded South Korea. A U.S.-led United president who saw Southeast Asia go son was because of the draft. Since 1973, Nations coalition intervened on South the way China went,” he told the U.S. the U.S. has had an all-volunteer army; Korea’s behalf. By the time the war ended ambassador to South Vietnam in 1963. S in a stalemate in 1953, 34,000 Americans In August 1964, Johnson told the i B Vietnam & had been killed. nation that North Vietnamese torpedo COR watch a video the U.S. The following year Vietnam was par- boats had attacked a U.S. destroyer with- www.Upfrontmagazine.com Tim Page/ titioned into a Communist North and a out provocation in the Gulf of Tonkin (see 18 Upfront • upfrontmagazine.com CHINA Hanoi MYANMAR (BURMA) Haiphong Gulf of LAOS Tonkin HAINAN ISLAND N Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) 17TH PARALLEL W E M e k o S n g Da Nang R i THAILAND v e Vıetnam r 648,500 Andaman Americans were drafted Sea VIETNAM during the Vietnam War. South CAMBODIA China Source: Vietnam VeteranS Sea of america Saigon ASIA (now Ho Chi Minh City) WAR Area of Gulf of Mekong 0 100 MI detail Thailand Delta 0 100 KM Roughly 35,000 Americans killed in Vietnam were under age 22, about 60 percent of all American deaths. Source: Vietnam VeteranS The memorial fund youngest American killed in action was 15 years old. He enlisted at 14 with a doctored birth certificate. Source: Vietnam VeteranS memorial fund U.S. soldiers in South Vietnam, September 1965 april 21 2014 19 Timeline vietnam & the u.s. 1954 1964 1965 1968 french Defeat gulf of tonkin troops & protests tet offensive after communist forces following a disputed attack Johnson sends combat troops in January, the communists defeat the french, Vietnam is on a U.S. ship by north to Vietnam; youth-led protests launch a brutal month-long partitioned into a communist Vietnam, congress authorizes (above) intensify as U.S. troop offensive at the start of the north and pro-western South. president Johnson levels increase to 543,000 lunar new Year. the attack president eisenhower sends (above, with U.S. troops) by the end of the decade. turns more americans advisers to help the South to respond without a formal against the war. battle communism. declaration of war. map, p. 19). Whether his account was the evening news programs showed rela- After Tet, CBS news anchor Walter ux accurate is still disputed; but Congress tively uncensored images of GIs plodding Cronkite, known as the “most trusted D e r / passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, through jungles and rice paddies, bombs man in America,” offered this analysis: S authorizing the president to “take all dropping from B-52 airplanes, and piles of “We’ve been too often disappointed ork Time y necessary measures to repel any armed corpses and wounded on both sides. As by the optimism of the American lead- W e attack” against U.S. forces in Vietnam, media scholar Marshall McLuhan wrote ers . both in Vietnam and Washington n S/The S/The without formally declaring war (see box). in 1975, “Vietnam was lost in the living to have faith any longer in the silver lin- o T an At the start of 1965, Johnson sent 25,000 rooms of America—not on the battlefields ings they find in the darkest clouds. For it S joel U.S. combat troops to South Vietnam. of Vietnam.” seems now more certain than ever, that Most Americans initially support- the bloody experience of Vietnam is to AARON S; ed the war. But as it escalated—from America’s First Guerrilla War end in a stalemate.” i B 184,000 troops at the end of 1965 to Vietnam was also America’s first In March, with his popularity plum- COR more than half a million by the end of the real guerrilla war. Much of the fight- meting, President Johnson announced mann/ decade—a powerful antiwar movement ing involved confusing jungle warfare the start of peace talks in Paris—and TT ; Be S o began taking hold. against Vietcong guerrillas who attacked, that he would not run for re-election. T Mass protests, led mostly ‘Vietnam then easily melted back into Johnson’s vice president, Hubert by students and young peo- the civilian population (sim- Humphrey, lost the 1968 presidential agnum Pho m / ple, began in 1965 and grew was lost in ilar to what U.S. soldiers election to Republican Richard M. Nixon D Free larger and more intense. the living have faced in the current of California. Nixon promised to restore D In 1967, 300,000 people war in Afghanistan). order at home and said he had a “secret eonar rooms of l marched in New York and It was a month-long battle plan” to get the U.S. out of the war. mage; mage; America.’ i 100,000 in Washington, at the start of 1968 that really In 1969, President Nixon and Secretary y TT e g with protestors trying to close down the turned the tide. In January, amid fireworks of State Henry Kissinger began a process / S Pentagon. Sit-ins, teach-ins, and peace and parties celebrating “Tet,” the lunar of “Vietnamization,” withdrawing U.S. ure ama) T B (o marches took over college campuses; New Year, 80,000 Communist troops troops and training the South Vietnamese S e Pic F i l men burned their draft cards, and radicals launched a surprise attack across the army to carry on the fight. By 1972, only mage i y attacked college ROTC buildings. South. Though ultimately a military defeat 70,000 U.S. troops remained in Vietnam. TT : Time & e g FT Johnson kept insisting that the U.S. for North Vietnam and the Vietcong, the After a cease-fire was announced in 1973 FP/ a D/ rom rom le was winning. But Americans got a very Tet Offensive proved a psychological blow as part of the Paris Peace Accords, nearly F , ama different impression of what was essen- to Americans, who saw it as evidence that all U.S. troops were withdrawn. S el W imeline tially the first televised war. Every night, the war was still escalating. In Vietnam, fighting soon resumed T je 20 Upfront • upfrontmagazine.com Vietnamese try to board a U.S.
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